Frozen compositions and methods for piercing a substrate

ABSTRACT

Certain embodiments disclosed herein relate to compositions, methods, devices, systems, and products regarding frozen particles. In certain embodiments, the frozen particles include materials at low temperatures. In certain embodiments, the frozen particles provide vehicles for delivery of particular agents. In certain embodiments, the frozen particles are administered to at least one biological tissue.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is related to and claims the benefit of theearliest available effective filing date(s) from the following listedapplication(s) (the “Related Applications”) (e.g., claims earliestavailable priority dates for other than provisional patent applicationsor claims benefits under 35 USC §119(e) for provisional patentapplications, for any and all parent, grandparent, great-grandparent,etc. applications of the Related Application(s)). All subject matter ofthe Related Applications and of any and all parent, grandparent,great-grandparent, etc. applications of the Related Applications isincorporated herein by reference to the extent such subject matter isnot inconsistent herewith.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

-   -   For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, the        present application constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S.        patent application Ser. No. 12/290,671, entitled COMPOSITIONS        AND METHODS FOR THERAPEUTIC DELIVERY WITH FROZEN PARTICLES,        naming Edward S. Boyden, Roderick A. Hyde, Eric C. Leuthardt,        Nathan P. Myhrvold, Elizabeth A. Sweeney and Lowell L. Wood, Jr.        as inventors, filed 31 Oct. 2008, which is currently co-pending,        or is an application of which a currently co-pending application        is entitled to the benefit of the filing date.    -   For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, the        present application constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S.        patent application Ser. No. 12/290,683, entitled COMPOSITIONS        AND METHODS FOR THERAPEUTIC DELIVERY WITH FROZEN PARTICLES,        naming Edward S. Boyden, Roderick A. Hyde, Eric C. Leuthardt,        Nathan P. Myhrvold, Elizabeth A. Sweeney and Lowell L. Wood, Jr.        as inventors, filed 31 Oct. 2008, which is currently co-pending,        or is an application of which a currently co-pending application        is entitled to the benefit of the filing date.    -   For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, the        present application constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S.        patent application Ser. No. 12/290,685, entitled COMPOSITIONS        AND METHODS FOR THERAPEUTIC DELIVERY WITH FROZEN PARTICLES,        naming Edward S. Boyden, Roderick A. Hyde, Eric C. Leuthardt,        Nathan P. Myhrvold, Elizabeth A. Sweeney and Lowell L. Wood, Jr.        as inventors, filed 31 Oct. 2008, which is currently co-pending,        or is an application of which a currently co-pending application        is entitled to the benefit of the filing date.    -   For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, the        present application constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S.        patent application Ser. No. 12/290,686, entitled COMPOSITIONS        AND METHODS FOR THERAPEUTIC DELIVERY WITH FROZEN PARTICLES,        naming Edward S. Boyden, Roderick A. Hyde, Eric C. Leuthardt,        Nathan P. Myhrvold, Elizabeth A. Sweeney and Lowell L. Wood, Jr.        as inventors, filed 31 Oct. 2008, which is currently co-pending,        or is an application of which a currently co-pending application        is entitled to the benefit of the filing date.    -   For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, the        present application constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S.        patent application Ser. No. 12/290,690, entitled COMPOSITIONS        AND METHODS FOR THERAPEUTIC DELIVERY WITH FROZEN PARTICLES,        naming Edward S. Boyden, Roderick A. Hyde, Eric C. Leuthardt,        Nathan P. Myhrvold, Elizabeth A. Sweeney and Lowell L. Wood, Jr.        as inventors, filed 31 Oct. 2008, which is currently co-pending,        or is an application of which a currently co-pending application        is entitled to the benefit of the filing date.    -   For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, the        present application constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S.        patent application Ser. No. 12/290,691, entitled COMPOSITIONS        AND METHODS FOR THERAPEUTIC DELIVERY WITH FROZEN PARTICLES,        naming Edward S. Boyden, Roderick A. Hyde, Eric C. Leuthardt,        Nathan P. Myhrvold, Elizabeth A. Sweeney and Lowell L. Wood, Jr.        as inventors, filed 31 Oct. 2008, which is currently co-pending,        or is an application of which a currently co-pending application        is entitled to the benefit of the filing date.    -   For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, the        present application constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S.        patent application Ser. No. 12/290,684, entitled COMPOSITIONS        AND METHODS FOR THERAPEUTIC DELIVERY WITH FROZEN PARTICLES,        naming Edward S. Boyden, Roderick A. Hyde, Eric C. Leuthardt,        Nathan P. Myhrvold, Elizabeth A. Sweeney and Lowell L. Wood, Jr.        as inventors, filed 31 Oct. 2008, which is currently co-pending,        or is an application of which a currently co-pending application        is entitled to the benefit of the filing date.    -   For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, the        present application constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S.        patent application Ser. No. 12/290,670, entitled COMPOSITIONS        AND METHODS FOR SURFACE ABRASION WITH FROZEN PARTICLES, naming        Edward S. Boyden, Daniel B. Cook, Roderick A. Hyde, Eric C.        Leuthardt, Nathan P. Myhrvold, Elizabeth A. Sweeney and        Lowell L. Wood, Jr. as inventors, filed 31 Oct. 2008, which is        currently co-pending, or is an application of which a currently        co-pending application is entitled to the benefit of the filing        date.    -   For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, the        present application constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S.        patent application Ser. No. 12/290,664, entitled COMPOSITIONS        AND METHODS FOR SURFACE ABRASION WITH FROZEN PARTICLES, naming        Edward S. Boyden, Daniel B. Cook, Roderick A. Hyde, Eric C.        Leuthardt, Nathan P. Myhrvold, Elizabeth A. Sweeney and        Lowell L. Wood, Jr. as inventors, filed 31 Oct. 2008, which is        currently co-pending, or is an application of which a currently        co-pending application is entitled to the benefit of the filing        date.    -   For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, the        present application constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S.        patent application Ser. No. 12/290,659, entitled COMPOSITIONS        AND METHODS FOR SURFACE ABRASION WITH FROZEN PARTICLES, naming        Edward S. Boyden, Daniel B. Cook, Roderick A. Hyde, Eric C.        Leuthardt, Nathan P. Myhrvold, Elizabeth A. Sweeney and        Lowell L. Wood, Jr. as inventors, filed 31 Oct. 2008, which is        currently co-pending, or is an application of which a currently        co-pending application is entitled to the benefit of the filing        date.    -   For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, the        present application constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S.        patent application Ser. No. 12/290,658, entitled COMPOSITIONS        AND METHODS FOR SURFACE ABRASION WITH FROZEN PARTICLES, naming        Edward S. Boyden, Daniel B. Cook, Roderick A. Hyde, Eric C.        Leuthardt, Nathan P. Myhrvold, Elizabeth A. Sweeney and        Lowell L. Wood, Jr. as inventors, filed 31 Oct. 2008, which is        currently co-pending, or is an application of which a currently        co-pending application is entitled to the benefit of the filing        date.    -   For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, the        present application constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S.        patent application Ser. No. 12/290,665, entitled COMPOSITIONS        AND METHODS FOR SURFACE ABRASION WITH FROZEN PARTICLES, naming        Edward S. Boyden, Daniel B. Cook, Roderick A. Hyde, Eric C.        Leuthardt, Nathan P. Myhrvold, Elizabeth A. Sweeney and        Lowell L. Wood, Jr. as inventors, filed 31 Oct. 2008, which is        currently co-pending, or is an application of which a currently        co-pending application is entitled to the benefit of the filing        date.    -   For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, the        present application constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S.        patent application Ser. No. 12/290,677, entitled COMPOSITIONS        AND METHODS FOR SURFACE ABRASION WITH FROZEN PARTICLES, naming        Edward S. Boyden, Daniel B. Cook, Roderick A. Hyde, Eric C.        Leuthardt, Nathan P. Myhrvold, Elizabeth A. Sweeney and        Lowell L. Wood, Jr. as inventors, filed 31 Oct. 2008, which is        currently co-pending, or is an application of which a currently        co-pending application is entitled to the benefit of the filing        date.    -   For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, the        present application constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S.        patent application Ser. No. 12/290,687, entitled COMPOSITIONS        AND METHODS FOR SURFACE ABRASION WITH FROZEN PARTICLES, naming        Edward S. Boyden, Daniel B. Cook, Roderick A. Hyde, Eric C.        Leuthardt, Nathan P. Myhrvold, Elizabeth A. Sweeney and        Lowell L. Wood, Jr. as inventors, filed 31 Oct. 2008, which is        currently co-pending, or is an application of which a currently        co-pending application is entitled to the benefit of the filing        date.    -   For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, the        present application constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S.        patent application Ser. No. 12/290,676, entitled COMPOSITIONS        AND METHODS FOR SURFACE ABRASION WITH FROZEN PARTICLES, naming        Edward S. Boyden, Daniel B. Cook, Roderick A. Hyde, Eric C.        Leuthardt, Nathan P. Myhrvold, Elizabeth A. Sweeney and        Lowell L. Wood, Jr. as inventors, filed 31 Oct. 2008, which is        currently co-pending, or is an application of which a currently        co-pending application is entitled to the benefit of the filing        date.

For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, the presentapplication constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 12/383,264, entitled COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FORDELIVERY OF FROZEN PARTICLE ADHESIVES, naming Edward S. Boyden, DanielB. Cook, Roderick A. Hyde, Eric C. Leuthardt, Nathan P. Myhrvold,Elizabeth A. Sweeney and Lowell L. Wood, Jr. as inventors, filed 20 Mar.2009, which is currently co-pending, or is an application of which acurrently co-pending application is entitled to the benefit of thefiling date.

For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, the presentapplication constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 12/383,263, entitled COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FORDELIVERY OF FROZEN PARTICLE ADHESIVES, naming Edward S. Boyden, DanielB. Cook, Roderick A. Hyde, Eric C. Leuthardt, Nathan P. Myhrvold,Elizabeth A. Sweeney and Lowell L. Wood, Jr. as inventors, filed 20 Mar.2009, which is currently co-pending, or is an application of which acurrently co-pending application is entitled to the benefit of thefiling date.

For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, the presentapplication constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 12/383,260, entitled COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FORDELIVERY OF FROZEN PARTICLE ADHESIVES, naming Edward S. Boyden, DanielB. Cook, Roderick A. Hyde, Eric C. Leuthardt, Nathan P. Myhrvold,Elizabeth A. Sweeney and Lowell L. Wood, Jr. as inventors, filed 20 Mar.2009, which is currently co-pending, or is an application of which acurrently co-pending application is entitled to the benefit of thefiling date.

For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, the presentapplication constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 12/383,265, entitled COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FORDELIVERY OF FROZEN PARTICLE ADHESIVES, naming Edward S. Boyden, DanielB. Cook, Roderick A. Hyde, Eric C. Leuthardt, Nathan P. Myhrvold,Elizabeth A. Sweeney and Lowell L. Wood, Jr. as inventors, filed 20 Mar.2009, which is currently co-pending, or is an application of which acurrently co-pending application is entitled to the benefit of thefiling date.

For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, the presentapplication constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 12/383,851, entitled COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FORADMINISTERING COMPARTMENTALIZED FROZEN PARTICLES, naming Edward S.Boyden, Daniel B. Cook, Roderick A. Hyde, Eric C. Leuthardt, Nathan P.Myhrvold, Elizabeth A. Sweeney and Lowell L. Wood, Jr. as inventors,filed 27 Mar. 2009, which is currently co-pending, or is an applicationof which a currently co-pending application is entitled to the benefitof the filing date.

For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, the presentapplication constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 12/383,863, entitled COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FORADMINISTERING COMPARTMENTALIZED FROZEN PARTICLES, naming Edward S.Boyden, Daniel B. Cook, Roderick A. Hyde, Eric C. Leuthardt, Nathan P.Myhrvold, Elizabeth A. Sweeney and Lowell L. Wood, Jr. as inventors,filed 27 Mar. 2009, which is currently co-pending, or is an applicationof which a currently co-pending application is entitled to the benefitof the filing date.

For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, the presentapplication constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 12/383,821, entitled COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FORADMINISTERING COMPARTMENTALIZED FROZEN PARTICLES, naming Edward S.Boyden, Daniel B. Cook, Roderick A. Hyde, Eric C. Leuthardt, Nathan P.Myhrvold, Elizabeth A. Sweeney and Lowell L. Wood, Jr. as inventors,filed 27 Mar. 2009, which is currently co-pending, or is an applicationof which a currently co-pending application is entitled to the benefitof the filing date.

For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, the presentapplication constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 12/383,829, entitled COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FORADMINISTERING COMPARTMENTALIZED FROZEN PARTICLES, naming Edward S.Boyden, Daniel B. Cook, Roderick A. Hyde, Eric C. Leuthardt, Nathan P.Myhrvold, Elizabeth A. Sweeney and Lowell L. Wood, Jr. as inventors,filed 27 Mar. 2009, which is currently co-pending, or is an applicationof which a currently co-pending application is entitled to the benefitof the filing date.

For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, the presentapplication constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 12/384,202, entitled COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FORBIOLOGICAL REMODELING WITH FROZEN PARTICLES, naming Edward S. Boyden,Daniel B. Cook, Roderick A. Hyde, Eric C. Leuthardt, Nathan P. Myhrvold,Elizabeth A. Sweeney and Lowell L. Wood, Jr. as inventors, filed 31 Mar.2009, which is currently co-pending, or is an application of which acurrently co-pending application is entitled to the benefit of thefiling date.

For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, the presentapplication constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 12/384,201, entitled COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FORBIOLOGICAL REMODELING WITH FROZEN PARTICLES, naming Edward S. Boyden,Daniel B. Cook, Roderick A. Hyde, Eric C. Leuthardt, Nathan P. Myhrvold,Elizabeth A. Sweeney and Lowell L. Wood, Jr. as inventors, filed 31 Mar.2009, which is currently co-pending, or is an application of which acurrently co-pending application is entitled to the benefit of thefiling date.

For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, the presentapplication constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 12/384,212, entitled COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FORBIOLOGICAL REMODELING WITH FROZEN PARTICLES, naming Edward S. Boyden,Daniel B. Cook, Roderick A. Hyde, Eric C. Leuthardt, Nathan P. Myhrvold,Elizabeth A. Sweeney and Lowell L. Wood, Jr. as inventors, filed 31 Mar.2009, which is currently co-pending, or is an application of which acurrently co-pending application is entitled to the benefit of thefiling date.

For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, the presentapplication constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 12/384,215, entitled COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FORBIOLOGICAL REMODELING WITH FROZEN PARTICLES, naming Edward S. Boyden,Daniel B. Cook, Roderick A. Hyde, Eric C. Leuthardt, Nathan P. Myhrvold,Elizabeth A. Sweeney and Lowell L. Wood, Jr. as inventors, filed 31 Mar.2009, which is currently co-pending, or is an application of which acurrently co-pending application is entitled to the benefit of thefiling date.

For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, the presentapplication constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 12/384,218, entitled COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FORBIOLOGICAL REMODELING WITH FROZEN PARTICLES, naming Edward S. Boyden,Daniel B. Cook, Roderick A. Hyde, Eric C. Leuthardt, Nathan P. Myhrvold,Elizabeth A. Sweeney and Lowell L. Wood, Jr. as inventors, filed 31 Mar.2009, which is currently co-pending, or is an application of which acurrently co-pending application is entitled to the benefit of thefiling date.

For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, the presentapplication constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 12/384,214, entitled COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FORBIOLOGICAL REMODELING WITH FROZEN PARTICLES, naming Edward S. Boyden,Daniel B. Cook, Roderick A. Hyde, Eric C. Leuthardt, Nathan P. Myhrvold,Elizabeth A. Sweeney and Lowell L. Wood, Jr. as inventors, filed 31 Mar.2009, which is currently co-pending, or is an application of which acurrently co-pending application is entitled to the benefit of thefiling date.

For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, the presentapplication constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. to be assigned, Docket No. 0508-004-003-000000,entitled FROZEN COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR PIERCING A SUBSTRATE,naming Edward S. Boyden, Daniel B. Cook, Roderick A. Hyde, Eric C.Leuthardt, Nathan P. Myhrvold, Elizabeth A. Sweeney and Lowell L. Wood,Jr. as inventors, filed 15 Sep. 2009, which is currently co-pending, oris an application of which a currently co-pending application isentitled to the benefit of the filing date.

For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, the presentapplication constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. to be assigned, Docket No. 0508-004-003A-000000,entitled FROZEN COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR PIERCING A SUBSTRATE,naming Edward S. Boyden, Daniel B. Cook, Roderick A. Hyde, Eric C.Leuthardt, Nathan P. Myhrvold, Elizabeth A. Sweeney and Lowell L. Wood,Jr. as inventors, filed 15 Sep. 2009, which is currently co-pending, oris an application of which a currently co-pending application isentitled to the benefit of the filing date.

For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, the presentapplication constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. to be assigned, Docket No. 0508-004-003B-000000,entitled FROZEN COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR PIERCING A SUBSTRATE,naming Edward S. Boyden, Daniel B. Cook, Roderick A. Hyde, Eric C.Leuthardt, Nathan P. Myhrvold, Elizabeth A. Sweeney and Lowell L. Wood,Jr. as inventors, filed 15 Sep. 2009, which is currently co-pending, oris an application of which a currently co-pending application isentitled to the benefit of the filing date.

For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, the presentapplication constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. to be assigned, Docket No. 0508-004-003C-000000,entitled FROZEN COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR PIERCING A SUBSTRATE,naming Edward S. Boyden, Daniel B. Cook, Roderick A. Hyde, Eric C.Leuthardt, Nathan P. Myhrvold, Elizabeth A. Sweeney and Lowell L. Wood,Jr. as inventors, filed 15 Sep. 2009, which is currently co-pending, oris an application of which a currently co-pending application isentitled to the benefit of the filing date.

For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, the presentapplication constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. to be assigned, Docket No. 0508-004-003E-000000,entitled FROZEN COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR PIERCING A SUBSTRATE,naming Edward S. Boyden, Daniel B. Cook, Roderick A. Hyde, Eric C.Leuthardt, Nathan P. Myhrvold, Elizabeth A. Sweeney and Lowell L. Wood,Jr. as inventors, filed 15 Sep. 2009, which is currently co-pending, oris an application of which a currently co-pending application isentitled to the benefit of the filing date.

For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, the presentapplication constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. to be assigned, Docket No. 0508-004-003F-000000,entitled FROZEN COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR PIERCING A SUBSTRATE,naming Edward S. Boyden, Daniel B. Cook, Roderick A. Hyde, Eric C.Leuthardt, Nathan P. Myhrvold, Elizabeth A. Sweeney and Lowell L. Wood,Jr. as inventors, filed 15 Sep. 2009, which is currently co-pending, oris an application of which a currently co-pending application isentitled to the benefit of the filing date.

For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, the presentapplication constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. to be assigned, Docket No. 0508-004-003G-000000,entitled FROZEN COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR PIERCING A SUBSTRATE,naming Edward S. Boyden, Daniel B. Cook, Roderick A. Hyde, Eric C.Leuthardt, Nathan P. Myhrvold, Elizabeth A. Sweeney and Lowell L. Wood,Jr. as inventors, filed 15 Sep. 2009, which is currently co-pending, oris an application of which a currently co-pending application isentitled to the benefit of the filing date.

The United States Patent Office (USPTO) has published a notice to theeffect that the USPTO's computer programs require that patent applicantsreference both a serial number and indicate whether an application is acontinuation or continuation-in-part. Stephen G. Kunin, Benefit ofPrior-Filed Application, USPTO Official Gazette Mar. 18, 2003, availableat http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/com/sol/og/2003/week11/patbene.htm.The present Applicant Entity (hereinafter “Applicant”) has providedabove a specific reference to the application(s) from which priority isbeing claimed as recited by statute. Applicant understands that thestatute is unambiguous in its specific reference language and does notrequire either a serial number or any characterization, such as“continuation” or “continuation-in-part,” for claiming priority to U.S.patent applications. Notwithstanding the foregoing, Applicantunderstands that the USPTO's computer programs have certain data entryrequirements, and hence Applicant is designating the present applicationas a continuation-in-part of its parent applications as set forth above,but expressly points out that such designations are not to be construedin any way as any type of commentary and/or admission as to whether ornot the present application contains any new matter in addition to thematter of its parent application(s).

SUMMARY

Compositions, methods, systems, and other embodiments related to one ormore frozen particle compositions are described herein. In oneembodiment, frozen particle compositions, frozen piercing implements, orfrozen piercing implement devices are described.

In one embodiment, a frozen piercing implement comprising a sterilefrozen implement configured for piercing at least one substrate isdescribed. In one embodiment, a frozen piercing implement, comprises: asterile frozen hydrogen oxide implement configured for piercing at leastpart of at least one substrate. In one embodiment, the sterile frozenhydrogen oxide implement includes at least one agent.

In one embodiment, a method of administering at least one frozenpiercing implement to at least one substrate comprises: contacting atleast one substrate with at least one frozen piercing implement. In oneembodiment, the at least one frozen piercing implement includes sterilefrozen hydrogen oxide. In one embodiment, a method of vaccinating asubject comprises: administering to a subject at least one frozenpiercing implement. In one embodiment, the at least one frozen piercingimplement includes sterile frozen hydrogen oxide and at least onevaccine. In one embodiment, a method comprises: delivering at least oneagent to at least one substrate; wherein the at least one agent isincluded in at least one sterile frozen hydrogen oxide piercingimplement. In one embodiment, a method for piercing at least onesubstrate comprises: piercing at least one substrate with a frozenpiercing implement including sterile frozen hydrogen oxide and at leastone agent.

In one embodiment, a frozen piercing implement, comprises: at least onesterile frozen solution, the solution including at least one agent;wherein the frozen piercing implement is configured for piercing atleast part of at least one substrate. In one embodiment, a method ofadministering at least one frozen piercing implement to at least onesubstrate, comprises: contacting at least one substrate with at leastone frozen piercing implement, wherein the at least one frozen piercingimplement includes at least one sterile frozen solution, the solutionincluding at least one agent. In one embodiment, a method of vaccinatinga subject, comprises: administering to a subject at least one frozenpiercing implement; wherein the at least one frozen piercing implementincludes at least one sterile frozen solution, the solution including atleast one vaccine.

In one embodiment, a frozen piercing implement comprises: at least onenon-hydrogen oxide frozen solvent; wherein the frozen piercing implementis configured for piercing at least one substrate; and wherein thefrozen piercing implement is substantially solid at approximately 65°C., approximately 60° C., approximately 55° C., approximately 50° C.,approximately 45° C., approximately 40° C., approximately 37° C.,approximately 35° C., approximately 30° C., approximately 25° C.,approximately 20° C., approximately 15° C., approximately 10° C.,approximately 5° C., approximately 0° C., approximately −5° C.,approximately −10° C., approximately −15° C., approximately −20° C.,approximately −25° C., approximately −30° C., approximately −40° C.,approximately −50° C., approximately −60° C., approximately −70° C.,approximately −80° C., approximately −90° C., approximately −100° C.,approximately −120° C., approximately −150° C., approximately −170° C.,approximately −200° C., approximately −250° C., or any temperaturetherebetween. In one embodiment, the at least one non-hydrogen oxidefrozen solvent is sterile. In one embodiment, the at least onenon-hydrogen oxide frozen solvent includes at least one agent

In one embodiment, a frozen piercing implement, comprises: at least onefrozen agent; and wherein the frozen piercing implement is configuredfor piercing at least one substrate wherein the frozen piercingimplement is substantially solid at approximately 65° C., approximately60° C., approximately 55° C., approximately 50° C., approximately 45°C., approximately 40° C., approximately 37° C., approximately 35° C.,approximately 30° C., approximately 25° C., approximately 20° C.,approximately 15° C., approximately 10° C., approximately 5° C.,approximately 0° C., approximately −5° C., approximately −10° C.,approximately −15° C., approximately −20° C., approximately −25° C.,approximately −30° C., approximately −40° C., approximately −50° C.,approximately −60° C., approximately −70° C., approximately −80° C.,approximately −90° C., approximately −100° C., approximately −120° C.,approximately −150° C., approximately −170° C., approximately −200° C.,approximately −250° C., or any temperature therebetween.

In one embodiment, a method of administering at least one frozenpiercing implement to at least one substrate, comprises: contacting atleast one substrate with at least one frozen piercing implement, whereinthe at least one frozen piercing implement includes at least onenon-hydrogen oxide frozen solvent; and wherein the at least one frozenpiercing implement is substantially solid at approximately 65° C.,approximately 60° C., approximately 55° C., approximately 50° C.,approximately 45° C., approximately 40° C., approximately 37° C.,approximately 35° C., approximately 30° C., approximately 25° C.,approximately 20° C., approximately 15° C., approximately 10° C.,approximately 5° C., approximately 0° C., approximately −5° C.,approximately −10° C., approximately −15° C., approximately −20° C.,approximately −25° C., approximately −30° C., approximately −40° C.,approximately −50° C., approximately −60° C., approximately −70° C.,approximately −80° C., approximately −90° C., approximately −100° C.,approximately −120° C., approximately −150° C., approximately −170° C.,approximately −200° C., approximately −250° C., or any temperaturetherebetween. In one embodiment, the at least one non-hydrogen oxidefrozen solvent is sterile. In one embodiment, the at least onenon-hydrogen oxide frozen solvent includes at least one agent.

In one embodiment, a method of administering at least one frozenpiercing implement to at least one substrate, comprises:contacting atleast one substrate with at least one frozen piercing implement, whereinthe at least one frozen piercing implement includes at least one agent;and wherein the at least one frozen piercing implement is substantiallysolid at approximately 65° C., approximately 60° C., approximately 55°C., approximately 50° C., approximately 45° C., approximately 40° C.,approximately 37° C., approximately 35° C., approximately 30° C.,approximately 25° C., approximately 20° C., approximately 15° C.,approximately 10° C., approximately 5° C., approximately 0° C.,approximately −5° C., approximately −10° C., approximately −15° C.,approximately −20° C., approximately −25° C., approximately −30° C.,approximately −40° C., approximately −50° C., approximately −60° C.,approximately −70° C., approximately −80° C., approximately −90° C.,approximately −100° C., approximately −120° C., approximately −150° C.,approximately −170° C., approximately −200° C., approximately −250° C.,or any temperature therebetween.

In one embodiment, a method of vaccinating a subject, comprises:administering to a subject at least one frozen piercing implement;wherein the at least one frozen piercing implement includes at least onenon-hydrogen oxide frozen solvent and at least one vaccine; and whereinthe at least one frozen piercing implement is substantially solid atapproximately 65° C., approximately 60° C., approximately 55° C.,approximately 50° C., approximately 45° C., approximately 40° C.,approximately 37° C., approximately 35° C., approximately 30° C.,approximately 25° C., approximately 20° C., approximately 15° C.,approximately 10° C., approximately 5° C., approximately 0° C.,approximately −5° C., approximately −10° C., approximately −15° C.,approximately −20° C., approximately −25° C., approximately −30° C.,approximately −40° C., approximately −50° C., approximately −60° C.,approximately −70° C., approximately −80° C., approximately −90° C.,approximately −100° C., approximately −120° C., approximately −150° C.,approximately −170° C., approximately −200° C., approximately −250° C.,or any temperature therebetween. In one embodiment, a method ofvaccinating a subject, comprises: administering to a subject at leastone frozen vaccine piercing implement; wherein the at least one frozenpiercing implement is substantially solid at approximately 65° C.,approximately 60° C., approximately 55° C., approximately 50° C.,approximately 45° C., approximately 40° C., approximately 37° C.,approximately 35° C., approximately 30° C., approximately 25° C.,approximately 20° C., approximately 15° C., approximately 10° C.,approximately 5° C., approximately 0° C., approximately −5° C.,approximately −10° C., approximately −15° C., approximately −20° C.,approximately −25° C., approximately −30° C., approximately −40° C.,approximately −50° C., approximately −60° C., approximately −70° C.,approximately −80° C., approximately −90° C., approximately −100° C.,approximately −120° C., approximately −150° C., approximately −170° C.,approximately −200° C., approximately −250° C., or any temperaturetherebetween. In one embodiment, the at least one frozen piercingimplement is sterile. In one embodiment, the at least one frozenpiercing implement includes at least one agent.

In one embodiment, a frozen piercing implement, comprises: at least onesterile frozen component and at least one agent; wherein the at leastone component is substantially in a gaseous state at or aboveapproximately 0.25 bar, approximately 0.5 bar, approximately 1.0 bar,approximately 5.0 bar, approximately 10.0 bar, approximately 25 bar,approximately 50 bar, approximately 100 bar, approximately 200 bar, orapproximately 500 bar pressure; and at or above approximately 10° C.,approximately 15° C., approximately 20° C., approximately 25° C.,approximately 30° C., approximately 37° C., approximately 40° C.,approximately 45° C., or approximately 50° C.; and wherein the at leastone frozen piercing implement is configured for piercing at least onesubstrate.

In one embodiment, a method of administering at least one frozenpiercing implement to at least one substrate, comprises: contacting atleast one substrate with at least one frozen piercing implement, whereinthe at least one frozen piercing implement includes at least one sterilefrozen component and at least one agent; wherein the at least onesterile frozen component is in a gaseous state at approximately 0.25bar, approximately 0.5 bar, approximately 1.0 bar, approximately 5.0bar, approximately 10.0 bar, approximately 25 bar, approximately 50 bar,approximately 100 bar, approximately 200 bar, or approximately 500 barpressure; and at or above approximately 10° C., approximately 15° C.,approximately 20° C., approximately 25° C., approximately 30° C.,approximately 37° C., approximately 40° C., approximately 45° C., orapproximately 50° C.; and wherein the at least one frozen piercingimplement is configured for piercing the at least one substrate.

In one embodiment, a method of vaccinating a subject, comprises:administering to a subject at least one frozen piercing implement;wherein the at least one frozen piercing implement includes at least onesterile frozen component and at least one agent; and wherein the atleast one sterile frozen component is in a gaseous state atapproximately 0.25 bar, approximately 0.5 bar, approximately 1.0 bar,approximately 5.0 bar, approximately 10.0 bar, approximately 25 bar,approximately 50 bar, approximately 100 bar, approximately 200 bar, orapproximately 500 bar pressure; and at or above approximately 10° C.,approximately 15° C., approximately 20° C., approximately 25° C.,approximately 30° C., approximately 37° C., approximately 40° C.,approximately 45° C., or approximately 50° C.; and wherein the at leastone frozen piercing implement is configured for piercing at least onesubstrate.

In one embodiment, an array device comprises: a support structure havinga surface; and a plurality of sterile frozen piercing implementsextending substantially outward from the support structure. In oneembodiment, an array device, comprises: a support structure having asurface; a plurality of piercing implements extending substantiallyoutward from the surface of the support structure; wherein at least onepiercing implement of the plurality of piercing implements includes afrozen piercing implement. In one embodiment, a composition, comprises:a plurality of piercing implement array devices joined together, thepiercing implement array devices including at least one frozen piercingimplement. In one embodiment, a composition, comprises: a support meansfor an array device; wherein the array device includes one or morefrozen piercing implements. In one embodiment, a method of administeringat least one array device to at least one substrate, comprises:contacting at least one array device to at least one substrate, whereinthe array device includes at least one frozen piercing implement.

In one embodiment, a method of vaccinating a subject, comprises:administering to a subject at least one frozen piercing implement arraydevice; wherein the at least one frozen piercing implement array deviceincludes at least one frozen piercing implement including at least onevaccine.

In one embodiment, a fluidic device, comprises: a support structure atleast partially defining at least one compartment; and at least onefrozen piercing implement in fluid communication with the at least onecompartment. As described herein, in one embodiment, the at least onefrozen piercing implement has at least one major dimension ofapproximately one centimeter or less, approximately one millimeter orless, approximately one micrometer or less, approximately one nanometer,or any value therebetween.

In one embodiment, a fluidic device, comprises: at least one frozenpiercing implement, and at least one actuator configured to actuate theat least one frozen piercing implement. As described herein, in oneembodiment, at least one frozen piercing implement has at least onemajor dimension of approximately one centimeter or less, approximatelyone millimeter or less, approximately one micrometer or less,approximately one nanometer, or any value therebetween.

In one embodiment, the fluidic device further comprises a plurality offrozen piercing implements, and at least one actuator configured toactuate the plurality of frozen piercing implements; wherein eachpiercing implement has at least one major dimension of approximately onecentimeter or less, approximately one millimeter or less, approximatelyone micrometer or less, approximately one nanometer, or any valuetherebetween.

Various computer-implemented methods, automated devices, systems,computer program products, and circuitry for any thereof are providedherein. In one embodiment, instructions for making at least one frozenparticle composition, frozen piercing implement, or frozen piercingimplement device are provided for various non-limiting examples. In oneembodiment, instructions for administering at least one frozen particlecomposition, frozen piercing implement, or frozen piercing implementdevice are provided for various non-limiting examples.

The various embodiments disclosed are described in greater detailherein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 illustrates particular phases of hydrogen oxide.

FIG. 2 illustrates the density of hydrogen oxide at various pressurepoints.

FIG. 3 illustrates particular phases of hydrogen oxide at variouspressure and temperature points.

FIG. 4 illustrates particular phases of hydrogen oxide at variouspressure and temperature points.

FIG. 5 illustrates the strength of hydrogen oxide samples reinforcedwith fiberglass or kaolin.

FIG. 6 illustrates the strength of hydrogen oxide samples reinforcedwith a reinforcement agent.

FIG. 7 illustrates a partial view of a method 700 that includesgenerating at least one response.

FIG. 8 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 7 in which embodiments may beimplemented.

FIG. 9 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 7 in which embodiments may beimplemented.

FIG. 10 illustrates a partial view of a method 1000 that includesgenerating at least one response.

FIG. 11 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 10 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 12 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 10 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 13 illustrates a partial view of a system 1300 that includes acomputer program for executing a computing process on a computingdevice.

FIG. 14 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 13 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 15 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 13 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 16 illustrates a partial view of a system 1600 that includes acomputer program for executing a computing process on a computingdevice.

FIG. 17 illustrates a partial view of a computer program product 1700for executing a computing process on a computing device.

FIG. 18 illustrates a partial view of a computer program product 1800for executing a computing process on a computing device.

FIG. 19 illustrates a partial view of a computer program product 1900for executing a computing process on a computing device.

FIG. 20 illustrates a partial view of a computer program product 2000for executing a computing process on a computing device.

FIG. 21 illustrates a partial view of a computer program product 2100for executing a computing process on a computing device.

FIG. 22 illustrates a partial view of a computer program product 2200for executing a computing process on a computing device.

FIG. 23 illustrates a partial view of a method 2300 that includesgenerating at least one response.

FIG. 24 illustrates a partial view FIG. 23 in which embodiments may beimplemented.

FIG. 25 illustrates a partial view FIG. 23 in which embodiments may beimplemented.

FIG. 26 illustrates a partial view of a method 2600 that includesgenerating at least one response.

FIG. 27 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 26 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 28 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 26 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 29 illustrates a partial view of a system 2900 that includes acomputer program for executing a computing process on a computingdevice.

FIG. 30 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 29 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 31 illustrates a partial view of a system 3100 that includes acomputer program for executing a computing process on a computingdevice.

FIG. 32 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 31 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 33 illustrates a partial view of a system 3300 that includes acomputer program for executing a computing process on a computingdevice.

FIG. 34 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 33 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 35 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 33 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 36 illustrates a partial view of a system 3600 that includes acomputer program for executing a computing process on a computingdevice.

FIG. 37 illustrates a partial view of a method 3700 in which embodimentsmay be implemented.

FIG. 38 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 37 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 39 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 37 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 40 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 37 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 41 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 37 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 42 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 37 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 43 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 37 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 44 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 37 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 45 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 37 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 46 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 37 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 47 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 37 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 48 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 37 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 49 illustrates a partial view of a method 4900 in which embodimentsmay be implemented.

FIG. 50 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 49 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 51 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 49 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 52 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 49 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 53 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 49 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 54 illustrates a partial view of a method 5400 in which embodimentsmay be implemented.

FIG. 55 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 54 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 56 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 54 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 57 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 54 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 58 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 54 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 59 illustrates a partial view of a method 5900 in which embodimentsmay be implemented.

FIG. 60 illustrates a partial view of a method 6000 in which embodimentsmay be implemented.

FIG. 61 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 60 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 62 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 60 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 63 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 60 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 64 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 60 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 65 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 60 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 66 illustrates a partial view of a method 6600 in which embodimentsmay be implemented.

FIG. 67 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 66 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 68 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 66 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 69 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 66 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 70 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 66 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 71 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 66 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 72 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 66 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 73 illustrates a partial view of a system 7300 in which embodimentsmay be implemented.

FIG. 74 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 73 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 75 illustrates a partial view of a system 7510 in which embodimentsmay be implemented.

FIG. 76 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 75 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 77 illustrates a partial view of a system 7700 in which embodimentsmay be implemented.

FIG. 78 illustrates a partial view of a computer program product 7800 inwhich embodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 79 illustrates a partial view of a system 7900 in which embodimentsmay be implemented.

FIG. 80 illustrates a partial view of a system 8000 in which embodimentsmay be implemented.

FIG. 81 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 80 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 82 illustrates a partial view of a system 8200 in which embodimentsmay be implemented.

FIG. 83 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 82 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 84 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 82 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 85 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 82 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 86 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 82 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 87 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 82 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 88 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 82 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 89 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 82 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 90 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 82 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 91 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 82 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 92 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 82 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 93 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 82 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 94 illustrates a partial view of a system 9400 in which embodimentsmay be implemented.

FIG. 95 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 94 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 96 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 94 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 97 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 94 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 98 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 94 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 99 illustrates a partial view of a system 9900 in which embodimentsmay be implemented.

FIG. 100 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 99 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 101 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 99 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 102 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 99 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 103 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 99 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 104 illustrates a partial view of a system 10400 in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 105 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 104 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 106 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 104 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 107 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 104 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 108 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 104 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 109 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 104 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 110 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 104 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 111 illustrates a partial view of a system 11100 in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 112 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 111 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 113 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 111 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 114 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 111 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 115 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 111 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 116 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 111 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 117 illustrates a partial view of FIG. 111 in which embodiments maybe implemented.

FIG. 118 illustrates a partial cross-sectional view of mammalian skin.

FIG. 119 illustrates a general phase diagram, including the criticalpoint and sinodal curve.

FIG. 120 illustrates the boiling liquid expansion vapor explosiondiagram for carbon dioxide, calculated using the critical point andsinodal curve.

FIG. 121 A illustrates particular examples of optional configurations ofembodiments including at least one frozen particle composition or frozenpiercing implement.

FIG. 121 B illustrates particular examples for configurations ofembodiments including at least one frozen particle composition or frozenpiercing implement with optional at least one cavity.

FIG. 121 C illustrates particular examples of optional configurations ofembodiments including at least one frozen particle composition or frozenpiercing implement.

FIG. 122 illustrates a diagram for a particular force per implement foramount of displacement.

FIG. 123 illustrates perspective views of particular examples ofoptional configurations of embodiments including at least one frozenparticle composition, frozen piercing implement, or frozen piercingimplement device.

FIG. 124 A illustrates an example of an embodiment including at leastone frozen piercing implement or frozen piercing implement device.

FIG. 124 B illustrates an example of one embodiment for making at leastone frozen particle composition, frozen piercing implement or frozenpiercing implement device.

FIG. 124 C illustrates an example of one embodiment for making at leastone frozen particle composition, frozen piercing implement or frozenpiercing implement device.

FIG. 124 D illustrates an example of one embodiment for making at leastone frozen particle composition, frozen piercing implement or frozenpiercing implement device.

FIG. 124 E illustrates an example of one embodiment for making at leastone frozen particle composition, frozen piercing implement or frozenpiercing implement device.

FIG. 124 F illustrates an example of one embodiment for making at leastone frozen particle composition, frozen piercing implement or frozenpiercing implement device.

FIG. 124 G illustrates an example of one embodiment for making at leastone frozen particle composition, frozen piercing implement or frozenpiercing implement device.

FIG. 125 A illustrates cross-sectional view of a piercing implementincluding one or more functionalized surfaces, and optional channel,according to some illustrated embodiments.

FIG. 125 B illustrates cross-sectional view of a piercing implementincluding one or more functionalized surfaces, and optional channel,according to some illustrated embodiments.

FIG. 125 C illustrates cross-sectional view of a piercing implementincluding one or more functionalized surfaces, and optional channel,according to some illustrated embodiments.

FIG. 125 D illustrates an exploded view of the implement illustrated inFIG. 125 C, including one or more functional groups in the form ofbonded amino groups, according to some illustrated embodiments.

FIG. 125 E illustrates an exploded view of an implement, including oneor more functional groups in the form of polisilane groups, according tosome illustrated embodiments.

FIG. 126 A illustrates a cross-sectional view of a plurality ofimplements, according to some illustrated embodiments.

FIG. 126 B illustrates a cross-sectional view of a plurality ofimplements, according to some illustrated embodiments.

FIG. 126 C illustrates a cross-sectional view of a plurality ofimplements, according to some illustrated embodiments.

FIG. 126 D illustrates a cross-sectional view of a plurality ofimplements, according to some illustrated embodiments.

FIG. 126 E illustrates a cross-sectional view of a plurality ofimplements, according to some illustrated embodiments.

FIG. 126 F illustrates a cross-sectional view of a plurality ofimplements, according to some illustrated embodiments.

FIG. 126 G illustrates a cross-sectional view of a plurality ofimplements, according to some illustrated embodiments.

FIG. 127 A illustrates a cross-sectional view of an embodiment includingat least one frozen piercing implement device.

FIG. 127 B illustrates a perspective view of an embodiment including atleast one frozen piercing implement device.

FIG. 128 A illustrates a cross-sectional view of an embodiment includingat least one frozen piercing implement.

FIG. 128 B illustrates a perspective view of a plurality of frozenpiercing implements, according to an illustrated embodiment.

FIG. 128 C illustrates a perspective view of an embodiment of at leastone frozen piercing implement device.

FIG. 128 D illustrates a perspective view of an embodiment of at leastone frozen piercing implement device.

FIG. 129 A illustrates a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of atleast one frozen piercing implement.

FIG. 129 B illustrates a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of atleast one frozen piercing implement.

FIG. 130 A illustrates a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of atleast one frozen piercing implement device.

FIG. 130 B illustrates a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of atleast one frozen piercing implement device.

FIG. 131 A illustrates a perspective view of an embodiment including aplurality of frozen piercing implements, including at least one frozenpiercing implement device.

FIG. 131 B illustrates a perspective view of an embodiment including aplurality of frozen piercing implements, including at least one frozenpiercing implement device.

FIG. 131 C illustrates a perspective view of an embodiment including aplurality of frozen piercing implements, including at least one frozenpiercing implement device.

FIG. 131 D illustrates a perspective view of an embodiment including aplurality of frozen piercing implements, including at least one frozenpiercing implement device.

FIG. 131 E illustrates a perspective view of an embodiment including aplurality of frozen piercing implements, including at least one frozenpiercing implement device.

FIG. 131 F illustrates a perspective view of an embodiment including aplurality of frozen piercing implements, including at least one frozenpiercing implement device.

FIG. 131 G illustrates a perspective view of an embodiment including aplurality of frozen piercing implements, including at least one frozenpiercing implement device.

FIG. 131 H illustrates a perspective view of an embodiment including atleast one frozen piercing implement device, optionally including aplurality of frozen piercing implements.

FIG. 132 illustrates a perspective view of an embodiment including atleast one frozen piercing implement device, optionally including aplurality of frozen piercing implements.

FIG. 133 A illustrates a cross-sectional view of an embodiment includingat least one frozen piercing implement device, optionally including aplurality of frozen piercing implements.

FIG. 133 B illustrates a cross-sectional view of an embodiment includingat least one frozen piercing implement device, optionally including aplurality of frozen piercing implements.

FIG. 134 A illustrates a cross-sectional view of an embodiment includingat least one frozen piercing implement device, optionally including aplurality of frozen piercing implements.

FIG. 134 B illustrates a cross-sectional view of an embodiment includingat least one frozen piercing implement device, optionally including aplurality of frozen piercing implements.

FIG. 135 illustrates a partial view of a method 13500, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 136 illustrates a partial view of the method of FIG. 135, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 137 illustrates a partial view of the method of FIG. 135, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 138 illustrates a partial view of the method of FIG. 135, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 139 illustrates a partial view of the method of FIG. 135, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 140 A-C illustrates a cross-sectional view of an example of anembodiment of a frozen piercing implement device.

FIG. 141 illustrates a partial view of a method 14100, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 142 illustrates a partial view of the method of FIG. 141, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 143 illustrates a partial view of the method of FIG. 141, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 144 illustrates a partial view of the method of FIG. 141, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 145 illustrates a partial view of the method of FIG. 141, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 146 illustrates a partial view of the method of FIG. 141, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 147 illustrates a partial view of the method of FIG. 141, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 148 illustrates a partial view of a method 14800, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 149 illustrates a partial view of the method of FIG. 148, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 150 illustrates a partial view of the method of FIG. 148, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 151 illustrates a partial view of a method 15100, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 152 illustrates a partial view of the method of FIG. 151, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 153 illustrates a partial view of the method of FIG. 151, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 154 illustrates a partial view of the method of FIG. 151, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 155 illustrates a partial view of the method of FIG. 151, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 156 illustrates a partial view of the method of FIG. 151, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 157 illustrates a partial view of the method of FIG. 151, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 158 illustrates a partial view of a method 15800, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 159 illustrates a partial view of the method of FIG. 158, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 160 illustrates a partial view of the method of FIG. 158, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 161 illustrates a partial view of the method of FIG. 158, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 162 illustrates a partial view of a method 16200, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 163 illustrates a partial view of a system 16300, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 164 illustrates partial view of the system of FIG. 163, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 165 illustrates a partial view of the system of FIG. 163, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 166 illustrates a partial view of the system of FIG. 163, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 167 illustrates a partial view of a system 16700, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 168 illustrates a partial view of the system of FIG. 167, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 169 illustrates a partial view of the system of FIG. 167, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 170 illustrates a partial view of the system of FIG. 167, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 171 illustrates a partial view of the system of FIG. 167, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 172 illustrates a partial view of the system of FIG. 167, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 173 illustrates a partial view of the system of FIG. 167, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 174 illustrates a partial view of the system of FIG. 167, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 175 illustrates a partial view of a system 17500, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 176 illustrates a partial view of the system of FIG. 175, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 177 illustrates a partial view of the system of FIG. 175, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 178 illustrates a partial view of the system of FIG. 175, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 179 illustrates a partial view of the system of FIG. 175, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 180 illustrates a partial view of the system of FIG. 175, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 181 illustrates a partial view of the system FIG. 175, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 182 illustrates a partial view of a system 18200, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 183 illustrates a partial view of the system of FIG. 182, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 184 illustrates a partial view of the system of FIG. 182, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 185 illustrates a partial view of the system of FIG. 182, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 186 illustrates a partial view of a system 18600, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 187 illustrates a partial view of the system of FIG. 186, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 188 illustrates a partial view of the system of FIG. 186, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 189 illustrates a partial view of the system of FIG. 186, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 190 illustrates a partial view of a system 19000, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 191 illustrates a partial view of the system of FIG. 190, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 192 illustrates a partial view of the system of FIG. 190, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 193 illustrates a partial view of a computer program product 19300,in which embodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 194 illustrates a partial view of the computer program product ofFIG. 193, in which embodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 195 illustrates a partial view of the computer program product ofFIG. 193, in which embodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 196 illustrates a partial view of a system 19600, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 197 illustrates a partial view of the system of FIG. 196, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 198 illustrates a partial view of the system of FIG. 196, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 199 illustrates a partial view of a system 19900, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 200 illustrates a partial view of the system of FIG. 199, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 201 illustrates a partial view of a system 20100, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 202 illustrates a partial view of the system of FIG. 201, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 203 illustrates a partial view of the system of FIG. 201, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 204 illustrates a partial view of the system of FIG. 201, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 205 illustrates a partial view of a system 20500, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 206 illustrates a partial view of the system of FIG. 205, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 207 illustrates a partial view of the system of FIG. 205, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 208 illustrates a partial view of the system of FIG. 205, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 209 illustrates a partial view of a computer program product 20900,in which embodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 210 illustrates a partial view of the computer program product ofFIG. 209, in which embodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 211 illustrates a partial view of the computer program product ofFIG. 209, in which embodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 212 illustrates a partial view of a system 21200, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 213 illustrates a partial view of the system of FIG. 212, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 214 illustrates a partial view of the system of FIG. 212, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 215 illustrates a partial view of a system 21500, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 216 illustrates a partial view of the system of FIG. 215, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 217 illustrates a partial view of the system of FIG. 215, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 218 illustrates a partial view of the system of FIG. 215, in whichembodiments may be implemented.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following detailed description, reference is made to theaccompanying drawings, which form a part hereof. In the drawings,similar symbols typically identify similar components, unless contextdictates otherwise. The illustrative embodiments described in thedetailed description, drawings, and claims are not meant to be limiting.Other embodiments can be utilized, and other changes can be made,without departing from the spirit or scope of the subject matterpresented here.

In one embodiment, at least one frozen particle composition (includingtherapeutic compositions), device, system, product, machine, or methoddisclosed herein relates to making, administering, or utilizing one ormore frozen particle compositions for various purposes.

Frozen Particles

In one embodiment, the one or more frozen particle compositions, frozenpiercing implements, or frozen piercing implement devices include one ormore frozen particles and optionally, at least one other agent. In oneembodiment, the at least one agent includes at least one of atherapeutic agent, reinforcement agent, abrasive, biological remodelingagent, explosive material, or adhesive agent. In one embodiment, thefrozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement (or device)includes at least one material that modulates the rate of diffusion ordegradation of the at least one agent. In one embodiment, the at leastone material reduces the rate of diffusion or degradation of the atleast one agent.

In one embodiment, the at least one agent includes or is substantiallyin the form of at least one of an organic or inorganic small molecule,clathrate or caged compound, protocell, coacervate, microsphere, Janusparticle, proteinoid, laminate, helical rod, liposome, macroscopic tube,niosome, sphingosome, toroid, vesicular tube, vesicle, small unilamellarvesicle, large unilamellar vesicle, large multilamellar vesicle,multivesicular vesicle, lipid layer, lipid bilayer, micelle, organelle,cell, membrane, nucleic acid, peptide, polypeptide, protein,glycopeptide, glycolipid, lipoprotein, sphingolipid, glycosphingolipid,glycoprotein, peptidoglycan, lipid, carbohydrate, metalloprotein,proteoglycan, chromosome, nucleus, acid, support structure, buffer,protic solvent, aprotic solvent, nitric oxide, nitrous oxide, nitricoxide synthase, amino acid, micelle, polymer, copolymer, monomer,prepolymer, cell receptor, adhesion molecule, cytokine, chemokine,immunoglobulin, antibody, antigen, platelet, extracellular matrix,blood, plasma, cell ligand, zwitterionic material, cationic material,oligonucleotide, nanotube, piloxymer, transfersome, gas, element,contaminant, radioactive particle, hormone, microorganism, bacteria,virus, quantum dot, contrast agent, or any part thereof. In oneembodiment, the one or more frozen particle compositions, or frozenpiercing implements (or devices) include one or more frozen particlesmade up of at least one frozen constituent. In one embodiment, the oneor more frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercing implements (ordevices) include one or more frozen particles including a single frozenconstituent. In one embodiment, the one or more frozen particles includemultiple frozen constituents. In one embodiment, the one or more frozenparticle compositions, or frozen piercing implements (or devices)include frozen solute particles, and optionally, at least one agent. Inone embodiment, the one or more frozen particle compositions, or frozenpiercing implements (or devices) include non-hydrogen oxide frozensolute particles, and optionally, at least one agent. In one embodiment,the one or more frozen particle compostions, or frozen piercingimplements (or devices) include frozen solvent particles, andoptionally, at least one agent. In one embodiment, the one or morefrozen particle compositions, or frozen piercing implements (or devices)include non-hydrogen oxide frozen solvent particles and optionally, atleast one agent. In one embodiment, the one or more frozen particlecompositions, or frozen piercing implements (or devices) include frozensolution particles, and optionally, at least one agent. In oneembodiment, a frozen particle composition, or frozen piercing implement(or device) includes one or more frozen solution particles and at leastone agent; wherein the frozen particle composition is in at least onecrystalline or amorphous phase.

In one embodiment, the one or more frozen particle compositions, orfrozen piercing implements (or devices) include frozen particles of atleast one component that is in a gaseous state at or above physiologicalconditions, which include but are not limited to approximately 0.25 bar,approximately 0.5 bar, approximately 1.0 bar, approximately 5.0 bar,approximately 10.0 bar, approximately 25 bar, approximately 50 bar,approximately 100 bar, approximately 200 bar, or approximately 500 barpressure; and at or above approximately 10° C., approximately 15° C.,approximately 20° C., approximately 25° C., approximately 30° C.,approximately 35° C., approximately 37° C., approximately 40° C.,approximately 45° C., approximately 50° C.

In one embodiment, the frozen particle composition, or frozen piercingimplement (or device) includes one or more frozen particles including atleast one of hydrogen oxide, helium, neon, krypton, argon, xenon,nitrogen, chlorine, bromine, methane, oxygen, air, carbon dioxide,polyethylene glycol, acetone, ethyl acetate, dimethyl sulfoxide,dimethyl formamide, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, acetronitrile, aceticacid, n-butanol, isopropanol, n-propanol, hexamethylphosphorotriamide,perfluorohydrocarbon, methanol, ethanol, tert-butyl alcohol, formicacid, hydrogen fluoride, ammonia, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, hexane,dichloromethane, methylene chloride, carboxylic acid, saline, standardsaline citrate, methane, toluene, chloroform, polyethylene glycol,acetic acid, Ringer's solution, lactated Ringer's solution, Hartmann'ssolution, acetated Ringer's solution, phosphate buffered solution,TRIS-buffered saline solution, Hank's balanced salt solution, Earle'sbalanced salt solution, standard saline citrate, HEPES-buffered saline,dextrose, glucose, methane, diethyl ether, or any solution, suspension,mixture, or colloid including one or more thereof.

In one embodiment, the frozen particle composition, or frozen piercingimplement (or device) includes one or more frozen solution particles,optionally including at least one agent; wherein the one or more frozensolution particles have at least one major dimension of approximatelyone centimeter or less, approximately one millimeter or less,approximately one micrometer or less, approximately one nanometer orless, or any value therebetween.

In one embodiment, at least one of the constituents of the one or morefrozen particle compositions or frozen piercing implements (or devices)is frozen. In one embodiment, all of the constituents of the one or morefrozen particle compositions or frozen piercing implements (or devices)are frozen. In one embodiment, the one or more frozen particlecompositions, or frozen piercing implements (or devices) have at leastone major dimension of approximately one decimeter or less,approximately one centimeter or less, approximately one millimeter orless, approximately one micrometer or less, approximately one nanometeror less, approximately one picometer or less, or any value therebetween.

In one embodiment, a plurality of frozen particle compositions or frozenpiercing implements (or devices) is delivered or administered, and theplurality includes at least two subsets of frozen particle compositionsor frozen piercing implements which can be differentiated based on size.In one embodiment, a plurality of frozen particle compositions or frozenpiercing implements includes at least one subset of frozen particlecompositions or frozen piercing implements that have at least one majordimension of approximately ten micrometers or less. In one embodiment,the at least one major dimension of the one or more frozen particlecompositions or frozen piercing implements (or devices) includes atleast one of radius, diameter, length, width, height, or perimeter.

As described herein, in one embodiment, the one or more frozen particlecompositions or frozen piercing implements approximate the shape of atleast one of a sphere, bullet, flechette, cone, needle, arrow, spear,diamond, pyramid, cylinder, mini ball, shuttlecock, spiral, helical,bell, pear, crystal, cube, spheroid, tetrahedron, crescent, or highaspect ratio shape. The size, shape, weight, or density, as well asother physical parameters of the one or more frozen particlecompositions or frozen piercing implements can be adjusted according toa particular parameter for making or administering the frozen particlecomposition, or frozen piercing implement, or desired goal in utilizingthe frozen particle composition(s) or frozen piercing implement(s). Inone embodiment, the one or more frozen particle compositions or frozenpiercing implements include a plurality of frozen particles that areapproximately uniform with regard to size, shape, weight, or density. Inone embodiment, the one or more frozen particle compositions or frozenpiercing implements include an array of different sizes, shapes,weights, or densities.

In one embodiment, the frozen particle composition, or frozen piercingimplements is substantially in the form of a hatchet, saw, rotarydevice, fork, sciber, graver, spade, screw, pin, needle, blade, knife,razor, scissors, tweezers, scalpel, or other tool. In one embodiment,the frozen particle composition, or frozen piercing implement includesat least one microneedle, micropin, nanoneedle, or nanopin. In oneembodiment, the frozen particle composition, or frozen piercingimplements includes means for piercing, stitching, extracting material,or administering at least one agent to at least one substrate.

In one embodiment, the one or more frozen particle compositions orfrozen piercing implements are substantially solid at about 30° C.,about 20° C., about 10° C., about 5° C., about 0° C., about −10° C.about −20° C., about −30° C., about −40° C., about −50° C., about −60°C., about −70° C., about −75° C., about −80° C., about −85° C., about−90° C., about −95° C., about −100° C., about −120° C., about −150° C.,about −180° C., about −200° C., about −220° C., about −250° C., or anytemperature less than or therebetween. In one embodiment, a frozenpiercing implement is substantially solid if it is approximately 1%,approximately 5%, approximately 10% approximately 20%, approximately30%, approximately 40%, approximately 50%, approximately 60%,approximately 70%, approximately 80%, approximately 90%, approximately99%, approximately 100% solid, or any value therebetween.

In one embodiment, the frozen particle composition or frozen piercingimplement (or device) includes at least one of a solid, liquid, or gas.In one embodiment, the frozen particle composition, or frozen piercingimplement (or device) includes at least one of a frozen liquid, orfrozen gas. In one embodiment, the frozen particle composition or frozenpiercing implement (or device) includes at least one pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier or excipient. In one embodiment, the frozen particlecomposition, or frozen piercing implement (or device) is formulated tobe administered by one or more of topical administration, oraladministration, enteral administration, mucosal administration,percutaneous administration, or parenteral administration. In oneembodiment, parenteral administration includes at least one ofintravenous administration, intra-arterial administration, intracardiacadministration, subcutaneous administration, intraperitionealadministration, or intramuscular administration. In one embodiment, thefrozen particle composition, or frozen piercing implement (or device) isformulated to be administered by high velocity impact. In oneembodiment, the frozen particle composition, or frozen piercingimplement (or device) is formulated to be administered by one or moredevices.

In one embodiment, the at least one frozen particle composition orfrozen piercing impelement at least partially melts duringadministration, or upon contact with the substrate (e.g., biologicalcell, tissue, or organ). For example, the frozen components of the atleast one frozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement willmelt or vaporize as a thermal transfer occurs from the environment orsubstrate (e.g., biological cell, tissue, organ, structure, or device)to the composition or implement. In one example, the heat of a subject'sbody to which the frozen particle composition or implement isadministered at least partially melts or vaporizes at least onecomponent of the composition or implement. In one embodiment, at leastpart of the composition or implement does not melt or vaporize (e.g.,magnetic particles, therapeutic agent, sensor, etc.). In one embodiment,the frozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement acts as avehicle for delivering at least one agent (therapeutic agent, adhesiveagent, biological remodeling agent, etc.) or article (e.g., sensor,detection material, etc.) wherein the vehicle dissipates uponadministration.

As described herein, in one embodiment, the substrate is cooled priorto, during, or subsequent to administration of the at least one frozenparticle composition or frozen piercing implement, which reduces thethermal transfer and allows for a slower melting or evaporation processto occur. In one embodiment, all of the constituents of the frozenparticle composition or frozen piercing implement are frozen. In oneembodiment, at least one constituent of the frozen particle compositionor frozen piercing implement is not frozen (e.g., magnetic particle,adhesive agent, sensor, etc.).

In one embodiment, the frozen particle composition, or frozen piercingimplement (or device) includes one or more of a suspension, mixture,solution, sol, clathrate, colloid, emulsion, microemulsion, aerosol,ointment, capsule, powder, tablet, suppository, cream, device, paste,resin, liniment, lotion, ampule, elixir, spray, syrup, tincture,detection material, polymer, biopolymer, buffer, adjuvant, diluent,lubricant, disintegration agent, suspending agent, solvent,light-emitting agent, colorimetric agent, glidant, anti-adherent,anti-static agent, surfactant, plasticizer, emulsifying agent, flavor,gum, sweetener, coating, binder, filler, compression aid, encapsulationaid, preservative, granulation agent, spheronization agent, stabilizer,adhesive, pigment, sorbent, nanoparticle, or gel.

In one embodiment, the one or more frozen particles include one or morefrozen hydrogen oxide particles. In one embodiment, the frozen particlecomposition, or frozen piercing implement (or device) includes one ormore frozen particles, wherein the frozen hydrogen oxide particle is inone or more phases including at least one of amorphous solid water, lowdensity amorphous ice, high density amorphous ice, very high densityamorphous ice, clathrate ice, hyperquenched glassy water, ice Ic, iceIh, ice II, ice III, ice IV, ice V, ice VI, ice VII, ice VIII, ice IX,ice X, ice XI, ice XII, ice XIII, ice XIV, or ice XV.

In one embodiment, the one or more frozen particle compositions, frozenpiercing implements (or devices) include frozen hydrogen oxideparticles. Frozen hydrogen oxide, or typical water ice, exists inseveral non-crystalline forms. Each of these forms has specific physicalcharacteristics such as density and vibrational spectra. Some examplesof frozen hydrogen oxide phase transformations are shown in FIG. 1. (Seee.g., Chaplin, the worldwide web at lsbu.ac.uk/water; Ivanov et al.,Russian J. Gen. Chem. vol. 75, pp. 1851-1856 (2005), each of which isincorporated herein by reference).

Hydrogen oxide (water) has many frozen phases (ices), includingcrystalline and non-crystalline phases. The crystalline phases generallyhave the common structure of having hydrogen bonds to four neighboringwater molecules, such as two hydrogen atoms near each oxygen atom.Structural data on the known frozen hydrogen oxide polymorphs are shownin Table I, with two known phases of ice XI. (See, e.g., Chaplin, Ibid;and Zheligovskaya, et al., Russian Chem. Rev.75, pp. 57-76, 2006, eachof which is incorporated herein by reference).

TABLE I Structural Data on the Ice Polymorphs Dielectric Density,constant, Ice polymorph g/cm³ Protons Crystal Symmetry ε_(S) NotesHexagonal ice, Ih 0.92 disordered Hexagonal One C₆ 97.5 Cubic ice, Ic0.92 disordered Cubic four C₃ LDA, Ia 0.94 disordered Non- As prepared,crystalline can be mixtures of several types HAD 1.17 disordered Non- Asprepared, crystalline can be mixtures of several types VHDA 1.25disordered Non- crystalline II 1.17 ordered Rhombohedral One C₃ 3.66 III1.14 disordered Tetragonal One C₄ 117 protons can be partially orderedIV 1.27 disordered Rhombohedral One C₃ metastable in ice V phase space V1.23 disordered Monoclinic One C₂ 144 protons can be partially orderedVI 1.31 disordered Tetragonal One C₄ 193 protons can be partly orderedVII 1.50 disordered Cubic four C₃ 150 two interpenetrating ice Icframeworks VIII 1.46 ordered Tetragonal One C₄ 4 low temperature form ofice VII IX 1.16 ordered Tetragonal One C₄ 3.74 low temperature form ofice III, metastable in ice II space X 2.51 symmetric Cubic four C₃symmetric proton, form of ice VII XI 0.92 ordered Orthorhombic three C₂low temperature form of ice Ih XI >2.51 symmetric Hexagonal distortedFound in close packed simulations only XII 1.29 disordered TetragonalOne C₄ metastable in ice V phase space XIII 1.23 ordered Monoclinic OneC₂ ordered form of ice V phase XIV 1.29 mostly Orthorhombic One C₄ordered form of ordered ice XII phase XV 1.31 (?) ordered ? ? orderedform of ice VI phase

Cooling liquid hydrogen oxide below its standard freezing pointtypically results in the formation of frozen hexagonal ice. However, ifthe hydrogen oxide is pure and cooled slowly, the liquid hydrogen oxidecan be supercooled to approximately −42° C. Amorphous solids hardenwithout crystallizing, such that if hydrogen oxide is cooled rapidly itresults in formation of a glass-like state, for example, hyperquenchedglassy water. (See e.g., Debenedetti, J. Phys. Condens. Matter, vol. 15,pp. R1669-R1726 (2003), and as cited by Chaplin, worldwideweb atlsbu.ac.uk/water; each of which is incorporated herein by reference.)Generally, hyperquenched glassy water is formed by rapidly spraying afine mist of micrometer-sized hydrogen oxide droplets into very coldliquefied gas, such as propane. Alternatively, a fine mist of hydrogenoxide can be sprayed onto a very cold frozen cell or tissue, forexample, at or below approximately −193° C. Hyperquenched glassy watermay also be formed by cooling capillary tubes containing bulk liquidwater (˜100 μm diameter) with liquid helium, for example, atapproximately −269° C. In one embodiment, the frozen particlecomposition includes a constitutent in a superglass state, orsupersolid. For example, solid helium includes a supersolid, or asuperglass amorphous solid. See, for example, Hunt, et al., Science,vol. 324, pp. 632-635 (2009), which is incorporated herein by reference.

As shown in FIGS. 1-4, hydrogen oxide attains various structures andphases depending upon the temperature or pressure of the environment. Asindicated in FIG. 1, for example, hydrogen oxide ice Ic is derived fromhigh density amorphous water or deeply supercooled liquid water, whenput under low temperature or higher pressure. Likewise, as indicated inFIG. 2, the hydrogen oxide has a greater density as a liquid than as asolid under ambient conditions (ice Ih). However, at increasingpressure, at least ice stages III, V, VI, and VII exhibit a greaterdensity than liquid hydrogen oxide. FIG. 3 indicates the phase diagramfor hydrogen oxide based on pressure and temperature variance, whileFIG. 4 shows the specific sub-categories of hydrogen oxide based onphysical properties, such as structure and density, among others, as thetemperature and pressure vary.

Similarly, amorphous solid water is formed from the slow deposition ofhydrogen oxide vapor on a cold metal crystal surface (for example, atless than approximately 2 nm/s), below the temperature of approximately−153° C. Amorphous solid water is a viscous semi-solid material that hasa density of approximately 0.94 g/cm³ and harbors gaps and spaces in itsstructure, as well as reactive hydrogen bonds. These structures areremoved by annealing under vacuum pressure, which allows the material toconvert to a high density glassy water or low density amorphous ice,depending on the temperature. Typically, high density glassy water,which has a density of approximately 1.1 g/cm³, is formed by vapordeposition at approximately −263° C.

Low-density amorphous (LDA) ice also occurs from heating high-densityamorphous (HDA) ice to just above approximately −153° C. at atmosphericpressure, and transforms to cubic ice at approximately −113° C. to −123°C. Low-density amorphous ice is also prepared by submitting low-pressurephases (Ih, Ic, XI, etc.) to high pressure (e.g., approximately 1.0 GPa)at low temperatures (e.g., below approximately −148° C.).

Very-high density amorphous (VHDA) ice is a viscous water state with adensity of approximately 1.25 g/cm³, and is prepared by heatinghigh-density amorphous ice to just above approximately −113° C. andapproximate pressure of 1.15 GPa. When very-high density amorphous iceis heated at different pressures between, e.g., 0.3 and 2 GPa, itre-crystallizes into only the proton disordered ices III, IV, V, XII, VIand VII in order of increasing pressure, but does not typicallyre-crystallize into the proton ordered phases (e.g., ice II).

Typically, the density of liquid water increases with increasedpressure. When liquid water approaches the critical point in theliquid-vapor phase, water enters a supercritical phase where it existsas small but liquid-like hydrogen-bonded clusters dispersed within agas-like phase and its physical properties vary according to changingdensity. Supercritical water is an excellent solvent for non-polarmolecules, due to its low dielectric constant and poor hydrogen bonding.Due to these same properties, supercritical water is typically not agood solvent for electrolytes, which tend to form ionic bonds.

As indicated in FIG. 2, hexagonal ice is less dense than liquid water,whereas the other ice phases are all denser and phase changes occur nearthe liquid and solid densities (See e.g., Loerting et al., J. Phys.:Condens. Matter vol. 18, R919-R977 (2006), which is incorporated hereinby reference). Liquid water density varies with change in temperature orpressure, whereas the density of amorphous ice varies only with changein pressure, but not temperature.

Hydrogen oxide has a high heat of vaporization (approximately 40.7kJ/mol), and a high heat of sublimation (approximately 51.059 kJ/mol at0° C.), which allows for the frozen particle compositions to remainintact for a short time period during which the particles are deliveredto one or more cells or tissues. These properties further enable thefrozen particle compositions, or frozen piercing implements to serve asparticles for delivery of at least one therapeutic composition to one ormore cells or tissues.

Frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercing implements may includea “solid,” such as true solids, semi-solids, and viscous fluid, such asgels, polymers, hydrogels, or sols. Frozen particle compositions, orfrozen piercing implements including one or more frozen particles mayinclude particles that are at least partially frozen, or are entirelyfrozen. Frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercing implementsincluding one or more frozen particles may include one or more subsetgroups of one or more particles, some of which are entirely frozen andsome of which are at least partially frozen. For example, a frozenparticle composition may be at least about 1% frozen, about 5% frozen,about 10% frozen, about 20% frozen, about 30% frozen, about 40% frozen,about 50% frozen, about 60% frozen, about 70% frozen, about 80% frozen,about 90% frozen, about 95% frozen, about 98% frozen, about 99% frozen,about 100% frozen, or any value there between.

In one embodiment, frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercingimplements may include multiple different constitutions, wherein a groupof frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercing implements includesat least one subset of multiple frozen particles, wherein each frozenparticle has an individual therapeutic agent, adhesive agent, biologicalremodeling agent, abrasive, explosive material, reinforcement agent,other agent, a common constitution, or unique constitution. The group offrozen particle compositions, or frozen piercing implements may alsoinclude at least one subset of multiple frozen particles, wherein eachfrozen particle includes multiple agents.

A particular plurality of frozen particle compositions, or frozenpiercing implements may include multiple frozen particles where variousmultiple agents are associated with a single particle. Likewise, aparticular plurality of frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercingimplements may include various multiple agents, where each individualagent is associated with a single frozen particle. In one embodiment, aplurality of frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercing implementsincludes any number of subsets of frozen particles associated with aparticular agent, or other constituent. During the course of anyparticular method described herein, one or more plurality of frozenparticle compositions, or frozen piercing implements, or any particularsubset thereof, can be administered in a single treatment or in multipletreatments. A frozen particle composition or frozen piercing implementincluding at least one therapeutic agent may be referred to as a“therapeutic composition” or “frozen particle therapeutic composition”herein.

In certain instances, the one or more frozen particle compositions, orfrozen piercing implements are utilized at a very low temperature, whichmay increase the degree of penetration of the one or more particles orthe one or more compositions or implements for a biological tissue. Incertain instances, the one or more frozen particle compositions, orfrozen piercing implements are utilized at higher temperatures,depending on the freezing temperature of the constituents of the one ormore particles, the goals of administration or treatment, or otherfactors. For example, the freezing point of nitrogen is approximately−210° C., whereas the freezing point of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) isapproximately 18.45° C. In one embodiment, the one or more frozenparticle compositions, or frozen piercing implements are utilized atroom temperature, or physiological temperature.

Hydrogen oxide becomes more viscous as the temperature is decreased tobelow approximately 33° C., or the pressure is increased. Ice Ic isgenerally formed by condensation of water vapor, at ambient pressure andlow temperatures (less than approximately −80° C.), or belowapproximately −38° C. as a mist. (See e.g., Murray et al., Phys. Chem.Chem. Phys. Vol. 8, pp. 186-192 (2006), which is incorporated herein byreference). Ice Ic is also prepared by reducing the pressure onhigh-pressure hydrogen oxide ice at approximately −196° C. It can be thepreferred phase for ice formed from hydrogen oxide droplets smaller thanabout 15 nm in radius, particularly at low temperatures (e.g., −113° C.to −53° C.). (See e.g., Johari, J. Chem. Phys. vol. 122 pp. 194504(2005); Zhang, et al., Chem. Phys. Lett. vol. 421, pp. 251-255 (2006),each of which is incorporated herein by reference).

Ice Ih constitutes a large portion of naturally-occurring snow and ice.Since hexagonal ice exhibits changes in the hydrogen bonding, ice Ihshows anomalous reduction in thermal conductivity with increasingpressure (as does cubic ice and low-density amorphous ice). (See e.g.,Andersson et al., Phys. Rev. B vol. 65 pp. 140201.1-14201.4 (2002),which is incorporated herein by reference).

Ice II maintains a general rhombohedral unit shape, similar to ice I.The density of ice II is approximately 1.17 g/cm³. Ice III maintains ageneral tetragonal unit shape, with a density of approximately 1.14g/cm³. Ice VI also maintains a general tetragonal unit shape, with adensity of approximately 1.31 g/cm³. Ice VII is primarily composed ofmultiple intercalating ice Ic lattices, and has a density ofapproximately 1.66 g/cm³.

Some non-limiting examples of materials that are included in one or morecompositions, or implements described herein include, but are notlimited to, liquid nitrogen, which is nontoxic and inert, with afreezing point at 1 atm pressure of approximately −210° C. Liquid heliumis nontoxic and inert, with a freezing point at 367 psi of approximately−272.2° C. Liquid argon is nontoxic and inert with a freezing point at 1atm pressure of approximately −189.4° C. Liquid neon has a freezingpoint of approximately −245.95° C., while liquid xenon has a freezingpoint of approximately −111.9° C. The freezing point of liquid dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) is approximately 18.45° C., and water or otherco-solvents can decrease the freezing point. The freezing point oflactated Ringer's solution is approximately −45° C. These and othermaterials can be utilized as described herein either alone, or incombination with other materials.

In one embodiment, at least one frozen particle composition, or frozenpiercing implement, is made or maintained by utilizing a magnetictime-averaged orbiting potential trap. See, for example, Han et al.,Phys. Rev. vol. 57, pp. R4114-4117 (1998), which is incorporated hereinby reference. In one embodiment, the at least one frozen particlecomposition includes one or more Bose-Einstein condensation of a diluteatomic gas. Id.

In one embodiment, the frozen particle composition, or frozen piercingimplements includes a clathrate. Clathrate ice forms from water or otherliquids, and contains small amounts of non-polar molecules (generallygases) under moderate pressure of a few MPa, and temperatures close to0° C. Clathrate structures can vary, but generally allow a minimumamount of small molecules to fit into and stabilize gaps without formingcovalent or hydrogen bonds with the hydrogen oxide molecules. Certainclathrates are formed at the interface of the liquid phase, underatmospheric pressure. Clathrates include but are not limited to thestructural forms of sI, sII, and sh. In certain instances, noble gasescan be used to form clathrate compounds with hydrogen oxide or othermolecules. Noble gases generally have low polarizability, and tend to bespherically symmetrical, which allows for solubility with the hydrogenoxide cage. In addition, the solubility of the noble gases increasesconsiderably as the temperature is lowered.

The solubility properties of particular noble gases as clathrates withhydrogen oxide are shown in Table IV. (See e.g., Dec et al., J. SolutionChem. vol. 14, pp. 417-429 (1985); Ivanov, et al., J. Struct. Chem. vol.46, pp. 253-263 (2005); Fernandez-Prini, et al., Elsvier, pp. 73-98(2004); Ivanov, et al., Russian J. Gen. Chem. vol. 75, pp. 1851-1856(2005), each of which is incorporated herein by reference.)

TABLE IV Solubility Properties of the Noble Gases Property He Ne Ar KrXe Rn Atomic number 2 10 18 36 54 86 Atomic radius, Å 1.08 1.21 1.641.78 1.96 2.11 ΔG° of solution in H₂O at 25° C., kJ/mol 29.41 29.0326.25 24.80 23.42 ΔH° of solution in H₂O at 25° C., kJ/mol −0.59 −3.80−11.98 −15.29 −18.99 ΔS° of solution in H₂O at 25° C., J/molK −100.6−110.1 −128.2 −134.5 −142.2 Solubility, mM, 5° C., 101,325 Pa H₂O 0.410.53 2.11 4.20 8.21 18.83 D₂O 0.49 0.61 2.38 4.61 8.91 20.41 Solubilityminima, ° C. H₂O 30 50 90 108 110 D₂O 53 53 98 108 116

In one embodiment, the frozen particle composition, or frozen piercingimplements includes at least two frozen particles that are joined. Inone embodiment, the at least two frozen particles are joined by at leastone agent. In one embodiment, the at least two frozen particles arejoined by at least one cavity or compartment. In one embodiment, thefrozen particle composition, or frozen piercing implement includes acluster of three or more frozen particles that are joined. In oneembodiment, the cluster of three or more frozen particles is joined byat least one agent. In one embodiment, the cluster of three or morefrozen particle is joined by at least one cavity or compartment.

Cavitized or Compartmentalized Frozen Particle Compositions or FrozenPiercing Implements

In one embodiment, the frozen particle composition, or frozen piercingimplement includes at least one frozen particle as described herein,defining at least one cavity or compartment configured for holding atleast one agent, article or other material. In one embodiment, the atleast one cavity contains at least one agent. In one embodiment, thefrozen particle composition, or frozen piercing implement includes atleast one frozen particle defining at least one cavity or compartmentcontaining at least one agent, and further including one or more agentslocated outside of the at least one cavity.

In one embodiment, the frozen particle composition, or frozen piercingimplement includes at least one inlet port in fluid communication withthe at least one cavity. In one embodiment, the frozen particlecomposition, or frozen piercing implement includes at least one statusindicator. In one embodiment, the at least one status indicatorindicates one or more of: content of the at least one cavity, amount ofcavity space occupied, or amount of cavity space available. In oneembodiment, the at least one status indicator includes at least one of asensor, a magnet, a colorimetric substance, or a physical measuringdevice. In one embodiment, the at least one status indicator measuresone or more of a change in cavity volume, a change in cavity shape, achange in cavity temperature, a change in cavity pressure, a change incavity pH, a change in frozen particle density, a change in frozenparticle volume, a change in frozen particle weight, a change in frozenparticle temperature, a change in frozen particle shape, a change inelectrical field, a change in vehicle magnetic field, a change in frozenparticle pH, a change in the state of an activatable agent of thecomposition, or a change in the state of an activating factor orinactivating factor of the composition.

In one embodiment, the at least one cavity includes at least one of apermeable, semi-permeable or impermeable partition. In one embodiment,the at least one cavity includes at least one of at least one means forat least partially sealing the cavity. In one embodiment, the at leastone cavity includes at least one cap, seal, screw, door, or hinge. Inone embodiment, the at least one cavity is substantially in the form ofat least one of a space-filling curve, a depression, a helix, acylinder, a spheroid, a cuboid, a high aspect ratio shape, atetrahedron, a pyramid, a channel, or a cone.

In one embodiment, the at least one cavity differs in physical orchemical composition from at least one other cavity of the frozenparticle. In one embodiment, the cavity or compartment is configured tophysically or chemically separate the at least one agent from at leastone other cavity of the frozen particle composition, or frozen piercingimplement. In one embodiment, the at least one cavity or compartment isconfigured to physically or chemically separate from at least one othercavity or compartment of the frozen particle composition, or frozenpiercing implement during administration. In one embodiment the frozenparticle composition, or frozen piercing implement includes at least oneagent, and the at least one agent includes at least one agent in adifferent phase state than the frozen particle composition. In oneembodiment, the at least one cavity or compartment includes at least oneof a solid, liquid, or gas. In one embodiment, the at least one cavityor compartment includes at least one of a liquid or gas, and at leastone other cavity or compartment includes a solid.

In one embodiment, the at least one cavity or compartment includes atleast one clathrate. In one embodiment, the at least one cavity orcompartment includes at least one matrix. In one embodiment, the atleast one cavity or compartment is an inner core cavity of at least onefrozen particle composition, or frozen piercing implement. In oneembodiment, the at least one cavity or compartment includes an innercore region and wherein the at least one agent is at least one of aliquid or gas. In one embodiment, the at least one cavity or compartmentis intercalated with at least one other cavity or compartment. In oneembodiment, the at least one cavity is located at a substantiallysuperficial or exterior region of the one or more frozen particlecompositions, or frozen piercing implements. In one embodiment, the atleast one agent is distributed substantially uniformly within the atleast one substantially superficial or exterior region.

In one embodiment, the at least one cavity or compartment has a higherconcentration of the at least one agent than any other cavity orcompartment. In one embodiment, the at least one cavity or compartmentincludes a graduated concentration of the at least one agent. In oneembodiment, the at least one cavity or compartment includes varyinglevels of the at least one agent. In one embodiment, the at least oneagent is fractionated. In one embodiment, the cavity or compartmentincludes one or more layers of at least one agent. In one embodiment,the cavity or compartment includes one or more layers of multipleagents. In one embodiment, the at least one agent includes one or moreof a pro-drug or precursor compound. In one embodiment, the at least oneagent includes one or more time-release or extended-releaseformulations. In one embodiment, the at least one agent includes anactivatable agent. In one embodiment, the at least one agent isconfigured to activate upon administration of the frozen particlecomposition , or frozen piercing implement. In one embodiment, the atleast one activatable agent is configured to activate by one or more ofan enzymatic reaction, a reduction reaction, an oxidation reaction, areduction-oxidation reaction, a hydrolysis reaction, a dehydrationsynthesis reaction, a glycosylation reaction, a phosphorylationreaction, a dehydration reaction, a hydration reaction, adecarboxylation reaction, a condensation reaction, a polymerizationreaction, a glycolysis reaction, a gluconeogenesis reaction, afermentation reaction, a photo chemical reaction, a thermal reaction, amagnetic reaction, an electrical reaction, an electrochemical reaction,a photolysis reaction, a photosynthetic reaction, an esterificationreaction, altering the pressure on at least one frozen particlecomposition , or frozen piercing implement, altering the content of atleast one frozen particle composition, or frozen piercing implement,altering at least one chemical property of at least one frozen particlecomposition , or frozen piercing implement, altering at least onephysical property of at least one frozen particle composition, or frozenpiercing implement , or applying at least one external stimulus to atleast one frozen particle composition, or frozen piercing implements.

In one embodiment, the at least one external stimulus includes one ormore of light, heat, electrical field, magnetic field, orelectromagnetic energy. In one embodiment, the frozen particlecomposition , or frozen piercing implement further comprises at leastone activating factor or at least one inactivating factor capable ofmodulating the activity of the at least one agent. In one embodiment,the at least one activating factor or the at least one inactivatingfactor forms at least part of one or more of a lipid conjugate,carbohydrate conjugate, peptide conjugate, polymer-lipid conjugate,fusion protein, antibody or antibody fragment, receptor or receptorfragment, reversible inhibitor, irreversible inhibitor, enzyme, generepressor, gene suppressor, microRNA, siRNA, kinase, gene activator,DNA-binding protein, polymerase, gene promoter, gene enhancer,diamagnetic chemical, explosive material, reactive metal, adhesiveagent, abrasive, reinforcement agent, biological remodeling agent, ortherapeutic agent.

In one embodiment, the at least one activating or inactivating agent isconfigured to activate by one or more of altering the temperature of atleast one frozen particle composition, or frozen piercing implement,altering the pressure on at least one frozen particle composition, orfrozen piercing implement, altering the content of at least one frozenparticle composition, or frozen piercing implement, altering at leastone electrical property of at least one frozen particle composition, orfrozen piercing implement, altering at least one magnetic property of atleast one frozen particle composition, or frozen piercing implement,altering at least one chemical property of at least one frozen particlecomposition, or frozen piercing implement, altering at least onephysical property of at least one frozen particle composition, or frozenpiercing implement, or applying at least one external stimulus to atleast one frozen particle composition, or frozen piercing implement.

In one embodiment, the at least one cavity or compartment is insubstantially in a form that is different than the remainder of thefrozen particle composition, or frozen piercing implement. In oneembodiment, the at least one cavity or compartment is substantially inthe form of at least one of an organic or inorganic small molecule,clathrate or caged compound, protocell, coacervate, microsphere, Janusparticle, proteinoid, laminate, helical rod, liposome, macroscopic tube,niosome, sphingosome, toroid, vesicular tube, vesicle, small unilamellarvesicle, large unilamellar vesicle, large multilamellar vesicle,multivesicular vesicle, lipid layer, lipid bilayer, micelle, organelle,cell, membrane, nucleic acid, peptide, polypeptide, protein,glycopeptide, glycolipid, lipoprotein, sphingolipid, glycosphingolipid,glycoprotein, peptidoglycan, lipid, carbohydrate, metalloprotein,proteoglycan, chromosome, nucleus, acid, support structure, buffer,protic solvent, aprotic solvent, nitric oxide, nitrous oxide, nitricoxide synthase, amino acid, micelle, polymer, copolymer, monomer,prepolymer, cell receptor, adhesion molecule, cytokine, chemokine,immunoglobulin, antibody, antigen, platelet, extracellular matrix,blood, plasma, cell ligand, zwitterionic material, cationic material,oligonucleotide, nanotube, piloxymer, transfersome, gas, element,contaminant, radioactive particle, hormone, microorganism, bacteria,virus, quantum dot, contrast agent, or any part thereof. In oneembodiment, the agent includes at least one negatively chargedsubstance. In one embodiment, the agent includes at least one positivelycharged substance.

In one embodiment, a frozen particle composition, or frozen piercingimplement comprises a frozen hydrogen oxide particle defining two ormore cavities, wherein the two or more cavities each contain at leastone agent. In one embodiment, the two or more cavities each contain atleast one different agent. In one embodiment, the different agents areconfigured to combine upon administration of the frozen particlecomposition, or frozen piercing implement. In one embodiment, thedifferent agents are configured to react upon administration of thefrozen particle composition, or frozen piercing implement. In oneembodiment, the different agents are configured to act cooperatively orsynergistically upon administration of the frozen particle composition,or frozen piercing implement.

In one embodiment, a frozen particle composition comprises a frozenparticle composition, or frozen piercing implement defining three ormore cavities, wherein the three or more cavities each contain at leastone agent. In one embodiment, a frozen particle composition, or frozenpiercing implement comprises a frozen particle defining four or morecavities, five or more cavities, six or more cavities, seven or morecavities, eight or more cavities, or any value greater than.

Agents

In one embodiment, the frozen particle composition, or frozen piercingimplement includes at least one agent. In one embodiment, the frozenparticle provides a vehicle for the at least one agent. In oneembodiment, the frozen particle is constituted solely by the at leastone agent. In one embodiment, the agent includes at least one nontoxic,biocompatible, bioresorbable, or biodegradable agent. In certaininstances, the one or more reinforcement agents, one or more explosivematerials, one or more abrasives, one or more adhesive agents, or one ormore therapeutic agents, or one or more biological remodeling agents areutilized in the form of a plate, spheroid, resin, powder, solution,flake, sheet, film, ribbon, gel, ball, pellet, or bead. (See e.g., U.S.Pat. No. 5,534,584; U.S. Pat. No. 5,331,046; each of which isincorporated herein by reference). The one or more materials or agentsof the frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercing implements canbe in the form of a solid, liquid, or gas. In one embodiment, one ormore of the agents are the same agent. For example, in one embodiment,the frozen particle composition, or frozen piercing implement includesat least one therapeutic agent that is the same as a reinforcementagent, an adhesive agent, an abrasive, an explosive material, or abiological remodeling agent. In one embodiment, any one single agent isthe same as any single other agent (i.e. the constitution of an agentmay be the same as another agent, or the function of an agent may be thesame as another agent).

In certain instances, at least one agent may be configured to providemore than one function. For example, in one embodiment, the at least onetherapeutic agent and the at least one adhesive agent, biologicalremodeling agent, abrasive, reinforcement agent, or explosive materialare the same agent. In one embodiment, the at least one adhesive agentand the at least one biological remodeling agent, therapeutic agent,abrasive, reinforcement agent, or explosive material are the same. Inone embodiment, the at least one biological remodeling agent and the atleast one adhesive agent, therapeutic agent, abrasive, reinforcementagent, or explosive material are the same agent. In one embodiment, theat least one reinforcement agent and the at least one adhesive agent,therapeutic agent, biological remodeling agent, abrasive, or explosivematerial are the same. In one embodiment, the at least one abrasive andthe at least one adhesive agent, therapeutic agent, biologicalremodeling agent, explosive material, or reinforcement agent are thesame. In one embodiment, the at least one explosive material andabrasive, adhesive agent, therapeutic agent, biological remodelingagent, or explosive material are the same.

In one embodiment, the at least one is included as part of at least onecarrier that assists in synthesis or activation of the at least oneagent. In one embodiment, the at least one carrier encompasses the atleast one agent. In one embodiment, the carrier includes a microbe,other cell (such as a cell from a subject or related to a particularsubject, including but not limited to a transgenic cell). In oneembodiment, the cellular carrier is included in the one or more frozenparticle compositions, or frozen piercing implements described. In oneembodiment, the carrier includes or is substantially in the form of atleast one of at least one of an organic or inorganic small molecule,clathrate or caged compound, protocell, coacervate, microsphere, Janusparticle, proteinoid, laminate, helical rod, liposome, macroscopic tube,niosome, sphingosome, toroid, vesicular tube, vesicle, small unilamellarvesicle, large unilamellar vesicle, large multilamellar vesicle,multivesicular vesicle, lipid layer, lipid bilayer, micelle, organelle,cell, membrane, nucleic acid, peptide, polypeptide, protein,glycopeptide, glycolipid, lipoprotein, sphingolipid, glycosphingolipid,glycoprotein, peptidoglycan, lipid, carbohydrate, metalloprotein,proteoglycan, chromosome, nucleus, acid, support structure, buffer,protic solvent, aprotic solvent, nitric oxide, nitrous oxide, nitricoxide synthase, amino acid, micelle, polymer, copolymer, monomer,prepolymer, cell receptor, adhesion molecule, cytokine, chemokine,immunoglobulin, antibody, antigen, platelet, extracellular matrix,blood, plasma, cell ligand, zwitterionic material, cationic material,oligonucleotide, nanotube, piloxymer, transfersome, gas, element,contaminant, radioactive particle, hormone, microorganism, bacteria,virus, quantum dot, contrast agent, or any part thereof.

In one embodiment, the at least one agent is frozen. In one embodiment,the at least one agent is at least partially frozen. In at least oneembodiment, the frozen particle composition, or frozen piercingimplement includes one or more frozen particles and at least one agentthat is not frozen. In one embodiment, the at least one agent includestwo or more components configured to combine upon administration of theat least one agent.

In one embodiment, the at least one agent includes one or more inactivecomponents. In one embodiment, the at least one agent includes two ormore components that are configured to activate when combined. In oneembodiment, the at least one agent includes one or more components thatare configured to activate when administered. In one embodiment, atleast two of the one or more components are included in the same ordifferent frozen particle composition, or frozen piercing implement. Inone embodiment, at least two of the one or more components each residein a separate cavity of the same or a different frozen particlecomposition, or frozen piercing implement. In one embodiment, at leastone agent is included as a precursor molecule.

In one embodiment, at least one agent is configured to be activatedprior to or subsequent to administration. In one embodiment, at leastone agent is configured to be activated after a prolonged timesubsequent to administration. For example, in cases where the agent isencased or associated with a polymer or other agent that may insulateone or more reactant or retard the explosive or decomposition process,the release of the agent can be delayed. In one embodiment, the frozenparticle composition, or frozen piercing implement includes at least oneactivatable agent. In one embodiment, the frozen particle composition,or frozen piercing implement includes at least one activating agent orat least one inactivating agent, or both. In one embodiment, the atleast one agent includes two or more components configured to combineupon deposition. In one embodiment, the at least one agent includes twoor more components configured to react upon deposition.

In one embodiment, the one or more frozen particle compositions, orfrozen piercing implements including at least one agent are part of akit for administration, optionally to at least one substrate (includingat least one biological cell or tissue). In one embodiment, one or moresubsets of frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercing implementsinclude different agents or different components of an agent and areadministered in a kit or device wherein one subset is kept separate fromanother subset until administration of the frozen particle compositions,or frozen piercing implements.

Reinforcement Agents

In one embodiment disclosed herein, one or more reinforcement agents areincluded in the frozen particle composition, or frozen piercingimplement. Examples of some reinforcement agents include, but are notlimited to, polyaramid, vinylester matrix, metal (including but notlimited to gold, silver, copper, zinc, brass, tin, bronze, gallium,sodium, potassium, tungsten, steel, iron, carbon, aluminum, copper,platinum, tantalum, rhodium, or alloys thereof), ceramic, fiberglass,cellulose, broad carbide, aromatic polyamide, nylon, silk, rayon,acetate, modacrylic, olefin, acrylic polymer or copolymer, acrylamidepolymer or copolymer, polyester, aromatic polyester, poly-lactic acid,vinyon, saran, spandex, vinalon, aromatic nylon, vinylidene chloride,modal, polybenzimidazole, sulfur, lyocell, orlon, zylon,high-performance polyethylene, polypyridobenzimidazole, vectran,acrylonitrile rubber, glass, copper, iron, steel, sodium, potassium,calcium, zinc, manganese, carbon, magnesium, alluvium, sand, sugar,calcite, emery, diamond, novaculite, pumice, rouge, borazon, corundum,zirconia alumina, silicon, silica, frozen hydrogen oxide ice, plantmatter, animal matter, or mineral matter. In one embodiment, plantmatter may include vegetable matter, nuts or nut products or pieces(e.g., almonds), grains (e.g., oatmeal), wood (e.g., wood fibers) orother stalk material, leaf matter, fruit matter (including pits or seedsor parts thereof), and other plant material.

In one embodiment, one or more reinforcement agents are made by spinninginto a fiber, wire, or filament. Some non-limiting examples ofreinforcement fibers can be found at, for example, U.S. Pat. No.5,855,663; U.S. Pat. No. 5,652,058; KEVLAR® technical guide, PolymerBulletin, vol. 16, pp. 167-174 (1986), and WO12003/060002, each of whichis incorporated herein by reference.

The one or more agents are positioned on or in the one or more frozenparticle compositions depending on a given context. For example, thepositioning of one or more agents may consider the particular goal ofadministering the one or more frozen particle compositions, or frozenpiercing implements, the components of the at least one frozen particlecomposition, or frozen piercing implement, or the needs or desires of aparticular outcome of treatment or administration of the one or morefrozen particle compositions, or frozen piercing implements. In oneembodiment, the one or more agents are located at least on the surfaceor beneath the surface of the one or more frozen particle compositions,or frozen piercing implements. In one embodiment, the one or more agentsare located within the one or more frozen particle compositions, orfrozen piercing implements.

As shown in published FIGS. 5 and 6, the strength of hydrogen oxide icesamples increases when particular reinforcement agents are added,according to the published studies. As indicated in published FIG. 5,ice samples exhibit increased strength, as measured by beam deflectionas an angle of shear when reinforced with fiberglass or kaolin. (Seee.g., Kingery, Science, vol. 134, pp. 164-168 (1960), which isincorporated herein by reference). As indicated in FIG. 6, the maximumstress (in MPa) and strain rate increases when particular reinforcementagents are added to the hydrogen oxide ice samples, according to thepublished studies. (See e.g., Yasui et al, Geophys. Res. Lett., vol. 35,L12206, (2008), which is incorporated herein by reference).

Abrasives

In certain instances, the frozen particle composition or frozen piercingimplement described herein includes one or more abrasives. The one ormore abrasives may include treated or untreated abrasives, coatedabrasives, bonded abrasives, powders, aggregates, composites, or otherforms. In one embodiment, the one or more abrasives include, but are notlimited to, polyaramid, vinylester matrix, metal, ceramic, fiberglass,cellulose, broad carbide, aromatic polyamide, nylon, silk, rayon,acetate, modacrylic, olefin, acrylic polymer or copolymer, acrylamidepolymer or copolymer, polyester, aromatic polyester, poly-lactic acid,vinyon, saran, spandex, vinalon, aromatic nylon, vinylidene chloride,modal, polybenzimidazole, sulfur, lyocell, orlon, zylon,high-performance polyethylene, polypyridobenzimidazole, vectran,acrylonitrile rubber, glass, copper, iron, steel, sodium, potassium,calcium, zinc, manganese, carbon, magnesium, alluvium, sand, sugar,calcite, emery, diamond, novaculite, pumice, rouge, borazon, corundum,zirconia alumina, silicon, silica, frozen hydrogen oxide ice, plantmatter, animal matter, or mineral matter. In one embodiment, plantmatter may include vegetable matter, nuts or nut products or pieces(e.g., almonds), grains (e.g., oatmeal), wood (e.g., wood fibers) orother stalk material, leaf matter, fruit matter (including pits or seedsor parts thereof), or other plant material. In one embodiment, theabrasive includes at least one depilatory.

Explosive Materials

In one embodiment, one or more frozen particle compositions, or frozenpiercing implements include one or more explosive materials. Explosivematerials are typically chemically or energetically unstable or producea sudden expansion of the material with a change in pressure. Such asudden expansion of the material under pressure changes is generallyaccompanied by the production of heat. Explosive materials are generallydifferentiated according to their decomposition rates. Generally, achemical decomposition rate of an explosive material takes about one ormore years, about one or more days, about one or more hours, about oneor more minutes, about one or more seconds, or about a fraction of asecond. Certain explosive materials are relatively stable, and maymaintain their explosive ability for some amount of time. Otherexplosive materials have relatively high rates of decomposition anddetonate rapidly.

In one embodiment, frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercingimplements include one or more explosive materials that may include, forexample, at least one of a high explosive or a low explosive. In oneembodiment, the one or more explosive materials include at least one ofcarbonate, carbon dioxide, nitroglycerine, acid, base, epoxy, acrylicpolymer or copolymer, acrlyamide polymer or copolymer, urethane,hypoxyapatite, or a reactive metal. In certain instances, the one ormore explosive properties are the result of activation of one or moreexplosive materials.

In certain instances, the one or more explosive properties are theresult of inherent tendencies of the frozen particle compositions, orfrozen piercing implements themselves. In certain instances, the one ormore explosive properties relate to an external event or stimulus, suchas a change in temperature or pressure. In certain instances, the one ormore explosive properties relate to a change in light intensity. Incertain instances, the one or more explosive properties relate to achange in the composition upon administration or contact with at leastone composition, cell, tissue, or subject. In certain instances, the oneor more explosive properties result from a temperature or pressureincrease relating to penetration of at least one cell, tissue, orsubject. In certain instances, the one or more explosive propertiesresult from contact with water or other moisture in a cell or tissue. Incertain instances, the one or more explosive properties result fromcontact with at least one substrate. In addition to the intensity of theone or more explosives, the one or more explosive materials may differwith regard to the volatility, density, toxicity, hygroscopicity, orbrisance of a particular explosive material.

Explosive materials may contain at least one oxidizer that provides fuelfor certain explosive materials. In certain instances, the oxidizer canbe an oxidizing element, such as oxygen. In certain instances, theoxidizer reacts with a reactive metal; an example of such a compoundincludes reacting fine metal powder (e.g., aluminum or magnesium) withan oxidizer (e.g., potassium chlorate or perchlorate). Chemically purecompounds may have high decomposition rates and lead to an explosion,including but not limited to nitroglycerin, acetone peroxide,trinitrotoluene, nitrocellulose, carbon, carbon monoxide, chlorine,potassium nitrate, sulfur, nitrogen compounds (such as nitrite, nitrate,and azide), potassium chlorate and potassium nitrate, hydrogen, ammoniumnitrate, phosphorous, dinitrogen tetroxide, or others. In oneembodiment, one or more mixtures of organic materials and oxidizers areincluded. In one embodiment, one or more mixtures of reactive metals andoxidizers or oils are included.

In one embodiment, the one or more explosive materials include carbondioxide gas. In one embodiment, carbon dioxide gas is entrapped in thefrozen particle composition. One method of incorporating carbon dioxidegas into at least one frozen particle composition, or frozen piercingimplement includes liquefying the frozen particle composition, or frozenpiercing implement and introducing carbon dioxide gas while maintainingthe mixture under pressure. (See e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,289,794;4,289,790; 4,262,029; 5,439,698, each of which is incorporated herein byreference). The carbon dioxide may also be present as a clathratecompound.

In one embodiment, at least one gasified frozen particle composition, orfrozen piercing implement is formed, for example, by contacting fluidwith gas under high pressure for a sufficient time period to form a gashydrate. This gas hydrate is then cooled to a lower temperature in orderto freeze the remaining unreacted fluid and entrap the gas hydrate. Asone non-limiting example, aqueous liquid and carbon dioxide are kept incontact at approximately 0° C. for a time sufficient under a pressurerange including at least approximately 200 psig to approximately 600psig, while permitting absorption in the liquid of the gas in bound formand formation of the gasified ice. This process yields approximately25-27.5 milliliters of gas per gram of ice. (See e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos.4,487,023; 2,975,603; 3,086,370; 3,217,503, and 4,404,807, each of whichis incorporated herein by reference).

Similarly, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,975,603, which isincorporated herein by reference, water contacted with carbon dioxide ata pressure of approximately 400 psig, in a temperature bath ofapproximately 0° C., is subsequently placed at −10° C. for 24 hours toeffect degasification. As described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,975,603, theresulting product yields approximately 75 volumes of carbon dioxide pergram of ice. Additionally, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,086,370,which is incorporated herein by reference, gasified ice products areproduced in a similar manner that contain other gases, such as nitrousoxide, sulfur-containing gases, chlorine-containing gases, inert gases,or carbon monoxide.

In one embodiment, the one or more explosive materials include at leastone of sodium bicarbonate, citric acid, or both. In one embodiment, theone or more explosive materials include hydrogen peroxide.

In certain instances, the at least one frozen particle composition, orfrozen piercing implement is configured to explode during or uponadministration. In certain instances, the at least one frozen particlecomposition, or frozen piercing implement is configured to explode priorto or subsequent to administration. In certain instances, the at leastone frozen particle composition, or frozen piercing implement explodesafter a prolonged time subsequent to administration or delivery to atleast one biological tissue, or other substrate. For example, in oneembodiment, the one or more explosive materials are encased orassociated with a polymer or other agent that may insulate one or morereactant or retard the explosive or decomposition process.

Therapeutic Agents

In one embodiment, the at least one frozen particle composition, orfrozen piercing implement includes at least one therapeutic agent. (See,e.g., The Merck Index, 14^(th) Ed. Merck & Co., Inc., WhitehouseStation, N.J. (2006), which is incorporated herein by reference). Othertherapeutic agents that are approved for use in humans can be utilizedas at least one therapeutic agent described herein, and can be found atthe U.S. Food and Drug Administration website on the worldwide web atfda.gov, the information at which is incorporated herein by reference.

In certain instances, the one or more frozen particles themselvesprovide at least one therapeutic benefit. In certain instances, the oneor more frozen particles act as vehicles for one or more therapeuticagents that provide at least one therapeutic benefit. In one embodiment,the one or more frozen particles including at least one therapeuticagent is inert.

In one embodiment, the at least one therapeutic agent includes at leastone of an anti-tumor agent, antimicrobial agent, anti-coagulant,anti-viral agent, analgesic, antiseptic, anesthetic, diagnostic agent,anti-inflammatory agent, vaccine, cell growth inhibitor, cell growthpromoter, chemical debridement agent, immunogen, antigen, radioactiveagent, apoptosis promoting factor, angiogenic factor, anti-angiogenicfactor, hormone, enzymatic factor, enzyme, papain, collagenase,protease, peptidase, elastase, urea, vitamin, mineral, nitrite, nitrate,nutraceutical, histatin, honey, alcium alginate, angiogenic factor,hormone, vitamin, mineral, nutraceutical, cytokine, chemokine,probiotic, sterol, contraceptive, coagulant, anti-coagulant, phage,prodrug, prebiotic, blood sugar stabilizer, smooth muscle cellactivator, epinephrine, adrenaline, neurotoxin, neuro-muscular toxin,Botulinum toxin type A, microbial cell or component thereof, or virus orcomponent thereof. In one embodiment, the nutraceutical includes one ormore of a flavonoid, antioxidant, beta-carotene, anthocyanin,alpha-linolenic acid, omega-3 fatty acids, yeast, bacteria, algae, othermicroorganisms, plant products, or animal products. In one embodiment,the analgesic or anesthetic includes one or more of any aminoamid oraminoester local anesthetic, ibuprofen, morphine, codeine, aspirin,acetaminophen, lidocaine/lignocaine, ropivacaine, mepivacaine,benzocaine, chloroprocaine, cocaine, cyclomethycaine,dimethocaine/larocaine, propoxycaine, procaine/novocaine, proparacaine,tetracaine/amethocaine, articaine, bupivacaine, carticaine,cinchocaine/dibucaine, etidocaine, levobupivacaine, piperocaine,prilocalne, trimecaine, saxitoxin, or tetrodotoxin.

In one embodiment, the therapeutic agent includes at least oneanti-inflammatory agent, including but not limited to steroids (e.g.,betamethasone, hydrocortisone, and derivatives thereof), non-steroidalanti-inflammatory drugs, topical anti-inflammatory agents, orsubcutaneously administered non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g.diclofenac). In one embodiment, the therapeutic agent includes one ormore of: anti-freeze substances (e.g., polyethylene glycol),antisporiasis agents (e.g., dovonex, tazarotene, tars, etc.), pigments(e.g., dihyroxyacetone, melanin, hemoglobin, hemosiderin, iron copper,etc.), depigmenters (e.g., hydroquinone, phenolic compounds, etc.),tattoo colorants (e.g., skin dyes), preservatives (e.g., benzoate,paraben, or salicylate compounds), antioxidants (e.g., conezyme Q,vitamins, etc.), anesthetics (e.g., xylocalne, bupivicane, carbocane,amid or ester-based anesthetics, etc.), vasoconstrictors (e.g.,epinephrine, ephedrine, or congeners thereof, etc.), acids (e.g.,alpha-hydroxy acid, beta-hydroxy acid, halogenated acetic acid, etc.),irritants (e.g., acids, bases, croton oil, soap, salts of fatty acids,etc.), antibiotics (e.g., penicillin, amoxicillin, erythromyc in,tetracycline, monocycline, minocycline, mupirocin, flagyl,ciprofloxacin, polymixin, gentamycin, etc.), antivirals (e.g.,acyclovir, famciclovir, valtrex, etc.), antifungals (e.g., imidazole,nystatin, griseofulvin, sporonox, etc.), depilatories (e.g.,eflornithine hydrochloride), proanthrocyanins (e.g., maritime pineextract, tocopheryl acetate, etc.), or other substances utilized fordiagnostic, prophylactic, or treatment of afflicting conditions.

In one embodiment, the analgesic includes but is not limited to one ormore of paracetamol (acetaminophen), non-steroidal anti-inflammatorydrugs (NSAIDs), salicylates, narcotics, or tramadol. In one embodiment,the analgesic includes but is not limited to aspirin, rofecoxib,celecoxib, morphine, codeine, oxycodone, hydrocodone, diamorphine,pethidine, buprenorphine, amitriptyline, carbamazepine, bagapentin,pregabalin, ibuprofen, naproxen, lidocaine, a psychotropic agent,orphenadrine, cyclobenzaprine, scopolamine, atropine, gabapentin,methadone, ketobemidone, or piritramide.

In one embodiment, the at least one therapeutic agent includes one ormore antiseptic, including but not limited to one or more of an alcohol,a quaternary ammonium compound, boric acid, hydrogen peroxide,chlorhexidine gluconate, iodine, mercurochrome, octenidinedihydrochloride, phenol (carbolic acid) compounds, sodium chloride,superoxidized water, superoxidized solution, oxidative reductivepotential solution, or sodium hypochlorite.

In one embodiment, the antiseptic includes but is not limited to one ormore of povidone-iodine, iodine, ethanol, 1-propanol,2-propanol/isopropanol, benzalkonium chloride, cetyl trimethylammoniumbromide, cetylpyridinium chloride, benzethonium chloride, chlorhexidine,octenidine dihydrochloride, or carbolic acid.

In one embodiment, the at least one therapeutic agent is anantimicrobial agent, and includes at least one of an anti-fungal agent,antibiotic agent, anti-bacterial, anti-parasitic agent, or anti-wormagent. In certain instances, the antimicrobial agent may occur innature, or it can be synthetic.

In one embodiment, the at least one therapeutic agent includes one ormore of a penicillin, cephalosporin, polymixin, sulfonamide, beta-lactamantibiotic, beta-lactamase inhibitor, enediynes, lincosamide antibiotic,nitroimidazole antibiotic, pleuromutilin antibiotic, polyketideantibiotic, polymyxin antibiotic, polypeptide antibiotic, antimicrobialpeptides, quinolone antibiotic, rifamycin antibiotic, sulfonamideantibiotic, tetracycline antibiotic, aminoglycoside antibiotic,macrolide, tetracycline, cyclic lipopeptide, glycylcycline, oroxazolidinone. In one embodiment, the at least one therapeutic agentincludes one or more of amoxicillin, tobramycin, levofloxacin,gatifloxacin, moxifloxacin, streptomycin, oxytetracycline,chloramphenicol, or ampicillin.

In one embodiment, the at least one therapeutic agent includes one ormore anti-tumor agent, at least one of which may also be identified as acytotoxic agent, or chemotherapy agent. Non-limiting examples of ananti-tumor agent for use as described herein include at least one of analkylating agent, antimetabolite, anthracycline, plant alkaloid (such aspaclitaxel), topoisomerase inhibitor, monoclonal antibody, or tyrosinekinase inhibitor. In one embodiment, the therapeutic agent includes oneor more of imatinib, mechlorethamine, cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil,azathioprine, mercaptopurine, vinca alkaloid, taxane, vincristine,vinblastine, vinorelbine, vindesine, podophyllotoxin, etoposide,teniposide, amsacrine, dactinomycin, trastuzumab, cetuximab, rituximab,bevacizumab, dexamethasone, finasteride, tamoxifen, goserelin,telomerase inhibitor, dichloroacetate, aminopterin, methotrexate,pemetrexed, raltitrexed, cladribine, clofarabine, fludarabine,pentostatin, thioguanine, cytarabine, decitabine,fluorouracil/capecitabine, floxuridine, gemcitabine, enocitabine,sapacitabine, chloromethine, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, melphalan,bendamustine, trofosfamide, uramustine, carmustine, fotemustine,lomustine, nimustine, prednimustine, ranimustine, semustine,spretpozocin, carboplatin, cisplatin, nedaplatin, oxaliplatin, triplatintetranitrate, satraplatin, busulfan, mannosulfan, treosulfan,procarbazine, decarbazine, temozolomide, carboquone, ThioTEPA,triaziquone, triethylenemelamine, docetaxel, larotaxel, ortataxel,tesetaxel, vinflunine, ixabepilone, aclarubicin, daunorubicin,doxorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin, amrubicin, pirarubicin, valrubicin,zorubicin, metoxantrone, pixantrone, actinomycin, bleomycin, mitomycin,plicamycin, hydroxyurea, camptothecin, topotecan, irinotecan, rubitecan,belotecan, altretamine, amsacrine, bexarotene, estramustine, irofulven,trabectedin, cetuximab, panitumumab, trastuzumab, rituximab,tositumomab, alemtuzumab, bevacizumab, edrecolomab, gemtuzumab,axitinib, bosutinib, cediranib, dasatinib, erlotinib, gefitinib,imatinib, lapatinib, lestaurtinib, nilotinib, semaxanib, sorafenib,sunitinib, vandetanib, alvocidib, seliciclib, aflibercept, denileukindiftitox, aminolevulnic acid, efaproxiral, porfimer sodium, talaporfin,temoporfin, verteporfin, alitretinoin, tretinoin, anagrelide, arsenictrioxide, asparaginase/pegaspergase, atrasentan, bortezomib, carmofur,celecoxib, demecolcine, elesclomol, elasamitrucin, etoglucid,lonidamine, lucanthone, masoprocol, mitobronitol, mitoguanzone,mitotane, oblimersen, omacetaxine, sitimagene ceradenovec, tegafur,testolactone, tiazofurine, tipifarnib, or vorinostat.

In one embodiment, at least one nutraceutical is included. At least onenutraceutical includes but is not limited to, one or more of an extractof plant or animal matter (e.g., an oil, aqueous, or solid extract), avitamin, a mineral, a mixture or solution, a food supplement, a foodadditive, a food fortification element, or other nutraceutical. In oneembodiment, at least one nutraceutical includes but is not limited toresveratrol, an antioxidant, psyllium, sulforaphane, isoflavonoid,alpha-linolenic acid, beta-carotene, anthocyanins, phytoestrogens,polyphenols, polyphenons, catechins, benzenediols, tannins,phenylpropanoids, caffeine, alcohol, or others.

In one embodiment, at least one therapeutic agent includes one or morevaccine or other prophylactic therapy. In one embodiment, thetherapeutic agent includes a diagnostic agent. In one embodiment, thefrozen particle composition, or frozen piercing implement including atleast one vaccine includes at least one prophylactic vaccine ortherapeutic vaccine. In one embodiment, the at least one therapeuticvaccine includes at least one anti-cancer vaccine. In one embodiment,the at least one vaccine includes at least one of a tumor antigen,microbial antigen, viral antigen, immunogen, antigen, live microbe, deadmicrobe, attenuated microbe, microbe or component thereof, live virus,recombinant virus, killed virus, attenuated virus, virus component,plasmid DNA, nucleic acid, amino acid, peptide, protein, glycopeptide,proteoglycan, glycoprotein, glycolipid, sphingolipid, glycosphingolipid,cancer cell or component thereof, organic or inorganic small molecule,or toxoid.

One or more vaccine may include but not be limited to, vaccinescontaining killed microorganisms (such as vaccines for flu, cholera,bubonic plague, and hepatitis A), vaccines containing live, attenuatedvirus or other microorganisms (such as vaccines for yellow fever,measles, rubella, and mumps), live vaccine (such as vaccines fortuberculosis), toxoid (such as vaccines for tetanus, diphtheria, andcrotalis atrox), subunit of inactivated or attenuated microorganisms(such as vaccines for HBV, VLP, and HPV), conjugate vaccines (such asvaccines for H. influenzae type B), recombinant vector, DNA vaccination.In one embodiment, the at least one vaccine includes but is not limitedto rubella, polio, measles, mumps, chickenpox, typhoid, shingles,hepatitis A, hepatitis B, diphtheria, pertussis, rotavirus, influenza,meningococcal disease, pneumonia, tetanus, rattlesnake venom, virus-likeparticle, or human papillomavirus, or anti-cancer vaccine.

In one embodiment, the at least one therapeutic agent includes at leastone adjuvant. The at least one adjuvant may include but not be limitedto one or more organic or inorganic compounds. The at least one adjuvantmay include but not be limited to at least one of a liposome, virosome,lipid, phospholipid, mineral salt, single-stranded stranded DNA,double-stranded RNA, aluminum salts, microbial components carryingpathogen-associated molecular patterns (e.g., Toll-like receptor ligandsor agonists), lipopolysaccharide, molecular antigen cage, CpG motif(e.g., CPG oligodeoxynucleotides), microbial cell wall or componentthereof, squalene, oil emulsion, surfactant, saponin, isolated microbialtoxin, modified microbial toxin, endogenous immunomodulator, orcytokine. In one embodiment, the at least one adjuvant and the at leastone vaccine are located in at least one of the same cavities of the samefrozen particle composition. In one embodiment, the at least oneadjuvant and the at least one vaccine are located in different cavitiesof the same frozen particle composition, or frozen piercing implement.In one embodiment, two or more frozen particle compositions, or frozenpiercing implements of a plurality of frozen particle compositions, orfrozen piercing implements include one or more similar vaccines. In oneembodiment, two or more frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercingimplements of a plurality of frozen particle compositions, or frozenpiercing implements include one or more dissimilar vaccines.

In one non-limiting example, a composition includes one or more frozenparticle compositions, or frozen piercing implements includingpaclitaxel and at least one other constituent including at least onefrozen component including air, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide,hydrogen oxide, helium, neon, xenon, krypton, chlorine, bromine,methane, or argon.

In one non-limiting embodiment, a composition or implement includes oneor more frozen particles including one or more pegylated cytokines orone or more anti-tumor compounds; wherein the one or more frozenparticles include nitrogen, air, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen oxide,helium, xenon, krypton, chlorine, bromine, methane, or argon.

Adhesive Agents

In one embodiment, at least one adhesive agent is included in one ormore frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercing implements. In oneembodiment, the at least one adhesive agent includes at least onemonomer, prepolymer, polymer, or copolymer. In one embodiment, the atleast one adhesive agent includes at least one monomer ofself-polymerizing agent. In one embodiment, the at least one adhesiveagent is configured to polymerize upon administration to at least onesubstrate. In one embodiment, the at least one adhesive agent isconfigured to polymerize at or above the temperature of the at least onesubstrate. In one embodiment, the at least one adhesive agent isconfigured to polymerize at or above the temperature of at least onebiological tissue. In one embodiment, the at least one adhesive agent isconfigured to polymerize at or above the temperature of at least onesubject.

In one embodiment, the at least one adhesive agent includes one or moreof a cement, glue, paste, fixative, or bonding agent. In one embodiment,the at least one adhesive agent includes one or more of a solid, liquid,or gas.

In one embodiment, the at least one adhesive agent is at least one ofnon-toxic, biocompatible, biodegradable or bioresorbable. In oneembodiment, the at least one adhesive agent resists biodegradation orbioresorption. In one embodiment, the at least one adhesive agent is notbiocompatible, or may induce a response from the at least one biologicaltissue, or subject's body. In one non-limiting example, one or morefrozen particle compositions, or frozen piercing implements areadministered with or contain at least one therapeutic agent, such as avaccine, and optionally, at least one adhesive agent (which may act asan adjuvant).

In one embodiment, the at least one adhesive agent is degradable orresorbable (e.g., dissolvable sutures constructed from or secured withan adhesive). See e.g., Sierra, and Saltz, “Surgical Adhesives andSealants,” Technomic Pub. Co., 1996, which is incorporated herein byreference. In one embodiment, the at least one adhesive agent stimulatescell or tissue growth, allowing for healing of a wound (e.g., burn,surgery incision, etc.) while the adhesive agent itself subsequentlydegrades, dissolves, or is resorbed by the at least one substrate,including at least one biological tissue or the subject's body. In oneembodiment, the at least one adhesive agent stimulates or increasestissue regeneration. In one embodiment, the at least one adhesive agentsuppresses or decreases scarring or keloid formation or recurrence.

In one embodiment, one or more frozen particle compositions, or frozenpiercing implements include at least one liquid adhesive agent. Forexample, the freezing point of acrylic or epoxy resins is generallyapproximately −10° C. to −15° C., while the freezing point of hydrogenoxide water is approximately 0° C. Thus, in one embodiment, one or morefrozen hydrogen oxide particle compositions, or frozen hydrogen oxidepiercing implements include at least one liquid adhesive agent.

In one embodiment, the at least one adhesive agent includes one or moreof a hemostat, such as a mechanical hemostat (including but not limitedto, porcine gelatin, bovine gelatin, oxidized regenerated cellulose, orpolysaccharide spheres), an active hemostat (including but not limitedto, bovine thrombin, human pooled thrombin, or recombinant thrombin), aflowable hemostat (including but not limited to, bovine gelatin andhuman thrombin, or porcine gelatin with or without thrombin), or ahemostat and sealant (such as fibrin sealants of human pooled fibrin;human fibrin; plasma, collagen, and bovine thrombin; animal fibrin orthrombin, or others). In one embodiment, the adhesive agent includes oneor more of a sealant (such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymers,including dual PEG or single PEG). In one embodiment, the adhesive agentincludes but is not limited to albumin (such as bovine serum albumin)and glutaraldehyde. (See, for example, Spotnitz and Burks, Transfusion,pp. 1502-1516, Vol. 48, 2008; which is incorporated herein byreference.) In one embodiment, the adhesive agent is part of one or moreadhesive laminates which include at least one adhesive agent and atleast one non-adherent substance (which may optionally be biocompatible,bioresorbable, biodegradable, or nontoxic). See, for example, U.S.Patent Application Publication No. 20050153090, which is incorporatedherein by reference.

In one embodiment, the at least one adhesive agent includes at least onenaturally-occurring substance, such as gelatin, blood plasma, albumin,collagen, fibrin, fibrinogen (including lytic fragments, for exampleFPA, FPB, fragments D and E), hyaluronate, hyaluronan,glycosaminoglycans, chitin, thrombin, Factor XIII, or other substances.In one embodiment, the at least one adhesive agent includes at least oneartificial or synthetic substance, such as an acrylic polymer orcopolymer, acrylamide polymer or copolymer, polyacrylic acid (includingbut not limited to zinc polycarboxylate, resin bonding, or glass ionomercement), epoxy, urethane, gum arabic, polyester, polyhydroxyalkanoate,poly(L-lactic acid), polyglycolide, polylactic acid, polyether, polyol,polyvinylpyrrolidone, pyroxylin,polymethyacrylate-isobutene-monoisopropylmaleate, siloxane polymer,polylactic-co-glycolic-acid, poly-3-hydroxybutyrate,poly-4-hydroxybutyrate, polyhydroxyvalerate, polydydroxyhexanoate,polydyroxyoctanoate, polycaprolactone, poly(e-caprolactone), sialylLewis^(x), heme group, hemoglobin, healon, carboxymethylcellulose,hydroxyapatite, silicone, cadherin, integrin, polyelectrolyte, maleicpolyelectrolyte, cellulose, resilin, cyanoacrylate, isocyanate,(including but not limited to 2-octyl cyanoacrylate,2-butyl-n-cyanoacrylate, monomeric n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate,butyl-2-cyanoacrylate, methyl 2-cyanoacrylate, or its higher homologs(ethyl, butyl, octyl, etc.), or polyisohexylcyanoacrylate), fibrin,thrombin, firbrinogen, hyaluronate, chitin, Factor XIII, Factor XII,silk, nylon, collagen, glycosaminoglycan, selectin, polyurethane,methacrylate, polysulfide, polyanhydride, polydioxanone,poly-p-dioxanone, albumin, glutaraldehyde, polyethylene glycol,hydrogel, soy or other plant based adhesives, or gelatin. In at leastone embodiment, the adhesive agent includes gecko glue. In at least oneembodiment, the adhesive agent includes microscopic seta configured toadhere by van der Waals forces.

In one embodiment, the at least one adhesive agent includes one or moreof a globin, hemoglobin, heme group, carbohydrate, cell or cellcomponent, silicone, hydroxyapatite, acrylic polymer or copolymer,acrylamide polymer or copolymer, hyaluronate or hyaluronic acid,carboxymethylcellulose, healon, polymer or biopolymer,gelatin-resorcinol-formaldehyde (GRF) combination, a fibrin-collagencombination, or a fibrinogen-thrombin combination. In one embodiment,the at least one adhesive agent includes one or morenaturally-occurring, artificial, or synthetic polymers, including butnot limited to urethane prepolymers or polymers, cyano-based polymers,polyether, polyol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, pyroxylin/nitrocellulose,polymethylacrylate-isobutene-monoisopropylmaleate, acrylate polymers orsiloxane polymers (such as acrylate terpolymer,polyphenylmethylsiloxane, hexamethyldisiloxane or isooctane solventbased polymers). (For other specific examples of adhesive agents see,e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,740,534 and 7,264,823; and U.S. PatentApplication Nos. 20040097990, 20070161109, and 20070031474, each ofwhich is incorporated herein by reference). In one embodiment, the atleast one adhesive agent includes a combination of more than oneadhesive agents.

In one embodiment, the at least one adhesive agent includes at least onecrosslinking or derivatized agent. In one embodiment, the at least oneadhesive agent is configured to form a crosslink bond with at least onecomponent of at least one substrate. In one embodiment the crosslinkbond of the at least one adhesive agent is configured for modulation byone or more of a chemical agent, change in pH, change in exposure toair, vacuum, change in moisture content, change in pressure, or changein temperature. In one embodiment, the formation of a crosslink bond ofthe at least one adhesive agent is configured for modulation by exposureof the at least one adhesive agent to one or more of electromagneticenergy, optical energy, thermal energy, laser energy, ionizingradiation, non-ionizing radiation, or sonic energy.

In one embodiment, one or more constituent of the at least one adhesiveagent includes a crosslinked constituent (such as gelatin or albuminthat is cross-linked with, for example, glutaraldehyde), or aderivatized constituent (such as derivatized collagen). In oneembodiment, the at least one adhesive agent includes one or moreconstituents that are configured to crosslink with one or moresubstances in the at least one biological tissue. The crosslinking bondcan form upon administration of the at least one adhesive agent to theat least one biological tissue, or upon administration of at least oneof a chemical agent (such as an acid, base, enzyme, epoxide, diepoxide,1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether, glutaraldehyde, polysaccharide, orother chemical agent), air, moisture (such as from a biological fluid),electromagnetic energy (including ultraviolet light), optical energy,thermal energy, laser energy, ionizing radiation, non-ionizingradiation, or sonic energy to the at least one adhesive agent.

In one embodiment, the at least one adhesive agent includes one or moreprotein glue, including but not limited to protein, peptide, or aminoacid-based substances. In one embodiment, the at least one adhesiveagent includes one or more naturally-occurring or synthetic component.In one embodiment, the at least one adhesive agent includes one or morenaturally-occurring or synthetic polyphenolic protein from mussels,wherein the polyphenolic protein is optionally cross-linked by acatechol oxidase. In one embodiment, the at least one adhesive agentincludes mussel adhesive protein. In one embodiment, the mussel adhesiveprotein includes lysine, hydroxylated amino acids, and dopa. In certaininstances, the mussel adhesive protein includes dihydroxyphenylalanine.In one embodiment, the at least one adhesive agent includes prolamine.In one embodiment, the at least one adhesive agent includes one or morechemotactic agent, such as transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β).

In one embodiment, fibrin sealant or fibrin glue can be formed asindicated in the table herein, or from two components: one containingfibrinogen and calcium chloride solution and the other containingthrombin solution and epsilon amino caproic acid (EACA).

In one embodiment, the at least one adhesive agent includes one or morehydrogel. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,103,528, which isincorporated herein by reference. One non-limiting example of a hydrogelincluded in a composition as described herein includes polyethyleneglycol, polylactic acid, polytrimethylene carbonate, polycarophil,carbopol, polyox, chitosan, polyvinylpyrrolidone, block polymers orblock copolymers, polymethylvinyl ether-maleic anhydride, or otherconstituents. In certain embodiments, the hydrogel may include aconstituent with a polymerizable end cap, such as an acrylate ester. Inone embodiment, the at least one adhesive agent at least partiallygenerates a wound dressing, such as a sheet, bandage, film, or otherpermeable, semi-permeable, or impermeable covering. In one embodiment,the at least one wound dressing at least partially includes natural,synthetic, or artificial skin or skin deposit. (See, for example,Boateng et al., J. Pharm. Sciences. vol. 97, pp. 2892-2923 (2008)).

Some specific non-limiting examples of particular adhesive agents thatare included in at least one composition described herein are listed inTable II herein. (Adapted from Smith, Ch. 7, p. 574, Table 1; Ratner, etal, Biomaterials Science, Second Edition, 2004; Elsevier Acad. Press.,which is incorporated herein by reference).

TABLE II Type of Possible setting or tissue Components bonding reactionCyanoacrylate Butyl or isobutyl Addition polymerization cyanoacrylateFibrin Fibrinogen (with or without Clot formation sealant Factor XIII)Thrombin, CaCl₂ Factor XIII Clot formation GRF glue Gelatin, resorcinol,Condensation formaldehyde (glutaraldehyde or glyoxal can be used inaddition to or instead of formaldehyde) Hydrogel Block copolymers ofPEG, Photoinitiated addition polylactic acid and acrylate polymerizationesters Acrylic bone Methyl methacrylate and Pertoxide-amine initiatedcement polymethyl methacrylate addition polymerization Dental Zinc oxidepowder, Acid-base reaction, zinc cements phosphoric acid complexationZinc Zinc complexation phosphate Zinc poly- Zinc oxide powder, aqueousAcid-base reaction, zinc carboxylate polyacrylic acid complexation GlassCa, Sr, Al silicate glass Acid-base reaction, metal ionomer powderaqueous poly- ion complexation (poly- acrylic-itatomic acid oralkenoate) polyacrylic-maleic acid Resin-based Aromatic or urethanePeroxide-amine or dimethacrylate monomers, photoinitiated silicate orother glass polymerization and fillers aqueous polyacrylicphotoinitiated addition acid-itaconic acid-meth- polymerization acrylatecomonomers Resin- Hydroxyethyl methacrylate modified aromatic orurethane glass diamethacrylates, Ca, Sr, Al ionomer glass powder DentinEtchant: phosphoric acid Photoinitiated addition adhesive primer:carboxylate or polymerization phosphate Monomers hydroxyethylmethacrylate/water/solvent Bonding agent: urethane or aromaticdimethacrylate monomers

In one embodiment, the at least one adhesive agent is configured toconvert to at least one therapeutic agent upon administration of the atleast one adhesive agent. In one embodiment, the at least one adhesiveagent is configured to undergo one or more of hydration, hydrolysis,hydrogenolysis, condensation, dehydration, or polymerization uponadministration of the at least one adhesive agent. In one embodiment,the at least one adhesive agent includes a methacrylate. In oneembodiment, the at least one adhesive agent includes at least one ofpoly(N,N-dimethyl-N-(ethoxycarbonylmethyl)-N-[2′-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]-ammoniumbromide) or poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate).

In one embodiment, the at least one adhesive agent is configured to formone or more of a hydrogen bond, ionic bond, covalent bond, ornoncovalent bond with at least one substrate.

In certain instances, at least one adhesive agent is provided to atleast one substrate, including but not limited to at least onebiological tissue, in an inactive form. In certain instances, the atleast one adhesive agent is configured to polymerize or activate duringadministration of the at least one adhesive agent to at least onesubstrate, or shortly thereafter.

In one embodiment, the at least one adhesive agent is compatible withmoist or wet tissues. In one embodiment, the at least one adhesive agentdistributes evenly over the tissue surface. In one embodiment, the atleast one adhesive agent quickly forms a durable bond. In oneembodiment, the bonding time of the at least one adhesive agent iscontrollable. In one embodiment, the bonding time of the at least oneadhesive agent is controlled or regulated. In one embodiment, the atleast one adhesive degrades in a relatively short period of time. In oneembodiment, the at least one adhesive agent is configured to be resorbedby the tissue to which it is applied, or by the subject's body. In oneembodiment, the at least one adhesive agent maintains an appropriateviscosity for the application, provides adequate working time prior tobonding or setting, develops good adhesion, modulates hemostasis,modulates wound healing, reduces fibrosis, or provides at least oneantimicrobial effect. In one embodiment, the at least one compositionincluding at least one adhesive provides a local depot for at least onetherapeutic agent.

In one embodiment, the at least one adhesive agent includes an activesurface (i.e. having a bioglass, calcium phosphate, or biochemicallyactive surface that can stimulate an in vivo response). In oneembodiment, the at least one adhesive agent assists in delivering one ormore therapeutic agents, including but not limited to antibiotics,vaccines, growth factors (e.g., members of the Fibroblast Growth Factor,members of the Bone Morphogenic Protein family, members of theTransforming Growth Factor-beta family, or others), transcriptionfactors, anti-inflammatory agents, pain relievers, hemostatic agents,chemotherapeutic agents (e.g., 5-fluorouracil, paclitaxel, or others),chemokines, cytokines, angiogenic or anti-angiogenic factors, enzymes,stem cells, cellular organelles, or other therapeutic agents describedherein.

In one embodiment, the at least one adhesive agent is delivered as aprecursor molecule that is configured to activate by an additionalactivation step or event. In one embodiment, two or more components areconfigured to combine upon administration of the at least one adhesiveagent. In one embodiment, the combination of the two or more componentsmodifies at least one property of the adhesive agent. In one embodiment,the at least one property includes one or more of initiation of adhesivebond formation, strength of adhesive bond, adhesive bonding time, bondflexibility, bond biodegradability, bond bioresorbability, bondbiocompatibility, or durability of adhesive bond. In one embodiment, theat least one property includes one or more of polymerization of theadhesive agent, or crosslinking of the adhesive agent. In oneembodiment, two or more frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercingimplements are administered; wherein at least one administrationparameter is different for the two or more frozen particle compositions,or frozen piercing implements. In one embodiment, the at least oneadministration parameter includes at least one of: constitution of thefrozen particle composition, or frozen piercing implement, formulationof the frozen particle composition, or frozen piercing implement, sizeof the frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercing implements,shape of the frozen particle composition, or frozen piercing implement,angle of administration of the frozen particle composition, or frozenpiercing implement, velocity of administration of the frozen particlecomposition, or frozen piercing implement, quantity of frozen particlecompositions, or frozen piercing implements administered, rate ofadministration of more than one frozen particle composition, or frozenpiercing implement, spatial location for administration of the frozenparticle compositions, or frozen piercing implements, temporal locationfor administration of the frozen particle compositions, or frozenpiercing implements, method of administration of the frozen particlecompositions, or frozen piercing implements, timing of administration ofthe frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercing implements,modulation of administration of the frozen particle compositions, orfrozen piercing implements, deposition of the frozen particlecompositions, or frozen piercing implements, or rate of deposition of atleast one agent included in the frozen particle compositions, or frozenpiercing implements.

In one embodiment, the at least one adhesive agent maintains theapproximation of tissue of at least one wound of a subject. In oneembodiment, the at least one adhesive agent forms a bond that resistsseparation between at least two aspects of a substrate. In oneembodiment, the at least one adhesive agent is administered to the atleast one substrate, such as a biological tissue or structure, prior to,during, or subsequent to a surgical procedure. Specific, non-limitingexamples of surgical procedures include thoracic surgery, cardiovascularsurgery, vascular surgery, neurological surgery, plastic surgery oraesthetic surgery, ophthalmic surgery, skin or connective tissuesurgery, or abdominal surgery.

In one embodiment, at least one frozen particle composition, or frozenpiercing implement includes an adhesive agent which provides a means forthe repair, closure, maintenance of approximately the same tissue of awound, treatment of a wound, or joining at least one substrate toanother or joining at least one aspect of a substrate to another aspectof the same or different substrate.

In one embodiment, and as described herein, compositions and methodsrelate to the same or different frozen particle compositions, or frozenpiercing implements, and are administered simultaneously, sequentially,randomly, or in another order. In certain instances, the at least onecomposition is administered that contains at least one adhesive agent aswell as one or more other agents, such as bonding agents, that includefunctional groups or reactive side chains.

In one non-limiting example, polymerizable dimethacrylate monomers mixedwith composite formulations are administered to calcified tissue, suchas bone or tooth. In another non-limiting example, acid etching orpriming of the cell or tissue surface (such as a calcified surface), isachieved by administration of phosphoric acid or another acidicsubstance. In certain instances, the acidic substance includesfunctional groups, such as polycarboxylate or polyphosphate. Next, oneor more agents can be administered that react with the functionalgroups, such as hydrophilic monomers (including but not limited tohydroxyethyl methacrylate).

In one embodiment, the at least one adhesive agent forms one or more ofa hydrogen bond, ionic bond, covalent bond, or non-covalent bond uponadministration to at least one substrate. In one embodiment the at leastone adhesive agent includes at least one crosslinking or derivatizedagent. In one embodiment, the at least one adhesive agent forms acrosslink bond with at least one component of at least one substrate towhich the adhesive agent is administered. In one embodiment, thecrosslink bond of the at least one adhesive agent is modulated by one ormore of a chemical agent, change in pH, change in exposure to air,vacuum, change in moisture content, change in pressure, or change intemperature. In one embodiment, formation of a crosslink bond of the atleast one adhesive agent is modulated by exposure of the at least oneadhesive agent to one or more of electromagnetic energy, optical energy,thermal energy, laser energy, ionizing radiation, non-ionizingradiation, or sonic energy.

In one embodiment, adhesive agents can be selected for a particular useas described herein, based on factors including, but not limited to,viscosity, adhesive tenacity, kinetic rates of monomer formation,polymerization (with or without covalent cross-linking), ability to becryoprecipitated, tensile strength, ability to restore biomechanicaltissue integrity, in vivo effectiveness, or other factors. In certaininstances, these or other factors can be measured and selection of theone or more particular adhesive agents can be based on thosemeasurements. In certain instances, these or other factors can bemeasured by standard methods, including but not limited to, in vitroanalysis, in vivo experiments (e.g., animal studies), ex vivoexperiments, in planta experiments, or other methods.

In one embodiment, a method for providing at least one agent to at leastone substrate comprises administering at least one frozen particlecomposition, or frozen piercing implement to at least one substrate,wherein the at least one frozen particle composition, or frozen piercingimplement includes one or more frozen particles as described herein, andat least one agent.

In one embodiment, a method for providing at least one adhesive agent toat least one substrate comprises administering at least one frozenparticle composition, or frozen piercing implement to at least onesubstrate, wherein the at least one frozen particle composition, orfrozen piercing implement includes one or more frozen particles asdescribed herein, and at least one adhesive agent.

In one embodiment, a method of maintaining the approximation of tissueof at least one wound of a subject comprises administering at least onefrozen particle composition, or frozen piercing implement to at leastone wound of a subject for a time sufficient to maintain theapproximation of tissue of the at least one wound; wherein the at leastone frozen particle composition, or frozen piercing implement includesone or more frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercing implementsincluding at least one agent (such as an adhesive agent, biologicalremodeling agent, reinforcement agent, therapeutic agent, abrasive, orexplosive material) as described herein.

In one embodiment, the at least one frozen particle composition, orfrozen piercing implement includes a detection state that varies withits adhesive state. In one embodiment, the adhesive agent includes oneor more eposy adhesive, acrylic adhesive, urethane adhesive,polyurethane adhesive, silicone adhesive, cationic adhesive, anerobicadhesive, urethane acrylate, polyester acrylate, methacrylate,methyacrylate, or cyanoacrylate.

In one embodiment, the at least one adhesive agent includes at least oneα-cyanoacrylate and a fluorescent compound including at least one of abis-benzoxazolyl compound, pyrylium salt, quantum dot, or coumarincompound. In one embodiment, the at least one adhesive agent includes anα-cyanoacrylate and 2,5-bis-(5-tert-butyl-2-benzoxasolyl)-thiophene. Inone embodiment, the at least one adhesive agent includes one or more ofa base component, initiator component, or activator component. In oneembodiment, the at least one adhesive agent further includes at leastone curing component. In one embodiment, the at least one adhesive agentincludes at least one photopolymerizable adhesive, photocurableadhesive, thermal curable adhesive, free radical curable adhesive, oraerobic curable adhesive. In one embodiment, the at least one adhesiveagent includes one or more adhesive agent configured to polymerize uponexposure to infrared light, ultraviolet light, x-ray, visible light, orother electromagnetic radiation.

In one embodiment, the adhesive agent includes at least one dyecoinitiator. In one embodiment, the at least one dye coinitiatorincludes at least one of a bis-benzoxazolyl compound, pyrylium salt,QTX, safranine O, fluorescein, eosin yellow, eosin Y, eosin B, ethyleosin, eosin bluish, erythrosine B, erythrosine yellowish blend,toluidine blue, 4′,5′-dibromofluorescein, Rose Bengal B, cyanine,pyronin GY, cresyl violet, brilliant green, lissamine green BN,rhodamine B, methylene blue, crystal violet, phosphine oxide, orcoumarin compound.

Biological Remodeling Agents

In one embodiment, one or more frozen particle compositions, or frozenpiercing implements include at least one biological remodeling agent. Inone embodiment, the at least one biological remodeling agent includesone or more extracellular matrix components. In one embodiment, the atleast one biological remodeling agent is configured to provide at leastone chemical or biochemical function to the at least one biologicaltissue. In one embodiment, the biological remodeling agent is configuredto modulate the growth of at least one biological tissue. In oneembodiment, the biological remodeling agent is configured to promotegrowth of at least one biological tissue. In one embodiment, the atleast one biological remodeling agent is configured to promote at leastone of cell migration, cell attachment, cell retention, celldifferentiation, cell proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, diffusionof materials, nucleic acid expression, protein translation, proteinmodification, protein secretion, carbohydrate production, carbohydratesecretion, fat production, or fat secretion.

In one embodiment, the biological remodeling agent is configured toinhibit growth of at least one biological tissue. In one embodiment, theat least one biological remodeling agent is configured to inhibit atleast one of cell migration, cell attachment, cell retention, celldifferentiation, cell proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, diffusionof materials, nucleic acid expression, protein translation, proteinmodification, protein secretion, carbohydrate production, carbohydratesecretion, fat production, or fat secretion.

In one embodiment, the at least one biological remodeling agent isconfigured to promote at least partial construction or at least partialreconstruction of at least one biological tissue. In one embodiment, theat least one biological remodeling agent includes at least one cellularor tissue scaffolding component (e.g., collagen, elastin, protein,carbohydrate, nucleic acid, organic or inorganic agent, or othercomponent). In one embodiment, the at least one biological remodelingagent includes at least one cell (e.g., endogenous cell, exogenous cell,transgenic cell, progenitor cell, allogeneic cell, neonatal cell,embryonic cell, stem cell, differentiated cell, blood cell, chondrocyte,endothelial cell, hepatocyte, keratinocyte, myocyte, osteoblast,osteoclast, osteocyte, mesenchymal cell, fibroblast, etc.), other cellsare described herein. (See, for example, Nolte et al., Cells TissuesOrgans vol. 187, pp. 165-176 (2008), which is incorporated herein byreference.)

In one embodiment, the at least one biological remodeling agent providesa scaffold or matrix for growth, regrowth, restructuring, remodeling, orphysically, chemically, or biologically structuring one or more cells orbiological tissues. In one embodiment, the at least one biologicalremodeling agent is configured to provide at least one mechanicalstructure to the at least one biological tissue. In one embodiment, theat least one biological remodeling agent provides a load-bearingstructure to at least one biological tissue.

In one embodiment, the at least one biological remodeling agent isconfigured to provide oxygenation, nutrition, or other nourishment to atleast one biological tissue.

In one embodiment, the at least one biological remodeling agent includesone or more self-organizing structures, including at least one hydrogel,nanofiber, nanoparticle, or helical structure. (See, for example, Pokroyet al, Science vol. 323, pp. 237-240 (2009); U.S. Patent ApplicationPublication No. 20080070304, each of which is incorporated herein byreference.) In one embodiment, the at least one biological remodelingagent includes one or more self-assembling nanofibers or nanoparticles.

In one embodiment, the at least one biological remodeling agent at leastpartially generates a wound dressing, such as a sheet, bandage, film, orother permeable, semi-permeable, or impermeable covering. In oneembodiment, the at least one wound dressing at least partially includesnatural, synthetic, or artificial skin, skin substitute, or skindeposit. In one embodiment, the at least one biological remodeling agentincludes at least one nanotube (such as a carbon nanotube, DNA nanotube,or other nanotube).

In one embodiment, the at least one biological remodeling agent includesat least one of a tumor antigen, microbial antigen, viral antigen,analgesic, antiseptic, anesthetic, diagnostic agent, anti-inflammatoryagent, vaccine, cell growth inhibitor, cell growth promoter, chemicaldebridement agent, immunogen, antigen, radioactive agent, apoptosispromoting factor, angiogenic factor, anti-angiogenic factor, hormone,enzymatic factor, enzyme, papain, collagenase, protease, peptidase,elastase, urea, vitamin, mineral, nutraceutical, cytokine, chemokine,probiotic, coagulant, anti-coagulant, phage, prodrug, prebiotic, bloodsugar stabilizer, smooth muscle cell activator, epinephrine, adrenaline,neurotoxin, neuro-muscular toxin, Botulinum toxin type A, microbial cellor component thereof, or virus or component thereof. In one embodiment,the nutraceutical includes one or more of a flavonoid, antioxidant,beta-carotene, anthocyanin, alpha-linolenic acid, omega-3 fatty acids,yeast, bacteria, algae, other microorganisms, plant products, or animalproducts.

In one embodiment, a frozen particle composition, or frozen piercingimplement, comprises: one or more frozen hydrogen oxide particles thatinclude at least one non-nucleic acid biological remodeling agent.

In one embodiment, the at least one biological remodeling agent isutilized in at least partially constructing or reconstructing at least aportion of one or more biological . tissues or organs. In on embodiment,the at least one biological remodeling agent assists in the repair,enhancement, or replacement of at least a portion of at least onebiological tissue structure or function. In one embodiment, the at leastone biological remodeling agent assists in restoring, maintaining, orimproving at least one tissue or organ function.

In one embodiment, at least one frozen particle composition, or frozenpiercing implement including at least one biological remodeling agent oradhesive agent is utilized in at least partially generating at least onebiological tissue de novo. In one embodiment, at least one frozenparticle composition, or frozen piercing implement including at leastone biological remodeling agent or adhesive agent is utilized in atleast partially repairing at least one damaged or diseased biologicaltissue. In one embodiment, the at least one damaged or diseasedbiological tissue is located in vivo. In one embodiment, the at leastone damaged or diseased biological tissue includes one or more wounds.

In one embodiment, a method includes at least partially constructing orreconstructing at least one biological tissue or organ by administeringone or more frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercing implementsin such a manner that at least one agent is deposited, wherein the oneor more frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercing implementsinclude at least one biological remodeling agent, at least one adhesiveagent, at least one therapeutic agent, at least one reinforcement agent,at least one abrasive, at least one microneedle, or at least oneexplosive material. In one embodiment, one or more frozen particlecompositions, or frozen piercing implements are deposited, resulting inat least partially constructing or reconstructing at least onebiological tissue or organ.

In one embodiment, the at least one biological remodeling agent isadministered to at least one substrate, as described herein. In oneembodiment, the at least one biological remodeling agent includes atleast one nontoxic agent. In one embodiment, the at least one biologicalremodeling agent includes a biocompatible, bioresorbable, orbiodegradable agent. In one embodiment, the at least one substrate towhich the one or more frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercingimplements are deposited or administered is at least one ofbiocompatible, bioresorbable, or biodegradable.

In one embodiment, at least one scaffold is utilized for construction,reconstruction, or remodeling of at least one biological tissue. In oneembodiment, the at least one scaffold is at least partially generated bydeposition or administration of one or more frozen particlecompositions, or frozen piercing implements including at least onebiological remodeling agent. In one embodiment, the at least onescaffold is at least one of biocompatible, bioresorbable, orbiodegradable.

In one embodiment, a template or molding is utilized for deposition ofone or more frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercing implementsincluding at least one biological remodeling agent. In one embodiment,the frozen particle composition, or frozen piercing implement includesone or more of a biological remodeling agent, a therapeutic agent,abrasive, explosive material, adhesive agent, or other agent. In oneembodiment, the template or molding is at least one of nontoxic,biocompatible, bioresorbable, or biodegradable. In one embodiment, theone or more biological remodeling agents, are deposited or administereddirectly onto at least one substrate that is utilized in constructing,reconstructing, or remodeling at least one biological tissue.

In one embodiment, one or more frozen particle compositions, or frozenpiercing implements, including at least one biological remodeling agent,are delivered to at least one scaffold, including a three dimensionalporous scaffold. In one embodiment, the scaffold includes means for cellattachment, means for cell proliferation, means for celldifferentiation, means for cell migration, means for cell contracting,means for cell expression, means for cell matrix production, or meansfor cell spreading. In one embodiment, the at least one scaffoldincludes seeding at least one cell (e.g., a live cell) within at leastone scaffold. In one embodiment, seeding at least one cell within the atleast one scaffold occurs prior to, simultaneously with, or subsequentto, at least partially generating, implanting, or transplanting the atleast one scaffold. In one embodiment, the at least one scaffoldincludes injecting at least one biological remodeling agent and at leastone cell (e.g., a live cell) mixture to the at least one substrate forat least partially constructing, reconstructing, or remodeling at leastone biological tissue. In one embodiment, the scaffold is at leastpartially generated, implanted, or transplanted and is eventually seededwith a subject's own cells, either naturally or artificially.

In one embodiment, the at least one biological remodeling agent includesone or more of calcium phosphate, albumin, cytokine, pegylated cytokine,bone, cartilage, globulin, fibrin, thrombin, glutaraldehyde-crosslinkedpericardium, hide powder, hyaluronic acid, hydroxyapatite, keratin,ligament, nitinol, nucleic acid polymers, polyethylene, polylethyleneglycol, polyethylene glycol diacrylate, polyethylene terephthalatefiber, polyglycol, polylactate, polytetrafluoroethylene, polylacticacid, polyglycolic acid, polycaprolactone, PURAMATRIX™ self-assemblypeptide hydrogel fibers, linear aliphatic polyester, tendon, fibrinogen,hyaluronate, chitin, chitosan, methylcellulose, alginate, hyaluronicacid, agarose, cellulose, polyaldehyde gluronate, Factor XIII, FactorXII, silk, nylon, collagen, elastin, silicone, polyurethane, ceramicpowder, pectin, wax, glycosaminoglycan, poly(α-hydroxyacid), selectin,glutaraldehyde, hydrophobic non-glycosylated protein, hydrogel, peptidehydrogel, or gelatin.

In one embodiment, the at least one biological remodeling agent includesone or more of Type I collagen, Type II collagen, Type III collagen,Type VII collagen, or Type X collagen. In one embodiment, the at leastone biological remodeling agent includes one or more of elastin fibersor soluble elastin.

In one embodiment, the biological remodeling agent includes at least onemember of the Transforming Growth Factor β superfamily, including butnot limited to bone morphogenetic/osteogenic proteins (BMPs/OPs), growthdifferentiation factors, activin A and B, inhibin A and B,Anti-mullerian hormone, Nodal, TGF-β type receptors such as Activin TypeI receptors, Activin Type II receptors, transducers/SMAD molecules,ligand inhibitors (e.g., Cerberus, chordin, Dan, Decorin, Follistatin,Gremlin, Lefty, LTBP1, Noggin, THBS1), co-receptors (e.g.,BAMBI-Cripto), SARA, or other molecules. (See, for example, Aarabi etal., PLOS Med., vol. 4, Issue 9, pp. 1464-1470 (2007). In oneembodiment, the at least one biological remodeling agent includes one ormore of epidermal growth factor (EGF), platelet derived growth factor(PDGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), insulin-like growth factor(IGF-1), human growth hormone, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor(G-CSF), or granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF).In one embodiment, one or more biological remodeling agents include atleast one nucleic acid. In one embodiment, one or more biologicalremodeling agents include at least one RNA or DNA molecule. In oneembodiment, the one or more biological remodeling agents include atleast one of a protein, carbohydrate, or fat.

Some other non-limiting examples of biological remodeling agents, aswell as the general but non-limiting solidification mechanism of each,are set forth in Table III below. Abbreviations include: OPF:oligo(poly(ethylene glycol) fumarate); P(CL/TMC):poly(-caprolactone-co-trimethylene carbonate); PDLLA: poly(D,L-lactide);PEG: poly(ethylene glycol); PEO: poly(ethylene oxide); PEO-PPO-PEO:polyethylene oxide-polypropylene oxide-polyethylene oxide; PhosPEG-dMA:poly(ethylene glycol) di[ethylphosphatidyl(ethyleneglycol)methacrylate]; PLA(Glc-Ser): Poly(L-lactic acid-co-glycolicacid-co-L-serine); PLA-PEG: poly(lactic acid)-poly(ethylene glycol;PLAL-ASP: Poly(lactic acid-co-lysine)-poly(aspartic acid); PLGA:Poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid); PLLA: poly(L-lactic acid); PLLA-PEG:poly(L-lactide-ethylene glycol); PNIPAAm: poly(N-isopropylacrylamide);P(NIPAAm-AAc): Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-acrylic acid); PPF:poly(propylene fumarate); P(PF-co-EG): poly(propylenefurmarate-co-ethylene glycol; PVA: poly(vinyl alcohol). (See, forexample, Hou et al., M. Mater. Chem., vol. 14, pp. 1915-1923 (2004),which is incorporated herein by reference.)

TABLE III Biological Remodeling Agent Solidification mechanism Calciumphosphate Ceramics setting Chitosan Thermal gelation MethylcelluloseThermal gelation Alginate Photo cross-linking or ionic gelationHyaluronic acid Photo cross-linking Agarose Thermal gelation FibrinThermal gelation Gelatin Thermal gelation Poly(aldehyde gluronate)Chemical cross-linking PEG or PEO Photo cross-linking PEO-PPO-PEOThermal gelation PEO-PLLA-PEO Photo cross-linking PLA-g-PVA Photocross-linking PEO-PLLA Thermal gelation PLGA-PEG Thermal gelationPEG-co-Poly(α-hydroxy acid) Photo cross-linking PVA, PLAL-ASP,P(CL/TMC), PLA(Glc- Photo cross-linking Ser), or Polyanhydrides PPF,OPF, or P(PF-co-EG) Photo cross-linking or radical polymerizationPhosPEG-dMA Photo polymerization PNIPAAm-PEG, PNIPAAm-gelatin, Thermalgelation P(NIPAAm-AAc) PEG based hydrogels Enzymatic cross-linking orMichael-type addition reaction PLA-PEG-biotin Self-assembly

In one embodiment, at least one frozen particle composition, or frozenpiercing implement is administered to at least one substrate by pushing,pulling, drilling, utilizing a screw-type action, propelling, ejecting,or accelerating a plurality of frozen particle compositions, or frozenpiercing implements toward the at least one substrate. In oneembodiment, propelling, ejecting, or accelerating the plurality offrozen particle compositions, or frozen piercing implements toward theat least one substrate includes at a predetermined angle, apredetermined velocity, a predetermined rate of administration, apredetermined spatial pattern, a predetermined location, a predeterminedtime sequence, or a predetermined depth. In one embodiment, two or moreof the plurality of frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercingimplements include two or more biological remodeling agents configuredto physically or chemically bind upon administration. In one embodiment,administering the one or more frozen particle compositions, or frozenpiercing implements to at least one substrate includes contacting the atleast one substrate with the one or more frozen particle compositions,or frozen piercing implements. In one embodiment, administering the oneor more frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercing implements toat least one substrate includes contacting the at least one substratewith the at least one biological remodeling agent.

Substrates

In one embodiment, the one or more frozen particle compositions, frozenpiercing implements, or frozen piercing implement devices areadministered to at least one substrate. Specific non-limiting examplesof various different substrates are provided throughtout theapplication.

In one embodiment, the at least one substrate includes at least onenontoxic, biodegradable, bioresorbable, or biocompatible substrate. Inone embodiment, the at least one substrate includes one or more of acell, tissue, organ, structure, device, or food product. In oneembodiment, the substrate includes at least a portion of which isnaturally, artificially, or synthetically derived. In one embodiment,the substrate includes at least a portion of which is geneticallyaltered. In one embodiment, at least one frozen particle composition, orfrozen piercing implement is administered to at least one cell or cellcomponent for gene delivery.

In one embodiment, the structure or device may include a prosthesis,cell matrix or scaffold, tissue matrix or scaffold, supplement,implement, bandage, tourniquet, wound dressing, splint, stent, patch,gauze, covering, shunt, needle, scalpel, matrix, sponge, mesh, wovenfabric, knitted fabric, film, instrument, or other tool or item. (See,for example, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20070021816, whichis incorporated herein by reference.) In one embodiment, the deviceincludes at least one mechanical or electrical device. In oneembodiment, the device includes, but is not limited to, at least onemechanical or electrical device. Examples of particular devices aredescribed herein.

In one embodiment, the substrate is located in at least one of in situ,in vitro, in vivo, in utero, in planta, in silico, or ex vivo. In oneembodiment, the at least one substrate is transplanted or implanted intoat least one subject. In one embodiment, the at least one substrate isingested by at least one subject. In one embodiment, the at least onesubstrate includes at least one biological cell or tissue. In oneembodiment, the at least one biological cell or tissue is from at leastone donor or recipient. In one embodiment, the at least one donorincludes at least one cadaver. In one embodiment, the at least onesubstrate includes at least one implantable or transplantable substrate.In one embodiment, the at least one substrate is transplanted orimplanted into at least one subject. In one embodiment, the at least onesubstrate includes at least one biological tissue from at least onedonor or recipient.

In one embodiment, the temperature of the substrate is adjusted foradministration of one or more frozen particle compositions, or frozenpiercing implements. In one embodiment, the temperature of the substrateis increased or decreased in order to adjust the rate of melting,sublimation, evaporation, transformation, activation, etc. of the one ormore frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercing implements or acomponent thereof.

In one embodiment, the pressure exerted on a substrate is adjusted foradministration of one or more frozen particle compositions, or frozenpiercing implements. In one embodiment, the pressure exerted on asubstrate is increased or decreased in order to adjust the rate ofmelting, sublimation, evaporation, transformation, activation, etc. ofthe one or more frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercingimplements or a component thereof. In one embodiment, the at least onesubstrate includes at least one polymer or hydrogel.

In one embodiment, the at least one agent is delivered to a singlebiological cell or tissue. In one embodiment, the at least one substrateis ingested by at least one subject.

In one embodiment, the at least one substrate includes at least oneimplantable or transplantable substrate. In one embodiment, the at leastone substrate is transplanted or implanted into at least one subject. Inone embodiment, the substrate includes at least one biological tissuefrom at least one donor or recipient. In one embodiment, the at leastone substrate includes at least a portion of at least one subject. Incertain embodiments, administering at least one frozen particlecomposition or frozen piercing implement includes self-administering theat least one frozen piercing implement by the at least one subject.

In one embodiment, the at least one biological tissue includes one ormore of a plant part, or whole plant. In one embodiment, the at leastone biological tissue includes one or more of a stalk, stem, leaf, root,or tendril. In one embodiment, the at least one biological tissueincludes at least one of meristem tissue, plant embryo tissue, cotyledontissue, shoot apex tissue, scutellum tissue, epicotyl tissue, hypocotyltissue, stamen tissue, receptacle tissue, anther tissue, stigma tissue,ovary tissue, carpel tissue, endosperm tissue, or seed germ tissue. Inone embodiment, the at least one biological tissue includes transgenictissue. In one embodiment, the transgenic tissue includes meristemtissue cells for later generations. Non-limiting examples of plants thatare included are cereal crops, fruits, nuts, vegetables, woody species,ornamental flower, cash crops (e.g., tobacco), and other plants.

In one embodiment, one or more frozen particle compositions, or frozenpiercing implements are delivered to a substrate including at least onefood or beverage product, or other product for consumption. In oneembodiment, the at least one food product includes one or more of ananimal, plant, fungal, or other biological food product. In oneembodiment, the at least one food product includes at least onenon-biological based food product. In one embodiment, the at least onefood product includes, but not limited to at least one of a grainproduct; vegetable, fruit, leaf, stem, or other plant product; meat,milk, eggs, or other animal product; including processed productsthereof. In one embodiment, one or more frozen particle compositions, orfrozen piercing implements are delivered to at least one of a juice, cutfood product, canned food product, pulped food product, frozen foodproduct, homogenized food product, sterilized food product, dehydratedfood product, or otherwise processed food product. In one embodiment,one or more frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercing implementsinclude at least one component of a food product.

In one embodiment, one or more frozen particle compositions, or frozenpiercing implements are delivered to at least one product forconsumption. In one embodiment, the product for consumption includes,but is not limited to at least one of a hygienic product (e.g.,toothpaste, deodorant, perfume, shampoo, soap, etc.), a cosmetic product(e.g., lotion, lipstick, nail polish, or other facial cosmetics, etc.).

In one embodiment, one or more frozen particle compositions, or frozenpiercing implements are delivered to at least one outdoor or indoor area(e.g., road surface, carpet, ice rink, garden, jungle, etc.).

In one embodiment, the substrate includes, but is not limited to,biological tissue as described herein. For example, biological tissueincludes soft tissues (such as connective tissue, or other soft tissue),or hard tissues (including calcified tissues, such as bone or teeth). Inone embodiment, a cell includes, but is not limited to, at least one ofan autologous cell, allogenic, xenogenic, stem cell, or syngenic cell.The one or more cells may include endogenous or exogenous cells relativeto a particular subject. In one embodiment, the at least one substrateincludes one or more stem cells (e.g., hematopoietic stem cells,adipocyte stem cells, neuronal stem cells, embryonic stem cells, hepaticstem cells, dermal stem cells, pancreatic stem cells, stem cells relatedto bone, stem cells related to muscle, or others). In one embodiment,the substrate includes at least one wound, or cell mass. Other examplesof cells and biological tissues are described herein at other sections.

In one embodiment, the at least one biological tissue includes but isnot limited to, one or more of cartilage, skin, scalp, hair, nail, nailbed, teeth, eye, ear, ovary, oviduct, tongue, tonsil, adenoid, liver,bone, pancreas, stomach, appendix, duct, valve, smooth muscle, bloodvessel, bone marrow, blood, lymph, heart, lung, brain, breast, kidney,bladder, urethra, ureter, gall bladder, uterus, prostate, testes, vasdeferens, fallopian tubes, large intestine, small intestine, esophagus,oral cavity, nasal cavity, otic cavity, connective tissue, muscletissue, or adipose tissue. In one embodiment, the at least one tissueincludes one or more of a tendon, vein (e.g., femoral or saphenousvein), artery, or capillary. In one embodiment, the at least onebiological tissue includes embryonic or fetal tissue. In one embodiment,the at least one biological tissue includes a mucosal surface. In oneembodiment, the at least one biological tissue includes a plant, animal,fungal or other food product (e.g., biological food product). In oneembodiment, the at least one biological tissue includes meat.

In one embodiment, the treatment of at least one biological tissueincludes one or more of ossicular chain reconstruction in otlogicsurgery, nerve anastomosis (e.g. peripheral nerve anastomosis);cerebralspinal fluid sealing in neurological repair, vascular repair oranastomosis, ocular repair, gastrological repair, urological repair,skin closure, bronchial repair (e.g. bronchial stump leakage), alveolarrepair, or dental fillings. In one embodiment, the at least onebiological tissue includes fetal tissues or organs (e.g. in utero) andcan include any of the tissues or organs described herein.

In one embodiment, the at least one biological tissue is located in atleast one tissue or organ related to transplantation. In one embodiment,transplantation includes extraction or implantation of the at least onetissue or organ. In one embodiment, the at least one tissue or organrelated to transplantation is extracted from at least one firstbiological source or subject and implanted into at least one secondbiological source or subject. In one embodiment, the at least one tissueor organ related to transplantation is cultured prior to implantation ina subject. In one embodiment, the tissue or organ related totransplantation is an artificial or synthetically derived tissue ororgan (e.g. a bladder, heart, kidney, liver, pancreas, skin, eye, lung,nerve, blood vessel, and others). In one embodiment, the tissue or organrelated to transplantation involves at least two sources (i.e. multiplespecies, partially artificial or synthetic, multiple biological cells ortissues including stem cells). In one embodiment, the at least onetissue or organ related to transplantation includes at least one donoror recipient tissue or organ. In one embodiment, the at least one tissueor organ is at least partly autologous.

In one embodiment, one or more blood vessels, including at least one ofa vein, artery, or capillary is at least partially made by utilizing oneor more frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercing implements. Inone embodiment, the one or more blood vessels include at least onevascular graft at least partially made by utilizing one or more frozenparticle compositions, or frozen piercing implements. In one embodiment,the at least one vascular graft includes at least one autologouscomponent. See, for example, McAllister et al., Abstract, Lancet, vol.373, No. 9673, pp. 1440-1446 (2009), which is incorporated herein byreference.

In one embodiment, the at least one substrate includes at least one cellmass. In one embodiment, the at least one cell mass includes at leastone of a scar, pore, pit, eschar, granuloma, keloid, artheromatousplaque, abscess, pustule, scaling (e.g., psoriasis or eczema), infectedtissue, hair follicle, necrotic tissue, stratum corneum, wrinkle, wound,tumor, skin structure, nevus, cyst, lesion, callus, neoplastic tissue,gangrenous tissue, or cellular deposit. In one embodiment, the at leastone cell mass includes at least one benign or malignant tumor. In oneembodiment, the at least one benign or malignant tumor relates to one ormore of a melanoma, lymphoma, leukemia, sarcoma, blastoma, or carcinoma.

In one embodiment, the at least one cell mass is related to at least oneblood clot, embolus, microorganism accumulation, blood vesselobstruction, duct obstruction, bowel obstruction, infection, gangrene,connective tissue destruction, tissue or organ damage, injury, whiteblood cell accumulation, or cancer.

In one embodiment, the at least one substrate includes one or morewounds. In one embodiment, the one or more wounds are located in atleast one biological tissue or organ. In one embodiment, the one or morewounds are located in one or more of skin tissue, muscle tissue, eyetissue, nervous tissue, peritoneal tissue, an organ, connective tissue,neoplastic tissue, or bone tissue.

In one embodiment, the one or more wounds are located in at least onesubject. The one or more wounds include but are not limited to at leastone of an incision (including surgical incision such as for facial orother aesthetic construction or reconstruction, or other cranio-facialsurgeries, laproscopic procedures, birthing assistance, or othersurgical procedures), fracture, irritation, episiotomy, laceration,endovascular occlusion (e.g., aneurism), blood vessel anastomosis, nerverepair, abrasion, cerebral spinal fluid leak, puncture wound,penetration wound, gunshot wound, iatrogenic wound, severing, infection,ulcer, pressure sore, lesion, chemical burn (including but not limitedto exposure to an irritant, plant, or synthetic chemical), dentalcaries, first-degree burn, second-degree burn, third-degree burn,fourth-degree burn, fifth-degree burn, or sixth-degree burn. In certaininstances, the wound can be a result of a bite, such as a bite from ananimal, insect, or arachnid.

In one embodiment, the at least one subject includes one or more of avertebrate or invertebrate animal. In one embodiment, the at least onesubject includes a fungus, or plant (including crop plants, as describedherein). In one embodiment, the at least one subject includes insectcells, insects, bacteria, algae, plankton, or protozoa. In oneembodiment, the at least one subject includes one or more of a reptile,mammal, amphibian, bird, or fish. In one embodiment, the at least onesubject includes at least one human. In one embodiment, the at least onesubject includes at least one of livestock, pet, zoo animal,undomesticated herd animal, wild animal, or product animal.

In one embodiment, the at least one subject includes at least one of asheep, goat, frog, dog, cat, rat, mouse, vermin, monkey, duck, horse,cow, pig, chicken, shellfish, fish, turkey, llama, alpaca, bison,buffalo, ape, primate, ferret, wolf, fox, coyote, deer, rabbit, guineapig, yak, chinchilla, mink, reindeer, elk, camel, fox, elk, deer,raccoon, donkey, or mule.

Detection Materials

In one embodiment, the one or more frozen particle compositions, orfrozen piercing implements include at least one of a polymer,biopolymer, nanoparticle, sensor, micro-syringe, actuator, circuit, orother detection material. Such detection materials may allow forvisualization of the one or more frozen particle compositions, or frozenpiercing implements, the administration process, or provide otherbenefits (including but not limited to reinforcement, adhesive,biological remodeling, abrasive, explosive, or therapeutic benefits). Inone embodiment, the nanoparticle includes one or more of a nanorod,nanobone, nanocapsule, or other particle. In one embodiment, thenanoparticle releases its payload when exposed to an energy source,including heat or light. In one embodiment, the nanoparticles have atime-release payload of, for example, one or more therapeutic agents,adhesive agents, biological remodeling agents, reinforcement agents,abrasives, explosive materials, or other agents.

In certain instances, the detection material can be located on or in theone or more frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercing implements,or it can be intermixed with the one or more frozen particlecompositions, or frozen piercing implements. In certain instances, thedetection material provides a “tracer” agent that allows forvisualization of one or more locations of administration of the at leastone frozen particle composition, or frozen piercing implement. Forexample, in one embodiment, the detection material includes a particlewith altered isotopes (e.g., for altering the mass of particles as atracer). In one embodiment, only certain frozen particle compositions,or frozen piercing implements of a plurality of frozen particlecompositions, or frozen piercing implements include one or moredetection materials. In one embodiment, one or more detection materialsare included in one or more frozen particle compositions, or frozenpiercing implements in a predictable or predictive manner, for example,about every 2^(nd), about every 3^(rd), about every 4^(th), about every5^(th), about every 6^(th), about every 7^(th), about every 8^(th),about every 9^(th), about every 10^(th), about every 20^(th), aboutevery 50^(th), about every 100^(th), about every 1000^(th), about every2000^(th), or about every 5000^(th), etc. frozen particle composition,or frozen piercing implement includes one or more detection materials.

In certain instances the detection material is located on the at leastone frozen particle composition, or frozen piercing implement or the atleast one frozen particle. In other instances, the detection material isseparate from the at least one frozen particle composition, or frozenpiercing implement. In certain instances, the detection material forms amixture with the frozen particle composition, or frozen piercingimplement. In certain instances, the detection material is separate fromthe one or more frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercingimplements and is administered at approximately the same time, inapproximately the same place, or in approximately the same manner as theone or more frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercing implements.In one embodiment, the detection material is located in at least onecavity or compartment of the one or more frozen particle compositions,or frozen piercing implements.

In one embodiment, detection material includes a detection labelincluding but not limited to, a colorimetric label, a radioactive label,a light-emitting label (such as a luminescent compound, a fluorescentcompound, a phosphorescent compound, or a quantum dot), a nucleic acidlabel, a protein label, an antibody label, a ligand label, a receptorlabel, a magnetic label, or other detection label. In one embodiment,the at least one detection material includes but is not limited to, atleast one electronic identification device. In one embodiment, the atleast one electronic identification device includes at least one radiofrequency identification device.

In one embodiment, the at least one detection material includes but isnot limited to, at least one radioactive element. In one embodiment, theradioactive element includes but is not limited to, ³²P, ³⁵S, ¹³C, ¹³¹I,¹⁹¹Ir, ¹⁹²Ir, ¹⁹³Ir, ²⁰¹Tl, or ³H. In one embodiment, the at least onedetection material includes at least one radioactive, luminescent,colorimetric or odorous substance. In one embodiment, the at least onecolorimetric substance includes one or more of an inorganic, organic,biological, natural, artificial, or synthetic substance. Thecolorimetric substance may include, but not be limited to a dye or apigment. The colorimetric substance may include a chromogenic substrate.

In one embodiment, the at least one detection material includes at leastone light-emitting substance, such as a luminescent substance, afluorescent substance, phosphorescent substance, or quantum dot. In oneembodiment, the at least one detection material is nontoxic,biocompatible, bioresorbable, or biodegradable.

Some examples of colorimetric substances include, but are not limitedto, colored agents that have an affinity for a cell or tissue, such asacid dyes (e.g., water-soluble anionic dyes), basic dyes (e.g.,water-soluble cationic dyes), direct or substantive dyes (e.g., stainsfor nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, cell populations,tissues, or organelles), mordant dyes, vat dyes, reactive dyes, dispersedyes, azo dyes, sulfur dyes, food dyes, solvent dyes, carbene dyes, orothers. Some examples of chromophores that can be utilized include, butare not limited to, dyes that are based on or derivatives of acridine,anthraquinone, arymethane (e.g., diphenyl methane, triphenyl methane),—N═N azo structure, phthalocyanine, diazonium salts, —NO₂ nitrofunctional group, —N═O nitroso functional group, phthalocyanine,quinine, azin, eurhodin, safranin, indamin, indophenol, oxazin, oxazone,thiazin, thiazole, xanthene, fluorine, pyronin, fluorine, rhodamine, orothers. In one embodiment, the colorimetric substance includes trypanblue.

In one embodiment, the detection material includes at least onelight-emitting substance, including but not limited to luminescentsubstances (e.g. bioluminescent substances, chemiluminescent substances,luciferin, isoluminol, luminescent minerals, etc.). In one embodiment,the detection material includes one or more one or more fluorescenttags, including but not limited to fluorescein, phycobilin,phycoerythrin, phycourobilin, chlorophyll, phycocyanin, allophycocyanin,green fluorescent protein, or others. In one embodiment, the at leastone detection material includes but is not limited to, at least one of adiamagnetic particle, ferromagnetic particle, paramagnetic particle,super paramagnetic contrast agent, particle with altered isotope, orother magnetic particle.

Some non-limiting examples of particular diamagnetic substances includewood, water, organic compounds (such as petroleum), metals (includingcopper, mercury, gold, bismuth), or benzoic acid.

Methods, Devices, Systems for Administering a Frozen ParticleComposition or Frozen Piercing Implement

As described herein, a device or machine (including a computer) may beutilized in various aspects relating to compositions, methods, orsystems relating to one or more frozen particle compositions, or frozenpiercing implements (or the devices thereof). Non-limiting examples ofsuch aspects may include predicting or calculating various properties orcharacteristics relating to the one or more frozen particlecompositions, or frozen piercing implements, any substrate, any subject,any administration device, or any administration protocol. Any methoddisclosed herein is implicitly intended to also include “means for”carrying out the method. One or more methods disclosed includecomputer-implemented methods.

In one embodiment, a method or means for making one or more frozenparticle compositions, or frozen piercing implements optionally includesat least one agent. In one embodiment, a method or means foradministering or delivering one or more frozen particle compositions, orfrozen piercing implements is disclosed. In one embodiment, a method ormeans for administering at least one frozen particle composition, orfrozen piercing implement includes administering at least one agent to asubstrate.

In one embodiment, the at least one agent may provide promoting woundhealing; promoting healing of skin, cartilage, or bone; filling of skinwrinkles or flaws; filling of connective tissue; treatingvesico-ureteral reflux; treating urinary incontinence; fixing prosthesesor materials to at least one biological tissue; or producing at leastone film, gel, or membrane for use in vitro or in vivo to assist in abiological function.

In one embodiment, a method or means for of providing at least oneagent, such as a biological remodeling agent, to at least one substratecomprises administering one or more frozen particle compositions to atleast one substrate, wherein the one or more frozen particlecompositions, or frozen piercing implements include at least onebiological remodeling agent as described herein. In one embodiment, theone or more frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercing implementshave one or more phases including at least one of amorphous solid water,low density amorphous ice, high density amorphous ice, very high densityamorphous ice, clathrate ice, hyperquenched glassy water, ice Ic, iceII, ice III, ice IV, ice V, ice VI, ice VII, ice VIII, ice IX, ice X,ice XI, ice XII, ice XIII, ice XIV, or ice XV. In one embodiment, theone or more frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercing implementsincluding one or more frozen particles and at least one agent have oneor more phases including at least one of amorphous solid water, lowdensity amorphous ice, high density amorphous ice, very high densityamorphous ice, clathrate ice, hyperquenched glassy water, ice Ic, iceII, ice III, ice IV, ice V, ice VI, ice VII, ice VIII, ice IX, ice X,ice XI, ice XII, ice XIII, ice XIV, or ice XV.

In one embodiment, a method or means for at least partially constructingor at least partially reconstructing at least one biological tissue ororgan comprises administering one or more frozen particle compositions,or frozen piercing implements that include at least one agent (such asat least one of a biological remodeling agent, adhesive agent,therapeutic agent, reinforcement agent, abrasive, or explosive material)in such a manner that the at least one agent is deposited. In oneembodiment, the at least one agent includes at least one biologicalremodeling agent.

In one embodiment, the method or means for includes abrading or ablatingone or more surfaces of the at least one substrate prior to, during, orsubsequent to the administering of the one or more frozen particlecompositions, or frozen piercing implements. In one embodiment, themethod or means for administering one or more frozen particlecompositions, or frozen piercing implements is provided in such a manneras to induce at least one cellular event. In one embodiment, the atleast one cellular event includes one or more of: cell migration, cellattachment, cell retention, cell differentiation, cell proliferation,apoptosis, diffusion of materials, angiogenesis, nucleic acidexpression, protein translation, protein modification, carbohydrateproduction, carbohydrate secretion, protein secretion, fat production orfat secretion. In one embodiment, the method further includesadministering at least one component including an optical, photonic, orelectronic article. In one embodiment, the at least one article isconfigured to communicate with at least one computer system. In oneembodiment, the at least one article is configured to monitor at leastone characteristic of the at least one biological tissue.

As described herein, in one embodiment, computer-aided tissueengineering (CATE) is utilized in the design (including tissue scaffolddesign), image processing, predicting, modeling, simulation,manufacturing, administration or delivery of at least one frozenparticle composition, or frozen piercing implement, informatics(including computer-aided tissue classification and application fortissue identification and characterization at different tissuehierarchical levels), or other aspects of tissue reconstruction with oneor more frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercing implementsdescribed. In one embodiment, computer-aided tissue engineering comparesinformation regarding at least one of design, image processing,predicting, modeling, simulation, manufacturing, administration ordelivery of at least one frozen particle composition, or frozen piercingimplement, or informatics for at least one biological tissue with atleast one dataset or database. In one embodiment, a dataset or databaseis generated from information regarding at least one of design, imageprocessing, predicting, modeling, simulation, manufacturing,administration or delivery of at least one frozen particle composition,or frozen piercing implement, informatics, or other aspect of tissuereconstruction with one or more frozen particle compositions, or frozenpiercing implements described.

In one embodiment, ink jet printing is utilized for stereo-modelfabrication, or for direct biological tissue construction,reconstruction, or remodeling through deposition or administration ofone or more frozen particle compositions. (See, for example, Mironov, etal, Trends in Biotech. Vol. 21, No. 4; pp. 157-161 (2003), which isincorporated herein by reference.) In one embodiment, the one or morefrozen particle compositions, or frozen piercing implements include oneor more agents that fuse upon administration or deposition. (See, forexample, Jakab, et al, Tissue Eng. Part A, Vol. 14, No. 3 pp. 413-421(2008), which is incorporated herein by reference.)

In one embodiment, at least one of rapid prototyping (including but notlimited to stereolithography), fused deposition modeling,three-dimensional printing, selective deposition modeling, solidfree-form fabrication (SFF), selective laser sintering, laminated objectmanufacturing, gas foaming, solvent casting and particulate leaching,emulsification, freeze-drying, phase separation, shape depositionmanufacturing, or other method is utilized with administration of one ormore frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercing implements fortissue reconstruction. (See, for example, U.S. Patent ApplicationPublication No. 20040075196; Barry, et al., Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A vol.364, pp. 249-261 (2006); and U.S. Patent Application Publication No.20080145639, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.) In oneembodiment, a model is used for designing or developing the architectureof the at least one biological tissue prior to administering ordepositing the one or more frozen particle compositions, or frozenpiercing implements for at least partially constructing, at leastpartially reconstructing, or at least partially remodeling at least onebiological tissue. In one embodiment, the one or more frozen particlecompositions, or frozen piercing implements are administered ordeposited directly onto at least one substrate for at least partiallyconstructing, at least partially reconstructing, or at least partiallyremodeling at least one biological tissue. In one embodiment, the atleast partial reconstruction, at least partial construction, or at leastpartial remodeling of at least one biological tissue includes depositingat least one agent of at least one frozen particle composition, orfrozen piercing implement. In one embodiment, the at least partialreconstruction, at least partial construction, or at least partialremodeling of at least one biological tissue includes at least partiallyabrading or ablating at least one surface of at least one substrate(e.g., biological tissue) with at least one frozen particle composition,or frozen piercing implement.

In one embodiment, sample cells are grown ex vivo, introduced withscaffold in the appropriate environment for cell or tissue growthutilizing one or more frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercingimplements, and the cells implanted or transplanted into at least onesubject. (See, for example, Sun et al., Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem. vol.39, pp. 29-47 (2004), which is incorporated herein by reference.)

Computer-aided tissue modeling utilized in conjunction with certainembodiments for administration of one or more frozen particlecompositions, or frozen piercing implements includes imaging dataacquisition. For example, a medical imaging modality must be capable ofone or more of producing three-dimensional views of anatomy,differentiating heterogenous tissue types and displaying the vascularstructure, as well as generating computational tissue models.

In one embodiment, computer-aided tissue modeling utilized inconjunction with certain embodiments for administration of one or morefrozen particle compositions, or frozen piercing implements includesgenerating at least one of a two-dimensional plot or a three-dimensionalmodel. In one embodiment, a two-dimensional plot or three-dimensionalview of anatomical modeling includes one or more of geometry,morphology, volumetric representation, mechanical, deformation,kinematic modeling, contour-based modeling, surface extraction, or solidmodeling. In one embodiment, anatomical modeling occurs by way ofcomputer-assisted tomography (CAT) or computed tomography (CT) scan,positron emission tomography (PET) scan, magnetic-resonance imaging(MRI), ultrasound, electrical-impedance monitoring, x-ray, microscopy,multiphoton calcium-imaging, or other imaging technique or device. (See,for example, Girod et al, J. Cranio-Max. Surgery vol. 29, pp. 156-158(2001), which is incorporated herein by reference.) In one embodiment,multiple three-dimensional images are assembled or integrated formodeling of the tissue or organ.

Computer-aided tissue information utilized in conjunction withadministration of one or more frozen particle compositions, or frozenpiercing implements includes one or more of cell or tissueclassification, hard tissue classification, soft tissue classification,tumor diagnosis, morphometric or cytometric information, tumor celldetection, tissue properties, cell aggregation, cell or tissue growth,cell to cell interaction, or cell to tissue interaction.

In one embodiment, at least one computer system is configured to provideone or more instructions to one or more devices for deposition oradministration of one or more frozen particle compositions, or frozenpiercing implements. In one embodiment, at least one device isconfigured to deposit or administer one or more frozen particlecompositions, or frozen piercing implements on any x, y, or z axis. Inone embodiment, the at least one computer system provides one or moreinstructions for predicting, controlling, or varying the administrationof one or more frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercingimplements or deposition of at least one agent included in the one ormore frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercing implements on anyx, y, or z location. In one embodiment, the at least one computer systemprovides one or more instructions for temporal, spatial, or regionallocations for deposition or administration of one or more frozenparticle compositions, or frozen piercing implements. Other componentsof the at least one computer system or device are included in thefigures as described.

Computer-aided tissue scaffold design and manufacturing utilized inconjunction with certain embodiments for administration of one or morefrozen particle compositions, or frozen piercing implements includes oneor more of tissue scaffold modeling, biomimetic design, tissue scaffoldfabrication, hybrid scaffold and cells, cell pattern, printing anddeposition, or blueprint and organ hierarchical modeling. For example,in one embodiment, at least one parameter for at least partiallyconstructing, at least partially reconstructing, or at least partiallyremodeling at least one tissue that are considered in design andadministration of one or more frozen particle compositions, or frozenpiercing implements, includes one or more of porosity, pore size,interconnectivity, transport properties, cell-tissue formation,mechanical strength, facilitation of attachment or distribution, growthof regenerative tissue and facilitate the transport of nutrients orother factors.

In one embodiment, the one or more frozen particle compositions, orfrozen piercing implements are administered to at least one substrate byway of biopolymer deposition layering. For example, technology relatedto a micronozzle-based layered manufacturing, a microsyringe-baseddeposition, three dimensional plotting (e.g., Bioplotter, EnvisionTech., Marl, Germany), or micromolding (e.g., by vacuum-molding) arecapable of being utilized with the one or more frozen particlecomposition, or frozen piercing implement deposition. (See, for example,U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20060195179.)

In one embodiment, the reconstructed tissue manufactured by use of oneor more frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercing implementsincludes at least one material that mimics natural structures orfunctions, or enhances natural tissue growth. For example, in oneembodiment, one or more frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercingimplements are included in “smart” tissue scaffolds including one ormore of a sensor, syringe, therapeutic agent, electronic article,nano-scale device, micro-scale device, or feedback mechanism. Forexample, at least one biosensor, circuit, or other electronic articlecan be included for monitoring tissue growth, dissolution,deterioration, biochemical function, structural integrity or function,immunological reaction, or other activities or conditions; or forproviding a feedback mechanism. In one embodiment, the at least oneoptical, photonic, or electronic article included in the at least onetissue or organ is capable of communicating with at least one computersystem.

In addition, one or more agents are included in one embodiment of thetissue reconstructed with one or more frozen particle compositions, orfrozen piercing implements. Such agents include at least one of atherapeutic agent, abrasive, explosive material, adhesive agent,reinforcement agent, biological remodeling agent, one or more cells, orother agent. In one embodiment, the reconstructed or remodeled tissueincludes at least one gene-activated matrix that allows forincorporation of one or more specific genes when one or more cells areadministered to the matrix, or are allowed to migrate to the matrix. Inone embodiment, one or more frozen particle compositions, or frozenpiercing implements are utilized in three-dimensional cell or organprinting.

As described herein, in one embodiment the at least one biologicalremodeling agent includes one or more of: scaffolding materials, cells,nutrients, growth factors, or other components for at least partiallyconstructing at least one tissue or organ de novo. See Sun, et al, Ibid.

In one embodiment, a scaffold is constructed, at least in part byseeding living cells into the scaffold. As described herein, variousmaterials are capable of being utilized as a scaffold by delivering oneor more frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercing implements, ordeposition of at least one agent included in one or more frozen particlecompositions, or frozen piercing implements. In particular, materialsincluding but not limited to, pastes, resins, gels, bone cements,cellulose, silicone, polyurethanes, hydrogels, chitosan, or ceramicpowders can be used.

Also as described herein, one or more materials utilized for thescaffold can be used for cell seeding, delivery systems for one or moretherapeutic agents, other agents, or for integrating one or moreangiogenic factors, growth factors, cytokines, or other agents.

In one embodiment, a composition includes an ex vivo biological tissueor organ that is at least partially constructed or at least partiallyreconstructed by administering one or more frozen particle compositions,or frozen piercing implements. In one embodiment, the one or more frozenparticle compositions, or frozen piercing implements include at leastone of a therapeutic agent, adhesive agent, biological remodeling agent,explosive material, abrasive, or reinforcement agent.

In one embodiment, the ex vivo biological tissue or organ is at leastpartially constructed or at least partially reconstructed de novo byadministering one or more frozen particle compositions, or frozenpiercing implements. In one embodiment, the one or more frozen particlecompositions, or frozen piercing implements are administered to at leastone substrate. In one embodiment, the at least one substrate includesone or more of a cell, tissue, organ, structure, or device. In oneembodiment, the composition further includes at least one articleincluding an optical, photonic, or electronic article. In oneembodiment, the at least one article is configured to communicate withat least one computer system. In one embodiment, the at least onearticle is configured to monitor at least one characteristic of the atleast one biological tissue or organ. In one embodiment, the at leastone characteristic of the at least one biological tissue or organincludes one or more of: tissue formation, tissue growth, cellproliferation, cell differentiation, apoptosis, dissolution,deterioration, nuclear division, biochemical function of at least onecell, biochemical function of at least one tissue, biochemical functionof at least one organ, structural integrity, structural function,immunological reaction, or durability of the at least one biologicaltissue or organ. In one embodiment, the at least one characteristic ofthe at least one biological tissue or organ includes one or more of:tissue formation associated with at least one substrate, tissue growthassociated with at least one substrate, cell proliferation associatedwith at least one substrate, cell differentiation associated with atleast one substrate, apoptosis associated with at least one substrate,dissolution associated with at least one substrate, deteriorationassociated with at least one substrate, biochemical function of at leastone cell or tissue associated with at least one substrate, structuralintegrity of at least one substrate, structural function of at least onesubstrate, immunological reaction to at least one substrate, ordurability of at least one substrate.

In one embodiment, a composition comprises a support means for aiding inat least partially constructing or at least partially reconstructing atleast one biological tissue or organ; and one or more frozen particlecompositions, or frozen piercing implements as described herein. In oneembodiment, the one or more frozen particle compositions, or frozenpiercing implements include at least one biological remodeling agent,adhesive agent, explosive material, abrasive, reinforcement agent, ortherapeutic agent. In one embodiment, the support means includes atleast one substrate configured for biological tissue formation or tissuegrowth. In one embodiment, the support means includes one or more of acell scaffold, a tissue scaffold, extracellular matrix, methylcellulose,agarose, cellulose, a cell, a polymer, or other substrate. In oneembodiment, the support means includes at least one substrate configuredfor promoting one or more of: cell migration, cell attachment, cellretention, cell differentiation, cell proliferation, apoptosis,diffusion of materials, angiogenesis, nucleic acid expression, proteintranslation, protein modification, protein secretion, carbohydrateproduction, carbohydrate secretion, fat production, or fat secretion.

In one embodiment, the one or more frozen particle compositions, orfrozen piercing implements are deposited on a pre-existing substratescaffolding, such as a flat or honeycomb film. See, for example,Nishikawa et al., Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. Vol. 724 pp, N11.7.1-N11.7.6 (2002). In one embodiment, at least one agent included in one ormore frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercing implements aredeposited such that the scaffolding is formed entirely from suchdeposition.

In one embodiment, the one or more frozen particle compositions, orfrozen piercing implements include one or more cells. In one embodiment,the one or more cells are deposited during administration of the one ormore frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercing implements. In oneembodiment, the one or more frozen particle compositions, or frozenpiercing implements are administered to at least one substrate. In oneembodiment, the one or more cells serve particular functions. In oneembodiment, the one or more cells serve at least one function including:seeding the scaffold, populating the tissue, reducing an immunereaction, facilitating tissue function, promoting cellular or tissueformation, promoting cellular or tissue proliferation, promotingcellular or tissue differentiation, promoting cellular or tissueapoptosis, modulating diffusion of materials, or increasing tissuegrowth.

In one embodiment, at least one scaffold, or other substrate is at leastpartially generated in at least one of in vitro, in vivo, ex vivo, inutero, or in planta. In one embodiment, one or more cells are utilizedfor seeding at least one scaffold in at least one of in vitro, in vivo,ex vivo, in utero, or in planta. In one embodiment, the scaffold orother substrate is at least partially generated in at least one of invitro, in vivo, ex vivo, in utero, or in planta, and subsequently istransplanted or implanted into at least one subject. In one embodiment,the subject includes the same subject in which the scaffold or othersubstrate was at least partially generated. In one embodiment, whereinthe scaffold or other substrate is transplanted or implanted, thescaffold or other substrate is modified in vitro, in vivo, ex vivo, inutero, or in planta prior to transplantation or implantation into atleast one subject. In one embodiment, the at least one scaffold or atleast one remodeled or reconstructed tissue is transplanted or implantedone or more times. In at least on embodiment, at least one substrate,including at least one tissue scaffold, is at least partially generatedin vivo, and subsequently relocated within the same subject. (See, forexample, Ripamonti et al., J. Anat. Vol. 209, pp. 447-468 (2006), whichis incorporated herein by reference.)

In one embodiment, construction, reconstruction, or remodeling of atleast one biological tissue or organ includes at least one of designinga blueprint or model. In one embodiment, the blueprint or model includesa software representation containing bio-information, graphicalrepresentation, physical or material information, or anatomic orgeometric information. In one embodiment, the blueprint or modelincludes a process model, including a software representation thatcontains the printing operation control commands, process planning, ortoolpath generated for the blueprint or model and machine hardware andcontrol system. In one embodiment, the blueprint or model includes aprocess machine, including at least one of a hardware representationthat is capable of printing; and a tissue or organ culture system thatis capable of maintaining or growing the printed living biologicaltissues. In one embodiment, the three dimensional organ or tissueprinting with one or more frozen particle compositions, or frozenpiercing implements includes at least one of pre-processing ordeveloping plots or blueprints for the tissue or organ; processing oractual organ printing; or post-processing or organ conditioning andaccelerated organ maturation.

In one embodiment, the blueprint or model includes a description orrepresentation of details of organ anatomy, morphology, tissueheterogeneity, or vascular systems at different tissue or organorganizational scales. In one embodiment, deposition of at least onetissue remodeling agent includes a process planning program controlsystem. In one embodiment, a toolpath program is included. In certaininstances, the blueprint or model provides at least one description ofthe anatomy, geometry, internal architecture of an organ or tissue ofinterest (including tissue heterogeneity), individual tissue geometryand boundary distinction within the tissue or organ of interest; atleast one definition of vascular networks and three dimensional topologyin an organ of interest; or at least one database of information basedon organ or tissue geometry, heterogeneity, and vascular network usedfor toolpath or other program generation of three-dimensional cell ororgan printing.

In one embodiment, the blueprint or model is constructed from threedimensional organ anatomy, tomography, or geometry information providedby medical imaging data (for example, as provided for by CT, PET, MRI,ultrasound, x-ray, multiphoton calcium-imaging, or other imaging). Suchimages can be modified, simulated, transformed, processed (e.g.,electronically processed), or modeled by a computer system, including bycomputer program, such as NURBS, polygonal modeling, or splines andpatches modeling. (See, for example, Sun et al, Ibid.) For example,Boolean, scaling, Gaussian smoothing, homomorphic filtering, parametricestimation techniques, Monte Carlo simulations, wavelet based methods,smoothing, mirroring, gradient weighted partial differential equationsmoothing (PDE), or other operations can be used to modify a CAD orother design. (See, for example, U.S. Patent Application Publication No.20060233454, and U.S. Pat. No. 7,353,153, U.S. Pat. No. 7,212,958; eachof which is incorporated herein by reference.) In one embodiment, acomputer system utilized in at least partial tissue construction,reconstruction, or remodeling includes at least one software programinterface to convert the CAD design or device into a heterogeneousmaterial or assembly for formation of the tissue or organ by depositionof at least one agent included in one or more frozen particlecompositions, or frozen piercing implements, or administration of one ormore frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercing implements. (See,for example, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20060105011, whichis incorporated herein by reference.) In one embodiment, processingresults include utilizing one or more of algorithmic execution, logicaldecision-making, or result prediction.

In one embodiment, one or more adjacent areas of constructed orreconstructed tissues or organs include similar biological remodelingagents. In one embodiment, one or more adjacent areas of constructed orreconstructed tissues or organs include different biological remodelingagents. In one embodiment, one or more substrate scaffolds are utilizedto at least partially construct, at least partially reconstruct, or atleast partially remodel at least one tissue or at least one organ. Inone embodiment, the one or more substrate scaffolds include lowmicroporosity, for strong structural or mechanical load, while one ormore adjacent areas include high microporosity as well as embeddedangiogenic factors, cytokines, cells, or other agents for seeding thestructural component(s).

In one embodiment, three-dimensional CAD based models of the desiredtissue are capable of being modified by Boolean operations, or separatedinto components or elements that each are independently exportable tofreeform-fabrication technologies. In one embodiment, heterogeneousblocks are assembled brick-like into a tissue or organ. In oneembodiment, solid structural models are manufactured out of substratematerials including for example, quartz or Teflon®. The models are theninfiltrated with vasculature, living tissue, cells, or other agents.(See, for example, Sun et al, Ibid.)

In one embodiment, a method or means for performing the same includesaccepting a first input associated with at least one characteristic ofat least one biological tissue to be at least partially constructed orat least partially reconstructed; accepting a second input associatedwith at least one parameter of at least partially constructing or atleast partially reconstructing the at least one biological tissue byadministering one or more frozen particle compositions, or frozenpiercing implements including at least one agent; and processing resultsof the first input and the second input. In one embodiment, the methodor means for performing the method is implemented by a computer,including a computer system.

In one embodiment, the processing results of the first input and thesecond input includes electronically processing results of the firstinput and the second input. In one embodiment, the processing results ofthe first input and the second input includes electronically processingresults of the first input and the second input by utilizing one or moreof Gaussian smoothing, scaling, homomorphic filtering, parametricestimation techniques, Boolean operations, Monte Carlo simulations,wavelet based techniques, mirroring, smoothing, gradient weightedpartial differential equation smoothing, NURBS, polygonal modeling,algorithmic execution, logical decision-making, result prediction,splines and patches modeling, or modification of a CAD design.

In one embodiment, the at least one agent includes one or more of atherapeutic agent, adhesive agent, abrasive, reinforcement agent,explosive material, or biological remodeling agent. In one embodiment,the administering one or more frozen particle compositions, or frozenpiercing implements includes administering the one or more frozenparticle compositions, or frozen piercing implements to at least onesubstrate. In one embodiment, the at least one substrate includes one ormore of a cell, tissue, organ, structure, or device.

In one embodiment, the first input includes one or more values relatedto the at least one characteristic of at least one biological tissue. Inone embodiment, the first input includes one or more spatial addressesassociated with the at least one characteristic of at least onebiological tissue. In one embodiment, the first input includes one ormore of x, y, or z coordinates associated with the at least onecharacteristic of at least one biological tissue. In one embodiment, theat least one characteristic of at least one biological tissue to beconstructed or reconstructed includes one or more of: morphologicalfeature, anatomical feature, histological feature, tissue hierarchicallevel, scaffold feature, vascular structure feature, heterogenous tissuefeature, mechanical feature, volumetric feature, geometric feature,volumetric representation, mechanical feature, deformation, kinematicfeature, surface contour feature, cytometric feature, cell aggregation,cell growth, cell-cell interaction, cell-tissue interaction, biomimeticdesign, cell pattern, cell deposition, organ hierarchical level, tissuemicrostructure, cellular microstructure, cell junction feature, tissuejunction feature, cell-tissue classification, hard tissueclassification, soft tissue classification, tumor diagnosis, or otherfeature.

In one embodiment, the first input includes one or more temporaladdresses associated with the at least one characteristic of at leastone biological tissue. In one embodiment, the first input includes oneor more values derived from at least one image of the at least onebiological tissue. In one embodiment, the at least one image includesone or more images acquired by one or more of laser, holography, x-raycrystallography, optical coherence tomography, computer-assistedtomography scan, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging,positron-emission tomography scan, ultrasound, x-ray,electrical-impedance monitoring, microscopy, spectrometry, flowcytommetry, radioisotope imaging, thermal imaging, multiphotoncalcium-imaging, photography, or in silico generation.

In one embodiment, the at least one characteristic of at least onebiological tissue includes one or more of cellular type, cellularfunction, cellular size, cellular constitution, cellular architecture,cellular durability, cellular source, tissue type, tissue constitution,tissue size, tissue shape, tissue function, tissue architecture, tissuesource, tissue durability, organ type, organ constitution, organ size,organ shape, organ function, organ architecture, organ source, or organdurability. In one embodiment, the at least one biological tissue islocated in at least one of in situ, in vitro, in vivo, in utero, inplanta, in silico, or ex vivo. In one embodiment, the at least onebiological tissue is at least partially located in at least one subject.

In one embodiment, the method or means for performing the method furthercomprises accepting a third input associated with at least one featureof the at least one subject. In one embodiment, the at least one featureof the at least one subject includes one or more of age, gender,genotype, phenotype, proteomic profile, or health condition.

In one embodiment, the first input includes one or more values derivedfrom at least one image of the at least one biological tissue at leastpartially located in at least one subject. In one embodiment, theprocessing results of the first input and the second input includesdetermining at least one parameter of at least partially constructing orat least partially reconstructing the at least one biological tissuewith one or more frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercingimplements from one or more values derived from at least one image ofthe at least one biological tissue.

In one embodiment, the second input includes one or more values relatedto the at least one parameter of at least partially constructing or atleast partially reconstructing the at least one biological tissue byadministering one or more frozen particle compositions, or frozenpiercing implements to the at least one substrate. In one embodiment,the at least one parameter of at least partially constructing or atleast partially reconstructing the at least one biological tissueincludes one or more of porosity of the at least one substrate, poresize of the at least one substrate, interconnectivity of the pores ofthe at least one substrate, transport properties of the at least onesubstrate, cell-tissue formation of the at least one substrate,mechanical strength of the at least one substrate, ability forattachment or distribution of the at least one agent included in the oneor more frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercing implements tothe at least one substrate, ability for attachment or distribution ofone or more cells or tissues to the at least one substrate, facilitationof at least one nutrient, or tissue formation or tissue growthassociated with the at least one substrate.

In one embodiment, the one or more values related to the at least oneparameter of constructing or reconstructing the at least one biologicaltissue includes one or more predictive values. In one embodiment, the atleast one parameter of at least partially constructing or at leastpartially reconstructing the at least one biological tissue byadministering one or more frozen particle compositions, or frozenpiercing implements includes one or more of design of plot or model foradministration of one or more frozen particle compositions, or frozenpiercing implements, constitution of the one or more frozen particlecompositions, or frozen piercing implements, formulation of the one ormore frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercing implements, sizeof the one or more frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercingimplements, shape of the one or more frozen particle compositions, orfrozen piercing implements, angle of administration of the one or morefrozen particle compositions, or frozen piercing implements, velocity ofadministration of the one or more frozen particle compositions, orfrozen piercing implements, quantity of frozen particle compositions, orfrozen piercing implements administered, rate of administration of morethan one frozen particle composition, spatial location foradministration of one or more frozen particle compositions, or frozenpiercing implements, temporal location for administration of one or morefrozen particle compositions, or frozen piercing implements, method ormeans for administration of one or more frozen particle compositions, orfrozen piercing implements, timing of administration of one or morefrozen particle compositions, or frozen piercing implements, modulationof administration of one or more frozen particle compositions, or frozenpiercing implements, deposition of one or more frozen particlecompositions, or frozen piercing implements, or rate of deposition of atleast one agent.

In one embodiment, the at least one parameter of at least partiallyconstructing or at least partially reconstructing the at least onebiological tissue by administering one or more frozen particlecompositions, or frozen piercing implements includes at least oneparameter relating to at least partially ablating or at least partiallyabrading one or more surfaces of the at least one biological tissue withthe one or more frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercingimplements. In one embodiment, the at least one parameter of at leastpartially constructing or at least partially reconstructing the at leastone biological tissue by administering one or more frozen particlecompositions, or frozen piercing implements includes at least oneparameter relating to administering at least one of a therapeutic agent,adhesive agent, biological remodeling agent, reinforcement agent,abrasive, or explosive material with the one or more frozen particlecompositions, or frozen piercing implements. In one embodiment, thespatial location for administration of one or more frozen particlecompositions, or frozen piercing implements includes one or more of x,y, or z coordinates.

In one embodiment, the processing results includes comparing at leastone value related to the first input associated with the at least onecharacteristic of at least one biological tissue to be at leastpartially constructed or at least partially reconstructed with at leastone value related to at least one image of a target biological tissue.In one embodiment, the image of a target biological tissue includes animage of a similar biological tissue, or an image of a dissimilarbiological tissue. In one embodiment, administering one or more frozenparticle compositions, or frozen piercing implements includes depositingthe at least one agent on the at least one substrate. In one embodiment,processing results includes comparing at least one value related to thesecond input associated with the at least one parameter of at leastpartially constructing or at least partially reconstructing the at leastone biological tissue with at least one value related to anotheradministration of one or more frozen particle compositions, or frozenpiercing implements.

In one embodiment, processing results includes determining one or moredifferences in at least one value related to the first input and atleast one value related to at least one image of the at least onebiological tissue or a similar biological tissue. In one embodiment,processing results includes determining one or more differences in atleast one value related to the second input associated with the at leastone parameter of at least partially constructing or at least partiallyreconstructing the at least one biological tissue and at least one valuerelated to another administration of one or more frozen particlecompositions, or frozen piercing implements to the at least onesubstrate. In one embodiment, processing results includes generating oneor more protocols for administering the one or more frozen particlecompositions, or frozen piercing implements. Other related embodimentsare described in detail herein.

As described herein, at least one frozen particle composition ortherapeutic composition described herein is useful in one or moremethods or means for performing the method(s), including one or more ofa method for abrasion of at least one biological tissue surface of asubject by delivering at least one composition to at least one surfaceof at least one biological tissue of a subject in a manner sufficient toabrade the at least one surface of the at least one biological tissue; amethod of delivering at least one therapeutic agent to at least onebiological tissue; a method of vaccinating a subject; a method oftreating a tissue related to transplantation; a method for cleaning oneor more wounds; a method for oxygenating wounds; a method fordebridement of tissue or cells; a method for removing material from oneor more blood vessel, and others. These and other methods includeutilizing one or more composition or therapeutic composition describedherein.

In one embodiment, a method of providing at least one agent to at leastone biological tissue of a subject comprises administering at least onefrozen particle composition, frozen piercing implement, or frozenpiercing implement device to at least one biological tissue, wherein theat least one frozen particle composition, frozen piercing implement, orfrozen piercing implement device includes one or more frozen particlesdefining at least one cavity and at least one agent; and the at leastone cavity containing at least one agent.

In one embodiment, a method of vaccinating a subject comprisesadministering to at least one biological tissue of a subject at leastone frozen particle composition, frozen piercing implement, or frozenpiercing implement device, wherein the at least one frozen particlecomposition, frozen piercing implement, or frozen piercing implementdevice includes one or more frozen particles defining at least onecavity; the at least one cavity containing at least one vaccine. In oneembodiment, a method of vaccinating at least one substrate, such as abiological tissue, includes administering to the substrate at least onefrozen particle composition, frozen piercing implement, or frozenpiercing implement device, wherein the at least one frozen particlecomposition, frozen piercing implement, or frozen piercing implementdevice includes one or more frozen particles defining at least onecavity; the at least one cavity containing at least one vaccine.

In one embodiment, a method of providing at least one frozen particlecomposition or frozen piercing implement to at least one biologicaltissue of a subject comprises administering at least one frozen particlecomposition or frozen piercing implement to at least one biologicaltissue, wherein the at least one frozen particle composition or frozenpiercing implement includes one or more frozen particles including atleast one cavity configured for holding at least one agent.

In one embodiment, a method for abrasion of at least one biologicaltissue surface of a subject includes delivering at least one composition(frozen particle composition, frozen piercing implement, etc.) to atleast one surface of at least one biological tissue of a subject in amanner sufficient to abrade the at least one surface of the at least onebiological tissue. As discussed herein, particular methods are disclosedfor abrading or ablating at least one surface of at least one biologicaltissue.

In one particular example, skin abrasion for superficial resurfacing(e.g., microdermabrasion) can be used to treat acne, scars,hyperpigmentation, and other skin blemishes, as described herein.Microscissuining creates microchannels in the skin by eroding the outerlayers of skin with sharp microscopic metal granules (CarlisleScientific, Carlisle, Mass.), and Med Pharm Ltd (Charlbury, UK) hasdeveloped a novel dermal abrasion device (D3S) for the delivery ofdifficult to formulate therapeutics ranging from hydrophilic lowmolecular weight compounds to other biopharmaceuticals, and can beutilized in conjunction with administration of at least one compositiondescribed herein. See e.g., Roberts, et al., Clin. Exp. Pharmacol.Physiol. vol. 24, pp. 874-9 (1997); Murthy, et al., J. Controlled Rel.vol. 93, pp. 49-57 (2003); each of which is incorporated herein byreference.

Abrading at least one surface of at least one biological tissue mayentail debridement of at least one biological tissue. In certaininstances, debridement may include removal or destruction of dead,damaged, or infected cells or tissues. In certain instances, debridementcan be included as part of an additional course of treatment (e.g.,surgery). In one embodiment, debridement may include penetrating one ormore healthy cells or tissues in order to facilitate healing. In oneembodiment, debridement may include penetrating one or more healthycells or tissues near in proximity to one or more unhealthy cells ortissues of a subject.

In one embodiment, one or more of the debridement methods describedherein include penetrating one or more cells or biological tissues of asubject with at least one frozen particle composition, frozen piercingimplement (or therapeutic composition), wherein the one or more cells ortissues are chemically or physically partitioned or segregated from atleast one other part of the tissue or another tissue. In one embodiment,a method for debridement of at least one biological tissue of a subjectincludes delivering at least one frozen particle composition, frozenpiercing implement, or therapeutic composition to at least onebiological tissue of a subject wherein the at least one biologicaltissue is partitioned from another biological tissue or part of anotherbiological tissue, and at least one frozen particle composition, frozenpiercing implement, or therapeutic composition penetrates the at lastone biological tissue with or without removing any tissue.

As described herein, in certain instances, a therapeutic agent isincluded with the at least one frozen particle composition to form atherapeutic composition, as described herein. In certain instances, oneor more reinforcement agents or one or more explosive materials can beincluded in the at least one frozen particle composition or therapeuticcomposition.

In one embodiment, a method for removing one or more materials from atleast one biological tissue includes delivering or administering atleast one frozen particle composition, frozen piercing implement, frozenpiercing implement device, or therapeutic composition to the at leastone biological tissue. In one embodiment, the at least one biologicaltissue includes one or more tissues described herein. In one embodiment,the one or more materials may include one or more materials describedherein.

In one embodiment, a method for removing one or more materials from atleast one blood vessel of at least one subject includes delivering atleast one composition to at least one blood vessel of a subject in amanner sufficient to remove one or more materials.

In certain instances, a method for abrasion of at least one biologicaltissue or organ surface related to transplantation is included. In oneembodiment, the at least one biological tissue or organ includes one ormore of the biological tissues or organs described herein.

In one embodiment, delivering at least one composition to at least onesurface of at least one biological tissue of a subject includescontacting the at least one surface of at least one biological tissue ofa subject with the composition. In one embodiment, delivering at leastone composition to at least one surface of at least one biologicaltissue of a subject includes contacting the at least one surface of atleast one biological tissue of a subject with the one or more frozenparticle compositions, or frozen piercing implements. In one embodiment,delivering at least one composition to at least one surface of at leastone biological tissue of a subject includes rupturing one or more cellsof at least one surface of at least one biological tissue of a subjectwith the one or more frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercingimplements.

In one embodiment, a method described herein includes extracting orcollecting material from the at least one abraded surface of at leastone biological tissue. Such extraction or collection may include the useof at least one vacuum, aspirator, container, instrument, tool, device,chemical, laser, stylet, cannula, light source, scope (e.g.,laprascope), needle, scalpel, shunt, stent, bag, film, filter, suctionapparatus, tube, compressed gas, fluid (e.g., fluid stream or mist),magnifying apparatus; imaging device, vapor deposition, film deposition,computing device, or system.

In one embodiment, at least one of the needle, scalpel, or other toolsor instruments utilized in extracting or collecting material from the atleast one cell, tissue, or subject, includes one or more frozen particlecompositions, or frozen piercing implements (e.g., frozen hydrogenoxide, or other agents as described herein). Thus, the one or morefrozen particle compositions, or frozen piercing implements arefashioned or molded for use as microneedles or other instruments (e.g.,scapels, blades, tools, etc.). In one embodiment, the one or more frozenparticle compositions, or frozen piercing implements are administeredprior to, during, or subsequent to surgery. In one embodiment, the oneor more frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercing implements areadministered during surgery, and just prior to closing the surgicalsetting.

In one embodiment, the extracted or collected material includes at leastone organic or inorganic material. In one embodiment, the materialincludes one or more cells from the at least one abraded surface of atleast one biological tissue. In one embodiment, the at least onematerial includes at least part of a: cell, granuloma, eschar, callus,atheromatous plaque, abscess, pustule, infected tissue, scaling,microorganism, blood clot, embolus, blood vessel obstruction, ductobstruction, bowel obstruction, necrotic tissue, stratum corneum, hairfollicle, nevus, wrinkle, keloid, biofilm, calculus, plaque, tartar,dandruff, keratin, collagen, dust, dirt, metal, glass, hair or fur,cellular secretion, microorganism, blood cell, blood gas, bloodcomponent, organelle, cell membrane, cell nucleus, particulate matter,or connective tissue.

In one embodiment, the at least one material includes at least one of:enzyme, acid, amino acid, peptide, polypeptide, protein,oligonucleotide, nucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, oligosaccharide,polysaccharide, glycopeptide, glycolipid, lipoprotein, sphingolipid,glycosphingolipid, glycoprotein, peptidoglycan, lipid, carbohydrate,metalloprotein, proteoglycan, chromosome, adhesion molecule, cytokine,chemokine, immunoglobulin, antibody, antigen, platelet, extracellularmatrix, blood plasma, cell wall, hormone, organic compound, inorganiccompound, salt, or cell ligand.

In one embodiment, the at least one material includes at least one of:glucose, lactate, urea, uric acid, glycogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide,carbon monoxide, ketone, nitric oxide, nitrous oxide, alcohol, alkaloid,opioid, cannabinol, endorphin, epinephrine, dopamine, serotonin,nicotine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, anabolic steroid, hydrocodone,hemoglobin, heparin, clotting factor, tumor antigen, pH, albumin, ATP,NADH, FADH₂, pyruvate, sulfur, mercury, lead, creatinine, cholesterol,alpha-fetoprotein, chorionic gonadotropin, estrogen, progesterone,testosterone, thyroxine, melatonin, calcitonin, antimullerian hormone,adiponectin, angiotensin, cholecystokinin, corticotrophin-releasinghormone, erythropoietin, bilirubin, creatine, follicle-stimulatinghormone, gastrin, ghrelin, glucagon, gonadotropin-releasing hormone,inhibin, growth hormone, growth hormone-releasing hormone, insulin,human placental lactogen, oxytocin, orexin, luteinizing hormone, leptin,prolactin, somatostatin, thrombopoietin, cortisol, aldosterone,estradiol, estriol, estrone, leukotriene, brain natriuretic peptide,neuropeptide Y, histamine, vitamin, mineral, endothelin, renin,enkephalin, DHEA, DHT, alloisoleucine, toxic substance, illegalsubstance, therapeutic agent, or any metabolite thereof.

As indicated herein, in one embodiment, a method for providing at leastone therapeutic agent to at least one biological tissue of a subject isincluded. In one embodiment, the at least one therapeutic agent isdelivered to at least one biological tissue prior to, during, orsubsequent to surgery. In certain instances, at least one therapeuticagent includes one or more therapeutic agents described herein. In oneembodiment, a method of providing at least one therapeutic agent to atleast one biological tissue of a subject includes delivering at leastone composition to at least one biological tissue, including one or morefrozen hydrogen oxide particles including at least one therapeuticagent; wherein the at least one composition has at least one crystallineor amorphous phase.

As disclosed herein for other embodiments, a method of vaccinating asubject includes administering at least one composition that includes atleast one vaccine, as well as one or more abrasives, one or morereinforcement agents, or one or more explosive materials. In oneembodiment, the vaccine described herein relates to a therapeutic orprophylactic vaccine, and in certain instances the vaccine relates to ananti-cancer vaccine. In one embodiment, the one or more abrasives arethe same as the one or more reinforcement agents, or the one or moreexplosive materials. In one embodiment, the one or more abrasives aredifferent than the one or more reinforcement agents. In one embodiment,the one or more abrasives are different than the one or more explosivematerials.

In certain instances, for example with at least one vaccine compositionor method relate to vaccinating wildlife animals (e.g. vaccinatingraccoons for rabies, or bison for brucellosis). In certain instances,the vaccine compositions, and methods described herein relate tovaccinating domesticated animals (such as cattle, horses, sheep, orgoats). In certain instances, vaccine compositions and methods describedherein relate to vaccinating a group of subjects, such as a population,a herd, a pride, a gaggle, a pack, flock, band, cluster, school, brood,troop, colony, or other group. In certain instances, vaccinating a groupof subjects is included as a route to regulate or control infectionwithin a group of subjects.

In one embodiment, the one or more frozen particle compositions, orfrozen piercing implements are delivered or administered to the at leastone substrate, such as at least one biological tissue, in a directedmanner such that the tissue is etched, tattooed, shaped, carved, orotherwise modified. In one embodiment, the directed manner ispredetermined based on information, such as from the at least onebiological tissue, the subject, the at least one frozen particlecomposition, the context of the debridement, the health of thebiological tissue, the health of the subject, or other information.

Frozen Piercing Implements

In one embodiment, a frozen piercing implement includes one or moremeans for piercing at least one substrate, means for delivering at leastone agent to at least one substrate, or means for sensing or extractingat least one material from at least one substrate.

In one embodiment, the frozen piercing implement comprises a sterilefrozen hydrogen oxide implement configured for piercing at least part ofat least one substrate.

In one embodiment, the sterile frozen hydrogen oxide is substantially inone or more phases including at least one of amorphous solid water, lowdensity amorphous ice, high density amorphous ice, very high densityamorphous ice, clathrate ice, hyperquenched glassy water, ice Ic, iceIh, ice II, ice III, ice IV, ice V, ice VI, ice VII, ice VIII, ice IX,ice X, ice XI, ice XII, ice XIII, ice XIV, or ice XV.

In one embodiment, the frozen piercing implement includes at least onesterile frozen solution, the solution including at least one agent;wherein the frozen piercing implement is configured for piercing atleast part of at least one substrate.

In one embodiment, the frozen piercing implement includes at least onenon-hydrogen oxide frozen solvent; wherein the frozen piercing implementis configured for piercing at least one substrate; and wherein thefrozen piercing implement is substantially solid at approximately 65°C., approximately 60° C., approximately 55° C., approximately 50° C.,approximately 45° C., approximately 40° C., approximately 37° C.,approximately 35° C., approximately 30° C., approximately 25° C.,approximately 20° C., approximately 15° C., approximately 10° C.,approximately 5° C., approximately 0° C., approximately −5° C.,approximately −10° C., approximately −15° C., approximately −20° C.,approximately −25° C., approximately −30° C., approximately −40° C.,approximately −50° C., approximately −60° C., approximately −70° C.,approximately −80° C., approximately −90° C., approximately −100° C.,approximately −120° C., approximately −150° C., approximately −170° C.,approximately −200° C., approximately −250° C., or any temperaturetherebetween. In one embodiment, the at least one non-hydrogen-oxidefrozen solvent includes at least one of acetone, ethyl acetate, dimethylsulfoxide, dimethyl formamide, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile,acetic acid, n-butanol, isopropanol, n-propanol,hexamethylphosphorotriamide, perfluorohydrocarbon, methanol, ethanol,tert-butyl alcohol, formic acid, hydrogen fluoride, ammonia, benzene,carbon tetrachloride, acetonitrile, hexane, dichloromethane, methylenechloride, carboxylic acid, saline, standard saline citrate, methane,toluene, chloroform, or diethyl ether. In one embodiment, the frozenpiercing implement further comprises at least one of polyethyleneglycol, Ringer's solution, lactated Ringer's solution, Hartmann'ssolution, acetated Ringer's solution, phosphate buffered solution,TRIS-buffered saline solution, Hank's balanced salt solution, Earle'sbalanced salt solution, HEPES-buffered saline, dextrose, or glucose.

In one embodiment, the frozen piercing implement, comprises: at leastone sterile frozen component and at least one agent; wherein the atleast one component is substantially in a gaseous state at or aboveapproximately 0.25 bar, approximately 0.5 bar, approximately 1.0 bar,approximately 5.0 bar, approximately 10.0 bar, approximately 25 bar,approximately 50 bar, approximately 100 bar, approximately 200 bar, orapproximately 500 bar pressure; and at or above approximately 10° C.,approximately 15° C., approximately 20° C., approximately 25° C.,approximately 30° C., approximately 37° C., approximately 40° C.,approximately 45° C., or approximately 50° C.; and wherein the at leastone frozen piercing implement is configured for piercing at least onesubstrate. In one embodiment, the at least one component includes one ormore of nitrogen, helium, neon, xenon, oxygen, air, krypton, chlorine,bromine, or argon.

In one embodiment, the frozen piercing implement has at least one majordimension of approximately one centimeter or less, approximately onemillimeter or less, approximately one micrometer or less, approximatelyone nanometer, or any value therebetween. In one embodiment, the frozenpiercing implement is substantially in the form of one or more frozenparticles. In one embodiment, the at least one major dimension includesat least one of a radius, diameter, length, width, height, or perimeter.

In one embodiment, the frozen piercing implement is configured fordelivering at least one agent to the at least one substrate. Asdescribed herein, the at least one agent includes at least one of atherapeutic agent, explosive material, reinforcement agent, adhesiveagent, biological remodeling agent, or abrasive. In one embodiment, theat least one agent includes at least one of a nontoxic, biocompatible,bioresorbable, or biodegradable agent. In one embodiment, the at leastone agent includes at least one sterile or sterilizing agent. In oneembodiment, the at least one sterilizing agent includes at least oneantimicrobial compound. In one embodiment, the at least one sterilizingagent includes at least one antiseptic. In one embodiment, the at leastone agent is included as an outer coating of the frozen piercingimplement. In one embodiment, the at least one agent is encapsulatedwithin the frozen piercing implement. In one embodiment, the at leastone agent is included as part of a carrier that assists in synthesis oractivation of the at least one agent. In one embodiment, the at leastone agent includes one or more components that are inactive. In oneembodiment, the one or more components are configured to be activated byadministration. In one embodiment, the at least one agent includes oneor more of a prodrug or precursor compound.

In one embodiment, the frozen piercing implement is substantially solidat approximately 0° C., approximately −10° C., approximately −20° C.,approximately −30° C., approximately −40° C., approximately −50° C.,approximately −60° C., approximately −70° C., approximately −75° C.,approximately −80° C., approximately −85° C., approximately −90° C.,approximately −95° C., approximately −100° C., approximately −120° C.,approximately −150° C., approximately −180° C., approximately −200° C.,approximately −220° C., approximately −250° C., or any temperature lessthan or therebetween.

In one embodiment, the frozen piercing implement includes at least onecavity. In one embodiment, at least one agent is located in the at leastone cavity. In one embodiment, the frozen piercing implement includes atleast two different agents configured to combine upon administration ofthe frozen piercing implement. In one embodiment, the at least twodifferent agents are configured to react upon administration of thefrozen piercing implement. In one embodiment, the at least two differentagents are configured to act cooperatively or synergistically uponadministration of the frozen piercing implement.

In one embodiment, the frozen piercing implement further comprises atleast one detection material. As described herein, in one embodiment,the detection material includes at least one of a contrast agent,sensor, or electronic identification device. In one embodiment, the atleast one electronic identification device includes at least one radiofrequency identification device. In one embodiment, the detectionmaterial includes at least one of a radioactive, luminescent,colorimetric or odorous substance. In one embodiment, the at least oneradioactive, luminescent, colorimetric or odorous substance includes atleast one temperature-sensitive substance. In one embodiment, thedetection material includes at least one of a diamagnetic particle,ferromagnetic particle, paramagnetic particle, super paramagneticcontrast agent, particle with altered isotope, or other magneticparticle.

In one embodiment, the frozen piercing implement includes at least oneconduit configured to deliver at least one electrical charge,electromagnetic energy, or other substances. In one embodiment, thefrozen piercing implement includes one or more cavities or channels. Thecavity can be in the form of a pit, pore, core, coating, or other areaof concentration.

In one embodiment, the at least one channel extends across at least onemajor dimension of the at least one frozen piercing implement. In oneembodiment, the at least one channel includes at least one of an organicor inorganic small molecule, clathrate or caged compound, protocell,coacervate, microsphere, Janus particle, proteinoid, laminate, helicalrod, liposome, macroscopic tube, niosome, sphingosome, toroid, vesiculartube, vesicle, small unilamellar vesicle, large unilamellar vesicle,large multilamellar vesicle, multivesicular vesicle, lipid layer, lipidbilayer, micelle, organelle, cell, membrane, nucleic acid, peptide,polypeptide, protein, glycopeptide, glycolipid, lipoprotein,sphingolipid, glycosphingolipid, glycoprotein, peptidoglycan, lipid,carbohydrate, metalloprotein, proteoglycan, chromosome, nucleus, acid,support structure, buffer, protic solvent, aprotic solvent, nitricoxide, nitrous oxide, nitric oxide synthase, amino acid, micelle,polymer, copolymer, monomer, prepolymer, cell receptor, adhesionmolecule, cytokine, chemokine, immunoglobulin, antibody, antigen,platelet, extracellular matrix, blood, plasma, cell ligand, zwitterionicmaterial, cationic material, oligonucleotide, nanotube, piloxymer,transfersome, gas, element, contaminant, radioactive particle, hormone,microorganism, bacteria, virus, quantum dot, contrast agent, or any partthereof. In one embodiment, a method comprises sensing or extracting atleast one material from the at least one substrate. Thus, the at leastone frozen piercing implement or frozen particle composition can includemethods for chemical testing of a subject (e.g., pharmaceutical drugs,illicit drugs, toxins or poisons, biochemical disorders, or dietarydeficiencies, etc.).

In one embodiment, the at least one channel is configured to deliver atleast one agent or at least one detection material to the at least onesubstrate. In one embodiment, the at least one channel is configured todeliver at least one agent, or detection material by at least one of:van der Waals forces, gravitational force, electrostatic energy,hydration attraction, hydration repulsion, hydrophobic attraction,hydrophobic repulsion, diffusion, osmosis, mechanical pump,electroosmosis, electrophoresis, convection, sublimation, hydroloysis,magnetic attraction or repulsion, capillary action, pressure gradient,concentration gradient, electricity, ultrasound, receptor binding, heat,chemical, chemical reaction, tunablemicrolens or nanolens, gate orvalve, or external applied force.

In one embodiment, the external applied force includes one or more ofphysical propulsion, thermal displacement, laminar flow, turbulent flow,x-rays, gamma rays, electron beams, proton beams, or acoustic dropletejection. In one embodiment, the at least one channel of the frozenpiercing implement contains at least one agent. In one embodiment, theat least one channel of the frozen piercing implement contains at leastone of an ion exchange material, ion selective material, permeablematerial, solid material, or semi-permeable material. In one embodiment,the wall thickness of the at least one channel is approximately 1 nm,approximately 10 nm, approximately 50 nm, approximately 100 nm,approximately 1 μm, approximately 5 μm, approximately 10 μm,approximately 15 μm, approximately 20 μm, approximately 50 μm,approximately 100 μm, approximately 120 μm, approximately 150 μm,approximately 200 μm, approximately 250 μm, approximately 300 μm,approximately 350 μm, approximately 400 μm, approximately 450 μm,approximately 500 μm, approximately 600 μm, approximately 700 μm,approximately 800 μm, approximately 900 μm, approximately 1 mm,approximately 2 mm, approximately 3 mm, approximately 4 mm,approximately 5 mm, or any value therebetween. In one embodiment, atleast one surface of the at least one channel is substantiallyhydrophobic. In one embodiment, at least one surface of the at least onechannel is substantially hydrophilic.

In one embodiment, the at least one frozen piercing implement includesone or more layers. In one embodiment, the at least one frozen piercingimplement includes at least one layer of a different constitution thanat least one other layer. In one embodiment, the frozen piercingimplement approximates the shape of at least one of a sphere, bullet,flechette, cone, frustum, needle, arrow, spear, diamond, pyramid,cylinder, minie ball, shuttlecock, spiral, bell, pear, crystal, cube,spheroid, tetrahedron, crescent, possesses a high aspect ratio shape, orany combination thereof. In one embodiment, the frozen piercingimplement possesses a high aspect ratio shape from largest to smallestdimension of greater than or approximately equal to 1.1, greater than orapproximately equal to 1.5, greater than or approximately equal to 2.0,greater than or approximately equal to 3.0, greater than orapproximately equal to 5.0, greater than or approximately equal to 10.0,greater than or approximately equal to 20.0, greater than orapproximately equal to 50.0, greater than or approximately equal to100.0, greater than or approximately equal to 1000.0, or any valuetherebetween.

In one embodiment, the at least one implement is configured to melt orevaporate prior to, during, or subsequent to contacting the at least onesubstrate. In one embodiment, the at least one implement is configuredto melt within the at least one substrate. In one embodiment, the atleast one implement is configured to be substantially removed from theat least one substrate. In one embodiment, the at least one implement isconfigured to penetrate at least an outer surface layer of the at leastone substrate.

In one embodiment, the frozen piercing implement includes at least aportion of a piercing instrument. In one embodiment, the frozen piercingimplement includes at least approximately 5%, approximately 10%,approximately 20%, approximately 30%, approximately 40%, approximately50%, approximately 60%, approximately 70%, approximately 80%,approximately 90%, approximately 100%, or any value less than ortherebetween portion of a piercing instrument. In one embodiment, thepiercing instrument includes at least one of metal, wood, plastic,fiberglass, or other material. In one embodiment, the piercinginstrument includes at least one solid internal portion. In oneembodiment, the at least one solid internal portion is sterile. In oneembodiment, the implement includes at least one solid internal portionand at least one sterile frozen hydrogen oxide external coating. In oneembodiment, the frozen external coating is configured to melt orevaporate prior to, during, or subsequent to piercing the at least onesubstrate. In one embodiment, the at least one solid internal portion isconfigured to be removed from the at least one substrate. In oneembodiment, the at least one implement is configured to break off withinthe at least one substrate. In one embodiment, the at least oneimplement is configured to break off due to an applied load. In oneembodiment, the at least one implement is configured to break off due tothermal input. In one embodiment, the thermal input includes at leastone thermal input from at least one internal or external source. In oneembodiment, the at least one external source includes the at least onesubstrate. In one embodiment, the at least one implement is configuredto break off due to at least one weak portion of the implement.

In one embodiment, the frozen piercing implement further includes atleast one non-frozen implement holding device. In one embodiment, the atleast one non-frozen implement holding device includes at least onehandle, robotic arm, or surgical device. In one embodiment, the frozenpiercing implement is approximately solid. In one embodiment, the frozenpiercing implement is approximately semi-permeable. In one embodiment,the frozen piercing implement includes one or more pits or ports. In oneembodiment, the frozen piercing implement includes at least onesubstantially tapered end. In one embodiment, the at least onesubstantially tapered end includes an angle of approximately 30°,approximately 40°, approximately 50°, approximately 60°, approximately70°, approximately 80°, approximately 90°, or any value therebetween orgreater. In one embodiment, the angle includes a wall angle.

In one embodiment, the frozen piercing implement includes at least onesubstantially beveled end. In one embodiment, the at least onesubstantially beveled end includes an angle of approximately 30°,approximately 40°, approximately 50°, approximately 60°, approximately70°, approximately 80°, approximately 90°, or any value therebetween orgreater. In one embodiment, the angle includes a wall angle. In oneembodiment, the frozen piercing implement includes at least onesubstantially jagged or substantially serated end. In one embodiment,the frozen piercing implement substantially approximates at least oneprojection. In one embodiment, the at least one projection substantiallyterminates in at least one tip. In one embodiment, the at least one tipis substantially hollow. In one embodiment, a substantially jagged orserated end includes multiple protrusions or peaks. In one embodiment,the serated or substantially jagged end allows for increased substratepenetration, increased substrate ablation or abrasion, increased endsurface area, or increased carrying capacity for at least one agent.See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,457,041, which is incorporated hereinby reference.

In one embodiment, the radius of the at least one tip is approximately 1nm, approximately 10 nm, approximately 100 nm, approximately 1 μm,approximately 5 μm, approximately 10 μm, approximately 15 μm,approximately 20 μm, approximately 50 μm, approximately 100 μm,approximately 120 μm, approximately 150 μm, approximately 200 μm,approximately 250 μm, approximately 300 μm, approximately 350 μm,approximately 400 μm, approximately 450 μm, approximately 500 μm,approximately 600 μm, approximately 700 μm, approximately 800 μm,approximately 900 μm, approximately 1 mm, approximately 2 mm,approximately 3 mm, approximately 4 mm, approximately 5 mm, or any valuetherebetween.

In one embodiment, the radius of curvature of the tip is approximately 1nm, approximately 10 nm, approximately 100 nm, approximately 1 μm,approximately 5 μm, approximately 10 μm, approximately 50 μm,approximately 100 μm, approximately 500 μm, approximately 1 mm,approximately 5 mm, or any value therebetween. In one embodiment, thefrozen piercing implement includes at least one port. In one embodiment,the at least one port includes at least one side port. In oneembodiment, the at least one port includes at least one end port. In oneembodiment, the at least one port includes at least one inlet port. Inone embodiment, the at least one inlet port is in fluid communicationwith at least one channel. In one embodiment, the at least one portincludes at least one outlet port. In one embodiment, the at least oneoutlet port is in fluid communication with at least one channel. In oneembodiment, the at least one port includes at least one inlet port influid communication with at least one outlet port.

In one embodiment, the frozen piercing implement is formulated to beadministered to the at least one substrate. In one embodiment, the atleast one substrate includes one or more of a cell, tissue, organ,structure, device, or food product. In one embodiment, the at least onesubstrate includes at least one food product.

In one embodiment, the frozen piercing implement is configured to pierceat least one substrate to a depth of approximately 1 μm, approximately 5μm, approximately 10 μm, approximately 15 μm, approximately 20 μm,approximately 50 μm, approximately 100 μm, approximately 120 μm,approximately 150 μm, approximately 200 μm, approximately 250 μm,approximately 300 μm, approximately 350 μm, approximately 400 μm,approximately 450 μm, approximately 500 μm, approximately 600 μm,approximately 700 μm, approximately 800 μm, approximately 900 μm,approximately 1 mm, approximately 2 mm, approximately 3 mm,approximately 4 mm, approximately 5 mm, or any value therebetween. Inone embodiment, the at least one frozen piercing implement is configuredto abrade or ablate at least one substrate surface. In one embodiment,the plurality of frozen piercing implements is positioned such that eachfrozen piercing implement of the array device contacts a single cell ofat least one biological tissue.

In one embodiment, the piercing includes abrading or ablating at least aportion of the surface of the at least one substrate. In one embodiment,the piercing includes abrading or ablating one or more cells or tissues.

In one embodiment, the at least one frozen piercing implement includesat least one sensor. In one embodiment, the at least one sensor includesat least one sensor configured for detecting at least one of abiochemical, electrical, optical, functional, physical, chemical,biological, or structural characteristic of the at least one material.In one embodiment, the at least one frozen piercing implement isconfigured for extracting at least one material from the at least onesubstrate. In one embodiment, the at least one material includes one ormore of a cell, organic or inorganic small molecule, vesicle, micelle,organelle, cell membrane, nucleic acid, peptide, polypeptide, protein,oligosaccharide, polysaccharide, glycopeptide, glycolipid, lipoprotein,sphingolipid, glycosphingolipid, glycoprotein, peptidoglycan, lipid,carbohydrate, metalloprotein, proteoglycan, chromosome, cell nucleus,amino acid, polymer, cell receptor, adhesion molecule, cytokine,chemokine, immunoglobulin, antibody, antigen, platelet, extracellularmatrix, blood, plasma, cell ligand, zwitterionic material, cationicmaterial, oligonucleotide, transfersome, gas, element, contaminant,radioactive particle, hormone, or any part thereof.

In one embodiment, the at least one frozen piercing implement isconfigured for extracting at least one material from the at least onesubstrate by at least one of: van der Waals forces, gravitational pull,electrostatic energy, hydration attraction, hydration repulsion,hydrophobic attraction, hydrophobic repulsion, magnetic attraction,magnetic repulsion, capillary action, or external applied force. In oneembodiment, the frozen piercing implement further comprises at least oneof an organic or inorganic small molecule, clathrate or caged compound,protocell, coacervate, microsphere, Janus particle, proteinoid,laminate, helical rod, liposome, macroscopic tube, niosome, sphingosome,toroid, vesicular tube, vesicle, small unilamellar vesicle, largeunilamellar vesicle, large multilamellar vesicle, multivesicularvesicle, lipid layer, lipid bilayer, micelle, organelle, cell, membrane,nucleic acid, peptide, polypeptide, protein, glycopeptide, glycolipid,lipoprotein, sphingolipid, glycosphingolipid, glycoprotein,peptidoglycan, lipid, carbohydrate, metalloprotein, proteoglycan,chromosome, nucleus, acid, support structure, buffer, protic solvent,aprotic solvent, nitric oxide, nitrous oxide, nitric oxide synthase,amino acid, micelle, polymer, copolymer, monomer, prepolymer, cellreceptor, adhesion molecule, cytokine, chemokine, immunoglobulin,antibody, antigen, platelet, extracellular matrix, blood, plasma, cellligand, zwitterionic material, cationic material, oligonucleotide,nanotube, piloxymer, transfersome, gas, element, contaminant,radioactive particle, hormone, microorganism, bacteria, virus, quantumdot, contrast agent, or any part thereof.

In one embodiment, the frozen piercing implement includes one or more ofnitrogen, oxygen, air, helium, neon, argon, xenon, chlorine, bromine,carbon dioxide, acetone, ethyl acetate, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylformamide, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile, acetic acid,n-butanol, isopropanol, n-propanol, hexamethylphosphorotriamide,perfluorohydrocarbon, methanol, ethanol, tert-butyl alcohol, formicacid, hydrogen fluoride, ammonia, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, hexane,dichloromethane, methylene chloride, carboxylic acid, saline, standardsaline citrate, methane, toluene, chloroform, polyethylene glycol,acetic acid, Ringer's solution, lactated Ringer's solution, Hartmann'ssolution, acetated Ringer's solution, phosphate buffered solution,TRIS-buffered saline solution, Hank's balanced salt solution, Earle'sbalanced salt solution, standard saline citrate, HEPES-buffered saline,dextrose, glucose, or diethyl ether.

In one embodiment, a plurality of frozen piercing implements isdisclosed. In one embodiment, the frozen piercing implement is includedin at least one frozen piercing implement device. In one embodiment, theat least one frozen piercing implement device includes at least one of afrozen piercing implement array device, frozen piercing implementfluidic device, or frozen piercing implement injection device. In oneembodiment, the frozen piercing implement device includes at least oneof a patch, bandage, shunt, wound dressing, splint, computer mouse,telephone, mobile phone, writing instrument, article of clothing,blanket, pen-type device, other article of manufacture, or medicalinstrument. In one embodiment, the frozen piercing implement deviceincludes at least one cooling element. In one embodiment, the at leastone cooling element includes one or more of a refrigeration mechanism,heat exchanger, thermoelectric, cold plate, low temperature thermalballast, or phase change material.

In one embodiment, the frozen piercing implement includes one or more ofa suspension, mixture, solution, sol, clathrate, colloid, emulsion,microemulsion, aerosol, ointment, capsule, powder, tablet, suppository,cream, device, paste, resin, liniment, lotion, ampule, elixir, spray,syrup, tincture, detection material, polymer, biopolymer, buffer,adjuvant, diluent, lubricant, disintegration agent, suspending agent,solvent, light-emitting agent, colorimetric agent, glidant,anti-adherent, anti-static agent, surfactant, plasticizer, emulsifyingagent, flavor, gum, sweetener, coating, binder, filler, compression aid,encapsulation aid, preservative, granulation agent, spheronizationagent, stabilizer, adhesive, pigment, sorbent, nanoparticle, or gel. Inone embodiment, the frozen piercing implement further comprises at leastone pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier or excipient.

In one embodiment, the frozen piercing implement is substantially in theform of at least one blade. In one embodiment, the at least one blade isat least part of one or more of a knife, razor, scissors, hatchet, saw,rotary device, or scalpel. In one embodiment, the at least one frozenpiercing implement is configured as a tweezers, fork, scriber, graver,spade, screw, needle or pin. In one embodiment, the needle or pininclude at least one macroneedle, macropin, microneedle, micropin,nanoneedle, or nanopin. In one embodiment, the frozen piercing implementis formulated to be administered by one or more of topicaladministration, oral administration, enteral administration, mucosaladministration, percutaneous administration, or parenteraladministration. In one embodiment, the frozen piercing implement isformulated to be administered by high velocity impact. In oneembodiment, the frozen piercing implement is formulated to beadministered by one or more devices.

In certain instances, the frozen piecing implement is utilized incompositions or methods for delivery of at least one agent, includingbut not limited to a therapeutic agent, adhesive agent, reinforcementagent, biological remodeling agent, explosive material, or abrasive.

In one embodiment, the frozen piercing implementation is utilized incompositions or methods for transdermal therapeutic agent delivery,including but not limited to vaccine delivery.

In one embodiment, the frozen piercing implements or tools are utilizedin compositions or methods for electrotherapy, nucleic acid sampling,protein sampling, cell sampling, tissue sampling, nucleic acid analysis,protein analysis, cell analysis, tissue analysis, iontophoresis, orother technique. In one embodiment, the at least one frozen piercingimplement includes at least one of a channel, pump, sensor, injector,actuator, heater, detector, controller, transducer, receiver,transmitter, circuit, lens, tunable lens, valve, gate, nanoparticle,microparticle, power source, or detection material. In one embodiment,the frozen piercing implement includes at least one waveguide thatprovides a path to guide energy waves.

In one embodiment, the frozen piercing implement includes a length ofapproximately 1 μm, approximately 5 μm, approximately 10 μm,approximately 15 μm, approximately 20 μm, approximately 50 μm,approximately 100 μm, approximately 120 μm, approximately 150 μm,approximately 200 μm, approximately 250 μm, approximately 300 μm,approximately 350 μm, approximately 400 μm, approximately 450 μm,approximately 500 μm, approximately 600 μm, approximately 700 μm,approximately 800 μm, approximately 900 μm, approximately 1 mm,approximately 2 mm, approximately 3 mm, approximately 4 mm,approximately 5 mm, approximately 10 mm, approximately 20 mm,approximately 30 mm, approximately 40 mm, approximately 50 mm,approximately 60 mm, approximately 70 mm, approximately 80 mm,approximately 90 mm, approximately 100 mm, approximately 200 mm,approximately 300 mm, approximately 400 mm, approximately 500 mm,approximately 600 mm, approximately 700 mm, approximately 800 mm,approximately 900 mm, approximately 1 cm, approximately 10 cm,approximately 20 cm, or any value therebetween.

In one embodiment, the frozen piercing implement has a substantiallysolid form.

In one embodiment, the frozen piercing implement has a substantiallysemi-permeable form. In one embodiment, the frozen piercing implementincludes at least one channel, providing the frozen piercing implementwith at least one inner diameter and at least one outer diameter.

In one embodiment, the frozen piercing implement includes an outerdiameter of approximately 1 nm, approximately 10 nm, approximately 100nm, approximately 1 μm, approximately 5 μm, approximately 10 μm,approximately 15 μm, approximately 20 μm, approximately 50 μm,approximately 100 μm, approximately 120 μm, approximately 150 μm,approximately 200 μm, approximately 250 μm, approximately 300 μm,approximately 350 μm, approximately 400 μm, approximately 450 μm,approximately 500 μm, approximately 600 μm, approximately 700 μm,approximately 800 μm, approximately 900 μm, approximately 1 mm,approximately 2 mm, approximately 3 mm, approximately 4 mm,approximately 5 mm, approximately 10 mm, approximately 20 mm,approximately 30 mm, approximately 40 mm, approximately 50 mm,approximately 60 mm, approximately 70 mm, approximately 80 mm,approximately 90 mm, approximately 100 mm, approximately 200 mm,approximately 300 mm, approximately 400 mm, approximately 500 mm,approximately 600 mm, approximately 700 mm, approximately 800 mm,approximately 900 mm, approximately 1 cm, approximately 10 cm, or anyvalue therebetween.

In one embodiment, the frozen piercing implement has an inner diameter,and includes an inner diameter of approximately 1 nm, approximately 10nm, approximately 100 nm, approximately 1 μm, approximately 5 μm,approximately 10 μm, approximately 15 μm, approximately 20 μm,approximately 50 μm, approximately 100 μm, approximately 120 μm,approximately 150 μm, approximately 200 μm, approximately 250 μm,approximately 300 μm, approximately 350 μm, approximately 400 μm,approximately 450 μm, approximately 500 μm, approximately 600 μm,approximately 700 μm, approximately 800 μm, approximately 900 μm,approximately 1 mm, approximately 2 mm, approximately 3 mm,approximately 4 mm, approximately 5 mm, approximately 10 mm,approximately 20 mm, approximately 30 mm, approximately 40 mm,approximately 50 mm, approximately 60 mm, approximately 70 mm,approximately 80 mm, approximately 90 mm, approximately 100 mm,approximately 200 mm, approximately 300 mm, approximately 400 mm,approximately 500 mm, approximately 600 mm, approximately 700 mm,approximately 800 mm, approximately 900 mm, approximately 1 cm,approximately 10 cm, or any value therebetween.

In one embodiment, a single frozen piercing implement pierces a singlecell. In one embodiment, a single frozen piercing implement piercesmultiple cells. In one embodiment, a single frozen piercing implementpierces at least one biological tissue. Most cells in an animal, such asa human, are approximately 10-30 μm in diameter, while most plant andfungal cells are approximately 10-100 μm in diameter. Thus, in oneembodiment, at least one of the inner or outer diameter is configured insize according to the targeted cell(s).

In one embodiment, the pressure exerted on a substrate is adjusted foruse of one or more frozen piercing implements. In one embodiment, thepressure exerted on a substrate is increased or decreased in order toadjust the rate of melting, sublimation, evaporation, transformation,activation, etc. of the one or more frozen piercing implements or acomponent thereof.

In one embodiment, the frozen piercing implement is configured to pierceor penetrate at least one substrate. In at least one embodiment, atleast a portion of the at least one substrate includes skin or surfaceof a tissue, organ, or subject's body. In one embodiment, the frozenpiercing implement is configured to pierce or penetrate at least aportion of the stratum corneum, epidermis, or dermis layer of the skin.In one embodiment, the frozen piercing implement is administered priorto, during, or subsequent to surgery.

In one embodiment, the at least one frozen piercing implement isconfigured to substantially form at least one blade. In one embodiment,the at least one blade is at least part of one or more of a knife,razor, scissors, hatchet, saw, rotary device, or scalpel. In oneembodiment, the at least one frozen piercing implement is configured asa tweezers, fork, scriber, graver, spade, needle or pin. In oneembodiment, the needle or pin include at least one macroneedle,macropin, microneedle, micropin, nanoneedle, or nanopin.

The epidermis layer of the skin is approximately 100-150 μm thick, andincludes an outermost layer, the stratum corneum, which is approximately10-15 μm in thickness. In certain areas, the blood vessels are generallypresent more superficially than nerves, which allows for delivery of atleast one agent, or extraction of at least one material from the skinand underlying tissue, largely without activating the nerves andsignaling pain. See, e.g., Kumar and Philip, Trop. J. Pharm Res.6(1):633-644 (2007), which is incorporated herein by reference. Incertain instances, it is desirable to penetrate the epidermis and/ordermis layer of the skin in order to deliver at least one agent(including but not limited to a therapeutic agent) to a subcutaneous,intravenous, or other location beneath the skin. In one embodiment, thefrozen piercing implement is configured to deliver at least one agentbeneath the surface of the skin or outer covering of the tissue, organ,or subject's body. In one embodiment, the frozen piercing implement isconfigured to pierce or penetrate the skin largely without activatingnerves beneath the skin.

In one embodiment, the frozen piercing implement includes at least onefunctionalized surface. In one embodiment, the functionalized surfaceincludes one or more functional groups including but not limited to atleast one of a binding group (e.g., coupling agents, and the like), alinking group (e.g., spacer groups, organic spacer groups, and thelike), or a matrix-forming group. Some examples of binding groupsinclude but are not limited to at least one acrylate, alkoxysilane,alkyl thiol, arene, azido, carboxylate, chlorosilane, alkoxysilane,acetocysilane, silazane, disilazane, disulfide, epoxide, ester,hydrosilyl, isocyanate, phosphoamidite, isonitrile, methacrylate,nitrene, nitrile, quinone, silane, sulfhydryl, thiol, vinyl group, andthe like. Some examples of linking groups include but are not limited toat least on dendrimer, polymer, hydrophilic polymer, hyperbranchedpolymer, poly(amino acid), polyacrylamide, polyacrylate, polyethyleneglycol, polyethylenimine, polymethacrylate, polyphosphazene,carbohydrate, monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide,polysiloxane, polystyrene, polyurethane, propylene, amino acid, nucleicacid, polypeptide, protein, copolymer, block copolymer, and the like.Some examples of matrix-forming groups include but are not limited to atleast one dendrimer polyamine polymer, bovine serum albumin, casein,glycolipid, lipid, heparin, glycosaminoglycan, mucin, surfactant,polyoxyethylene-based surface-active substance (e.g.,polyoxyethlene-polyoxypropylene copolymer, polyoxyethylene 12 tridecylether, polyoxyethylene 18 tridecyl ether, polyoxyethylene 6 tridecylether, polyoxyethylene sorbitan tetraoleate, polyoxyethylene sorbitolhexaoleate, and the like) polyethylene glycol, saccharide,polysaccharide, serum dilution, and the like.

In one embodiment, the one or more functional groups include chargedfunctional groups capable of maintaining a positive or negative chargeover a wide range of pH. Some examples of charged functional groupsinclude but are not limited to at least one cation, anion, amine, acid,halocarbon, sulfonic acid, quaternary amine, metal, —NH₃ ⁺, —COOH,—COO—, —SO₃, CH₂N⁺(CH₃)₃, and the like.

In one embodiment, the one or more frozen piercing implements are testedfor constitution, physical structure, physical integrity, or otherproperty. In one embodiment, the one or more frozen piercing implementsare designed with assistance from at least one computer program orcomputing device.

In one embodiment, a method of administering at least one frozenpiercing implement to at least one substrate comprises contacting atleast one frozen piercing implement with at least one substrate, whereinthe at least one frozen piercing implement includes sterile frozenhydrogen oxide and at least one agent; and wherein the frozen piercingimplement has at least one major dimension of approximately onecentimeter or less, approximately one millimeter or less, approximatelyone micrometer or less, approximately one nanometer or less, or anyvalue therebetween.

In one embodiment, wherein administering the at least one frozenpiercing implement to at least one substrate includes propelling,ejecting, or accelerating the at least one frozen piercing implementtoward the at least one substrate at a predetermined angle, apredetermined velocity, a predetermined rate of administration, apredetermined depth, a predetermined location, a predetermined timesequence, or a predetermined spatial pattern. In one embodiment, themethod further comprises varying the rate, velocity, or angle at whichthe at least one frozen piercing implement is administered to the atleast one substrate. In one embodiment, the method includesadministering the at least one frozen piercing implement to at least onesubstrate by propelling, ejecting, or accelerating a plurality of frozenpiercing implements toward the at least one substrate.

In one embodiment, the frozen piercing implement is configured to pierceor penetrate at least one substrate. Certain examples of substrates areprovided herein. In one embodiment, the temperature of the substrate isadjusted prior to, during, or subsequent to administration of one ormore frozen piercing implements. In one embodiment, the temperature ofthe substrate is increased or decreased in order to adjust the rate, forexample, of melting, sublimation, evaporation, transformation,activation, etc. of the one or more frozen piercing implements or acomponent thereof. In one embodiment, the method further comprisesadjusting the temperature of the at least one substrate prior to,during, or subsequent to administering the one or more frozen piercingimplements to at least approximately 37° C., approximately 36° C.,approximately 35° C., approximately 34° C., approximately 33° C.,approximately 32° C., approximately 31° C., approximately 30° C.,approximately 29° C., approximately 28° C., approximately 27° C.,approximately 26° C., approximately 25° C., approximately 24° C.,approximately 23° C., approximately 22° C., approximately 21° C.,approximately 20° C., approximately 19° C., approximately 18° C.,approximately 17° C., approximately 16° C., approximately 15° C.,approximately 14° C., approximately 13° C., approximately 12° C.,approximately 11° C., approximately 10° C., approximately 9° C.,approximately 8° C., approximately 7° C., approximately 6° C.,approximately 5° C., approximately 4° C., approximately 3° C.,approximately 2° C., approximately 1° C., approximately 0° C., or anytemperature therebetween.

In one embodiment, contacting at least one substrate includes at leastone of cutting, stitching, cauterizing, freezing, perforating,penetrating, ablating, or abrading at least a part of the surface of theat least one substrate. In one embodiment, administering the at leastone substrate occurs in conjunction with cryosurgery, cryotherapy, ormesotherapy.

In one embodiment, contacting at least one substrate affects one or moreof electrical resistance of the at least one substrate, or permeabilityof the at least one substrate. In one embodiment, at least one frozenpiercing implement is administered to at least one substrate as party ofa method for vaccination. In one embodiment, a method of vaccinating asubject comprises administering at least one frozen piercing implementor frozen particle composition described herein.

Frozen Piercing Implement Devices

In one embodiment, at least one frozen piercing implement or frozenparticle composition (including a therapeutic composition) is utilizedto fabricate at least one device. In one embodiment, the frozen piercingimplement device includes at least one array device, fluidic device, orinjection device. In one embodiment, the frozen piercing implementdevice includes at least one of a patch, bandage, shunt, wound dressing,splint, computer mouse, telephone, mobile phone, writing instrument,article of clothing, blanket, pen-type device, other article ofmanufacture, or medical instrument.

In one embodiment, a fluidic device, comprises: a support structure atleast partially defining at least one compartment; and at least onefrozen piercing implement in fluid communication with the at least onecompartment; wherein the at least one frozen piercing implement has atleast one major dimension of approximately one centimeter or less,approximately one millimeter or less, approximately one micrometer orless, approximately one nanometer or less, or any value therebetween.

In one embodiment, an array device, comprises: a support structurehaving a surface; and a plurality of sterile frozen piercing implementsextending substantially outward from the support structure. In oneembodiment, the plurality of sterile frozen piercing implements havingat least one major dimension of approximately one centimeter or less,approximately one millimeter or less, approximately one micrometer orless, approximately one nanometer or less, or any value therebetween.

In one embodiment, an array device comprises: a support structure havinga surface; a plurality of piercing implements extending substantiallyoutward from the surface of the support structure; wherein at least onepiercing implement of the plurality of piercing implements includes afrozen piercing implement. In one embodiment, the at least one frozenpiercing implement has at least one major dimension of approximately onecentimeter or less, approximately one millimeter or less, approximatelyone micrometer or less, approximately one nanometer or less, or anyvalue therebetween.

In one embodiment, a composition, comprises: a plurality of piercingimplement array devices joined together, the piercing implement arraydevices including at least one frozen piercing implement.

In one embodiment, a composition, comprises: a support means for anarray device; wherein the array device includes one or more frozenpiercing implements.

In one embodiment, the plurality of sterile frozen piercing implementshave at least one major dimension of approximately one centimeter orless, approximately one millimeter or less, approximately one micrometeror less, approximately one nanometer, or any value therebetween. In oneembodiment, the plurality of sterile frozen piercing implements extendssubstantially perpendicular to the support structure. In certaininstances, the frozen piercing implements extend through the supportstructure, or from the surface of the support structure. In oneembodiment, the support structure itself includes at least one frozencomposition. In one embodiment, the support structure includes at leastone frozen composition also included in at least one frozen piercingimplement. In one embodiment, the support structure is at leastpartially frozen. In one embodiment, the support structure and at leastone frozen piercing implement of the plurality of frozen piercingimplements include at least one common constituent.

In one embodiment, the plurality of frozen piercing implements arepositioned substantially parallel to each other. In one embodiment, theplurality of frozen piercing implements are positioned substantially ina predetermined spatial pattern. In one embodiment, the predeterminedspatial pattern is at least partially periodic. In one embodiment, theplurality of frozen piercing implements includes an area density ofimplements greater than or approximately equal to 1 μm, greater than orapproximately equal to 10 μm, greater than or approximately equal to 50μm, greater than or approximately equal to 100 μm, greater than orapproximately equal to 500 μm, greater than or approximately equal to 1mm, greater than or approximately equal to 10 mm, greater than orapproximately equal to 50 mm, greater than or approximately equal to 100mm, greater than or approximately equal to 500 mm, greater than orapproximately equal to 1 cm, or any value there between. In oneembodiment, the plurality of frozen piercing implements includeapproximately the same length.

In one embodiment, the length of a frozen piercing implement isassociated with the position or location of the frozen piercingimplement in the array device. In one embodiment, the length of a frozenpiercing implement is actuatable. In one embodiment, at least one frozenpiercing implement is configured to be deactivated. In one embodiment,the at least one frozen piercing implement configured to be deactivatedis deactivated by at least one component of the array device or thefrozen piercing implement. In one embodiment, the at least one frozenpiercing implement configured to be deactivated is deactivated bythermal transfer to the at least one frozen piercing implement.

In one embodiment, the plurality of frozen piercing implements ispositioned as at least a portion of a fluidic or injection device. Inone embodiment, the plurality of frozen piercing implements ispositioned in fluid communication with at least one compartmentconfigured to be mechanically regulated. In one embodiment, at least onefrozen piercing implement of the plurality of frozen piercing implementsincludes one or more of hydrogen oxide, nitrogen, oxygen, air, helium,neon, argon, xenon, chlorine, bromine, carbon dioxide, acetone, ethylacetate, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl formamide, dioxane,tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile, acetic acid, n-butanol, isopropanol,n-propanol, hexamethylphosphorotriamide, perfluorohydrocarbon, methanol,ethanol, tert-butyl alcohol, formic acid, hydrogen fluoride, ammonia,benzene, carbon tetrachloride, hexane, dichloromethane, methylenechloride, carboxylic acid, saline, standard saline citrate, methane,toluene, chloroform, polyethylene glycol, acetic acid, Ringer'ssolution, lactated Ringer's solution, Hartmann's solution, acetatedRinger's solution, phosphate buffered solution, TRIS-buffered salinesolution, Hank's balanced salt solution, Earle's balanced salt solution,standard saline citrate, HEPES-buffered saline, dextrose, glucose, ordiethyl ether.

In one embodiment, at least one frozen piercing implement of theplurality of frozen piercing implements is configured to deliver atleast one agent. In one embodiment, the at least one major dimensionincludes at least one of the radius, diameter, length, width, height, orperimeter. In one embodiment, at least one frozen piercing implement ofthe plurality further comprises at least one agent. In one embodiment,each frozen piercing implement of the plurality includes at least oneagent different than the agent of every other frozen piercing implementof the plurality. In one embodiment, at least one frozen piercingimplement of the plurality includes at least two different agents. Inone embodiment, the device includes at least two different agents. Inone embodiment, the at least one agent includes at least one antigen. Inone embodiment, each frozen piercing implement of the plurality includesat least one antigen. In one embodiment, the at least one antigenincludes at least one allergen. In one embodiment, the frozen piercingimplement is configured for delivering the at least one agent. In oneembodiment, the at least one agent includes at least one of a nontoxic,biocompatible, bioresorbable, or biodegradable agent.

In one embodiment, at least two frozen piercing implements of theplurality of frozen piercing implements have at least one agent incommon. In one embodiment, each frozen piercing implement of theplurality of frozen piercing implements has at least one agent incommon. In one embodiment, each frozen piercing implement of theplurality of frozen piercing implement is different from every otherpiercing implement by varying one or more of: size of implement, shapeof implement, or constitution of implement. In one embodiment, at leasttwo frozen piercing implements of the plurality of frozen piercingimplement differ in one or more of: size of implement, shape ofimplement, or constitution of implement.

As described herein, in one embodiment, at least one of the plurality offrozen peiercing implements is substantially solid at approximately 0°C., approximately −10° C., approximately −20° C., approximately −30° C.,approximately −40° C., approximately −50° C., approximately −60° C.,approximately −70° C., approximately −75° C., approximately −80° C.,approximately −85° C., approximately −90° C., approximately −95° C.,approximately −100° C., approximately −120° C., approximately −150° C.,approximately −180° C., approximately −200° C., approximately −220° C.,approximately −250° C., or any value less than or therebetween. Rangesfor consideration of substantially solid state are provided herein.

In one embodiment, the array device has at least one major dimension ofapproximately one centimeter or less, approximately one millimeter orless, approximately one micrometer or less, approximately one nanometer,or any value therebetween. In one embodiment, the plurality of frozenpiercing implements includes a two dimensional array. In one embodiment,the plurality of frozen piercing implements includes a three dimensionalarray. In one embodiment, the plurality of frozen piercing implementsare arranged in at least one configuration including a regular orirregular shape. In one embodiment, the plurality of frozen piercingimplements are arranged in at least one configuration including at leastone of a rectangle, square, circle, triangle, or polygon.

In one embodiment, at least one frozen piercing implement of theplurality of frozen piercing implements includes at least onefunctionalized surface. In one embodiment, the at least onefunctionalized surface includes one or more functionalities includingone or more of charge functionality, hydrophobic functionality,hydrophilic functionality, chemically reactive functionality, organofunctionality, or wetability. In one embodiment, the at least onefunctionalized surface includes one or more functional groups includingat least one of an agent, alcohol, hydroxyl, amine, aldehyde, dye,ketone, carbonyl, thiol, alkoxysilane, phosphate, carboxyl, carboxylicacid, carboxylate, nucleic acid, amino acid, polypeptide, protein,lipid, carbohydrate, metal, —NH₃ ⁺, —COOH, —COO—, —SO₃, CH₂N⁺(CH₃)₃,—(CH₂)_(x)CH₃, —C((CH₂)_(x)CF₃)₃, —CH₂N(C₂H₅)₂, —NH₂, —(CH₂)_(x)COOH,—(OCH₂CH₂)_(x)CH₃, —SiOH, or —OH. In one embodiment, the at least onefunctionalized surface includes at least part of an outer surface. Inone embodiment, the at least one functionalized surface includes atleast part of an inner surface.

In one embodiment, the array device further comprises at least onechannel. In one embodiment, the at least one channel includes at leastone cross-coupling flow channel. In one embodiment, at least one frozenpiercing implement of the plurality of frozen piercing implementsincludes at least one inlet port. In one embodiment, the at least oneinlet port is in fluid communication with at least one channel of atleast one frozen piercing implement. In one embodiment, the at least oneinlet port is in fluid communication with at least one channel of thearray device. In one embodiment, at least one frozen piercing implementof the plurality of frozen piercing implements includes a plurality ofinlet ports. In one embodiment, at least one frozen piercing implementof the plurality of frozen piercing implements includes at least oneoutlet port. In one embodiment, the at least one outlet port is in fluidcommunication with at least one channel of at least one frozen piercingimplement. In one embodiment, the at least one outlet port is in fluidcommunication with at least one channel of the array device. In oneembodiment, at least one frozen piercing implement of the plurality offrozen piercing implements includes a plurality of outlet ports. In oneembodiment, the array device further comprises at least one of ananoparticle, microparticle, sensor, valve, gate, channel, transducer,actuator, detector, heater, circuit, or detection material.

In one embodiment, at least one implement of the plurality of frozenpiercing implements includes at least one sensor. In one embodiment, atleast one implement of the plurality of frozen piercing implements isconfigured for extracting at least one material from at least onesubstrate. Various non-limiting examples of materials capable of beingsensed, extracted, or collected from a substrate are provided herein.

In one embodiment, at least one implement of the plurality of frozenpiercing implements further includes at least one of an organic orinorganic small molecule, clathrate or caged compound, protocell,coacervate, microsphere, Janus particle, proteinoid, laminate, helicalrod, liposome, macroscopic tube, niosome, sphingosome, toroid, vesiculartube, vesicle, small unilamellar vesicle, large unilamellar vesicle,large multilamellar vesicle, multivesicular vesicle, lipid layer, lipidbilayer, micelle, organelle, cell, membrane, nucleic acid, peptide,polypeptide, protein, glycopeptide, glycolipid, lipoprotein,sphingolipid, glycosphingolipid, glycoprotein, peptidoglycan, lipid,carbohydrate, metalloprotein, proteoglycan, chromosome, nucleus, acid,support structure, buffer, protic solvent, aprotic solvent, nitricoxide, nitrous oxide, nitric oxide synthase, amino acid, micelle,polymer, copolymer, monomer, prepolymer, cell receptor, adhesionmolecule, cytokine, chemokine, immunoglobulin, antibody, antigen,platelet, extracellular matrix, blood, plasma, cell ligand, zwitterionicmaterial, cationic material, oligonucleotide, nanotube, piloxymer,transfersome, gas, element, contaminant, radioactive particle, hormone,microorganism, bacteria, virus, quantum dot, contrast agent, or any partthereof.

In one embodiment, the plurality of frozen piercing implements includesat least approximately 2 implements, approximately 5 implements,approximately 10 implements, approximately 20 implements, approximately50 implements, approximately 100 implements, approximately 200implements, approximately 300 implements, approximately 400 implements,approximately 500 implements, approximately 600 implements,approximately 700 implements, approximately 800 implements,approximately 900 implements, approximately 1000 implements,approximately 5000 implements, approximately 10000 implements, or anyvalue therebetween or greater. In one embodiment, the spacing betweentwo or more frozen piercing implements includes at least approximately 1nm, approximately 5 nm, approximately 10 nm, approximately 20 nm,approximately 50 nm, approximately 80 nm, approximately 100 nm,approximately 200 nm, approximately 300 nm, approximately 400 nm,approximately 500 nm, approximately 600 nm, approximately 700 nm,approximately 800 nm, approximately 900 nm, approximately 1 μm,approximately 5 μm, approximately 10 μm, approximately 15 μm,approximately 20 μm, approximately 50 μm, approximately 100 μm,approximately 120 μm, approximately 150 μm, approximately 200 μm,approximately 500 μm, approximately 1 mm, approximately 5 mm,approximately 10 mm, approximately 100 mm, approximately 500 mm,approximately 1 cm, approximately 5 cm, approximately 10 cm, or anyvalue therebetween or greater. In one embodiment, the array devicefurther comprises at least one attachment component configured to securethe array device to at least one substrate. In one embodiment, the atleast one attachment component includes at least one adhesive material.In one embodiment, the device is configured to substantially form apatch.

In one embodiment, the array device further comprises at least onecompartment.

In one embodiment, at least one compartment includes at least onesyringe or at least one valve. In one embodiment, at least onecompartment is configured to hold at least one material extracted fromat least one substrate. In one embodiment, at least one agent includesat least one of an adhesive agent, therapeutic agent, reinforcementagent, abrasive, biological remodeling agent, or explosive material.

In one embodiment, the array device further comprises at least onecompartment in fluid communication with at least one frozen piercingimplement of the plurality of frozen piercing implements. In oneembodiment, the at least one compartment is configured for holding atleast one agent. In one embodiment, the at least one compartment isconfigured for holding at least one cryogenic substance. In oneembodiment, the array device further comprises a plurality ofcompartments in fluid communication with at least one frozen piercingimplement of the plurality of frozen piercing implements. In oneembodiment, the plurality of compartments includes at least one firstcompartment configured to hold at least one different substance from atleast one second compartment. In one embodiment, the plurality ofcompartments includes at least one first compartment configured to holdat least one first agent, wherein the at least one first agent isdifferent from at least one other agent located in at least one secondcompartment. In one embodiment, the plurality of compartments includesat least one first compartment configured to hold at least one firstagent, and at least one second compartment configured to hold apharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. In one embodiment, twoor more compartments are configured to interact with at least one meansfor intermixing the contents of the two or more compartments prior to orduring administration of the array device to at least one substrate. Inone embodiment, wherein the at least one means for intermixing includesmechanical disruption of at least one compartment, altering porosity ofat least one compartment, electrochemical degradation of at least onecompartment, valve opening of at least one compartment, chemicaldegradation of at least one compartment, or altering magnetic field ofat least one compartment. In one embodiment, the array device is inelectronic communication with at least one computing device.

In one embodiment, a composition comprises a plurality of frozenpiercing implement array devices joined together.

In one embodiment, the at least one support structure for an arraydevice, fluidic device, or injection device includes at least one of ananoparticle, sensor, circuit, lens, heater, detector, controller, oractuator. In one embodiment, the support structure includes at least onewave guide.

In one embodiment, the heater includes a microheater or nanoheater. Inone embodiment, the detector includes a microdetector or nanodetector.In one embodiment, the actuator includes a microactuator or ananoactuator. In one embodiment, the actuator includes a rotationalactuator including carbon nanotubes. See, for example, Fennimore et al.,Nature (Abstract) vol. 424, pp. 408-410 (2003), which is incorporatedherein by reference. In one embodiment, the actuator includes abiological molecular motor or switch (e.g., kinesin, myosin, ATPsynthase, etc.). See, for example, Dessinges et al., PNAS vol. 101, no.17, pp. 6439-6444 (2004); and the world wide web at:timeshighereducation co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=202789&sectioncode=26,the content for each of which is incorporated herein by reference.

In one embodiment, the lens includes a liquid micro-lens array activatedby selective electrowetting on polar electric crystals, including butnot limited to litium niobate. See, for example, Grilli et al., OpticsExpress, vol. 16, no. 11, (2008), which is incorporated herein byreference.

In one embodiment, the frozen piercing implement, or frozen piercingimplement device, is configured to pierce at least one substrate in asubstantially painless manner. In one embodiment, the frozen piercingimplement, or frozen piercing implement device, is configured to pierceone or more biological cells or tissues of a subject in a substantiallypainless manner.

In one embodiment, the frozen piercing implement, or frozen piercingimplement device, is utilized in conjunction with at least one othersubstrate-piercing tool, including but not limited to transdermal agentdelivery iontophoresis, ultrasound, vacuum, viruses, pH, heat, light,chemical enhancers, electric fields, photomechanical waves, mesotherapy,electroporation, electrofusion, electroosmosis, velocity basedenhancement techniques (such as needle-free injections), tape stripping,powderjecting, transfersomes, agent-embedded tattoos or other etchings,abrasion or ablation, controlled heat aided delivery, laser radiation,magnetophoresis, or others. See, for example, Kumar and Philip, Trop. J.Pharm. Res. 6(1):633-644 (2007), which is incorporated herein byreference. In one embodiment, the frozen piercing implement or frozenparticle composition includes at least one general anesthetic. In oneembodiment, the frozen piercing implement or frozen particle compositionincluding a general anesthetic is configured to be used as at least partof a defense weapon.

In one embodiment, the frozen piercing implement includes at least oneprojection. In one embodiment, the frozen piercing implement isconfigured to pierce at least one substrate to a depth of approximately1 μm, approximately 5 μm, approximately 10 μm, approximately 15 μm,approximately 20 μm, approximately 50 μm, approximately 100 μm,approximately 120 μm, approximately 150 μm, approximately 200 μm,approximately 250 μm, approximately 300 μm, approximately 350 μm,approximately 400 μm, approximately 450 μm, approximately 500 μm,approximately 600 μm, approximately 700 μm, approximately 800 μm,approximately 900 μm, approximately 1 mm, approximately 2 mm,approximately 3 mm, approximately 4 mm, approximately 5 mm,approximately 10 mm, approximately 20 mm, approximately 30 mm,approximately 40 mm, approximately 50 mm, approximately 60 mm,approximately 70 mm, approximately 80 mm, approximately 90 mm,approximately 100 mm, approximately 200 mm, approximately 300 mm,approximately 400 mm, approximately 500 mm, approximately 600 mm,approximately 700 mm, approximately 800 mm, approximately 900 mm,approximately 1 cm, approximately 10 cm, approximately 20 cm, or anyvalue therebetween.

In one embodiment, the frozen particle implement administration depth iscontrolled by mechanical means. For example, the implementadministration depth may be limited by a sheath or casing. In oneembodiment, the frozen particle implement depth is controlled by apositioner on the array that can control the depth of administration. Inone embodiment, the positioner is configured to mechanically control thedepth of administration of at least one frozen piercing implement (orother implement if located in an array device). Other factors that caninfluence administration depth include the geometry of the implement,constitution of the implement, administration time, manner ofadministration, or at least one parameter of the substrate (including,but not limited to temperature, constitution, density, location, etc.)

In one embodiment, one or more frozen piercing implement array deviceincludes at least two frozen piercing implements positioned on orthrough the surface of at least one base or support structure. In oneembodiment, a flange or other member is configured on the array deviceto provide physical support to the device, to provide stabilization whenthe device is placed on the substrate, or to control penetration of thesubstrate by the at least one piercing implement.

In one embodiment, the frozen piercing implement array device is anin-plane array device. In one embodiment, the frozen piercing implementarray device is an out-of-plane array device.

In one embodiment, the device includes a particular arrangement of thepiercing implements on the base or support structure (e.g., square,hexagonal, triangular, diamond, rectangular, or other patterning),varying the distribution of the piercing implements within a specificpatterned or designed array device, varying at least one dimension ofthe piercing implement (e.g., number of piercing implements, piercingimplement radius, etc.), number of solid versus channeled piercingimplements, among other features, can affect the functionality of thearray device. See, for example, Al-Qallaf and Bhusan Das, J DrugTarget., vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 108-122 (2009), which is incorporatedherein by reference.

Furthermore, optimization of the surface area of the array device,optimization of the piercing implement radius and length, optimizationof the number of piercing implements per row, optimization of the aspectratio of the distance between piercing implements, while considering thesubstrate thickness or permeability, can be conducted according towell-established principles. Id. For example, the following equation hasbeen used in published studies to calculate skin permeability when usingmicroneedles: K=f (D/Lh), where K is the approximate skin permeabilityof the agent (or other agent) intended to be administered, f is theapproximate fractional skin area after insertion by the microneedles, Dis the approximate effective diffusion coefficient of the therapeuticagent in the skin, and L_(h) is the approximate length of the holeresulting from the piercing of the skin. Id. In one embodiment, thetherapeutic agent molecules may traverse through various disruptions inthe skin thickness (i.e., epidermis) from the frozen piercing implementof the array device to the blood supply. In one embodiment, the agentmay be absorbed as the frozen piercing implement melts or sublimates. Inone embodiment, particularly with channeled, or hollowed, microneedles,the therapeutic agent may move through the bore of the implement. In oneembodiment, the path of the therapeutic agent represents the approximatelength of the microneedle. In one embodiment, the path of thetherapeutic agent may be less than or greater than the approximatelength of the microneedle due to expansion or contraction of themicroneedle upon contact or penetration of the substrate.

In one embodiment, the array device is administered to at least oneexternal surface of a subject. In one embodiment, the array device isadministered to at least one internal surface of a subject (for example,by utilizing a catheter, laparascope, or other tool). In one embodiment,the array device is surgically implanted into a subject.

In one embodiment, the one or more frozen piercing implements arecombined with at least one syringe. In one embodiment, the syringeincludes a micro- or nano-syringe. In one embodiment, the one or morefrozen piercing implements are combined with at least one pen-typedelivery device. For example, the pen-type delivery device includes ahousing assembly, a hub assembly, a plunger for driving the piercingimplement out of the housing assembly and into the substrate, anoptional compartment containing a desired substance to be administered,and an optional mechanism for piercing the compartment and releasing thesubstance. See, for example, U.S. Patent App. Pub. No. 20030050602,which is incorporated herein by reference.

In one embodiment, one or more frozen piercing implements are combinedwith a fluidic system. In one embodiment, the fluidic system includes amicrofluidic system. In one embodiment, the fluidic system includes ananofluidic system. In one embodiment, the fluidic system includes atleast one of a a channel, pump, sensor, injector, actuator, heater,detector, controller, transducer, receiver, transmitter, circuit, lens,tunable lens, valve, gate, nanoparticle, microparticle, power source, ordetection material.

In one embodiment, the valve includes a valve actuated by a motor. Inone embodiment, the valve includes a slide-valve, optionally actuated bya motor. As described herein, in one embodiment, the motor includes abiological based motor (e.g. kinesin, myosin, ATP synthase), or a micro-or nano-stepping motor. See, for example, Morishima et al, 7^(th) Int.Conf. Miniaturized Chem. and Biochem. Anal. Sys. pp. 1033-1036 (Oct.5-9, 2003), which is incorporated herein by reference.

In one embodiment, the fluidic device includes a closed loop systemcapable of delivering at least one agent, sensing, or extracting atleast one material from at least one substrate. In one embodiment, thefluidic system includes at least one compartment. In one embodiment, thefluidic system senses or analyzes at least one material from at leastone substrate. In one embodiment, the analysis includes sensing anenzyme or enzymatic reaction including, but not limited to glucoseoxidase or glucose dehydrogenase. In one embodiment, the fluidic deviceincludes at least one transducer, such as an electrochemical or opticaltransducer.

In one embodiment, the fluidic system includes detecting or sensing atleast one material from the at least one substrate, extracting the atleast one material in order to analyze and determine a medical treatment(including preventative, diagnostic, or responsive), and administeringat least one agent. In one embodiment, the closed loop system isconfigured in the form of a patch, bandage, or other attachment vehicle.

In one embodiment, a sensor, such as an enzyme electrode for glucose,for example, includes a screen-printed electrode on the surface of whichis immobilized glucose oxidase, and an electron mediator, such asferrocene or its derivatives. Electrons generated by the oxidation ofglucose are transferred from glucose oxidase to the electrode by way ofthe mediator, and the concentration of glucose is proportional to thecurrent generated. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,344,499, which isincorporated herein by reference. In one embodiment, near-infraredspectroscopy is utilized for detecting at least one material in at leastone substrate. For example, the concentration of extracted glucose in agel is detected by the absorption of the near-infrared light that passesthrough the chamber. Id.

In one embodiment, at least one frozen piercing implement is adapted toinclude at least one sensor or sensing component. For example, an enzyme(such as glucose oxidase) can be coated on the surface of one or morefrozen piercing implements, distributed within the frozen piercingimplement, or at least partially filling an otherwise hollow frozenpiercing implement.

In one embodiment, the frozen piercing implement device includes atleast one sensor in communication with at least one electroniccomponent. In one embodiment, the at least one electronic componentincludes at least one of a power source (for example, a battery),transducer, storage device, display, receiver, or other electroniccomponent. The at least one electronic component can be included with atleast one piercing implement, support structure, compartment, or otheraspect of the frozen piercing implement device.

In one embodiment, the at least one sensor can be calibrated byutilizing the concentration of at least one same or different analyte,measured by another means. For example, the analyte can be normalized(by a linear or non-linear relationship), reducing the variabilitybetween analysis events.

In one embodiment, the fluidic device includes at least one attachmentcomponent configured to secure the array device to at least onesubstrate. In one embodiment, the at least one attachment componentincludes at least one adhesive material.

In one embodiment, the fluidic device includes at least one vacuum toinduce flow in at least one direction through at least one piercingimplement.

In one embodiment, the frozen piercing implement includes at least onesurfactant. In one embodiment, the surfactant includes at least oneionic surfactant. In one embodiment, the at least one ionic surfactantincludes one or more of an alkyl ammonium salt, bile acid or salt, fattyacid, carnitine, oligopeptide, polypeptide, acyl lactylate,mono-diacetylated tartaric acid ester of a mono-diglyceride,succinylated monoglyceride, citric acid ester of mono-diglyceride,alginate salt, propylene glycol alginate, lecithin, hydrogenatedlecithin, lysolecithin, hydrogenated lysolecithin, lysophospholipid,phospholipid, alkylsulfate salt, fatty acid salt, sodium docusate, ormixtures or derivatives of any thereof.

Additional Methods, Devices, and Systems for Making and AdministeringFrozen Particle Compositions, Frozen Piercing Implements, and FrozenPiercing Implement Devices

As described herein, a device or machine (including a computer) may beutilized in various aspects relating to compositions, methods, orsystems relating to one or more frozen particle compositions, or frozenpiercing implements. Non-limiting examples of such aspects may includepredicting or calculating various properties or characteristics relatingto the one or more frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercingimplements, any substrate, any subject, any administration device, orany administration protocol. Any method disclosed herein is implicitlyintended to also include “means for” carrying out the method. One ormore methods disclosed include computer-implemented methods.

In one embodiment, a method or means for making one or more frozenparticle compositions, or frozen piercing implements optionally includesat least one agent. In one embodiment, a method or means foradministering or delivering one or more frozen particle compositions, orfrozen piercing implements is disclosed. In one embodiment, a method ormeans for administering at least one frozen particle composition, orfrozen piercing implement includes administering at least one agent to asubstrate.

In one embodiment, at least one computer system is configured to provideone or more instructions to one or more devices for deposition oradministration of one or more frozen particle compositions, or frozenpiercing implements. In one embodiment, at least one device isconfigured to deposit or administer one or more frozen particlecompositions, or frozen piercing implements on any x, y, or z axis. Inone embodiment, the at least one computer system provides one or moreinstructions for predicting, controlling, or varying the administrationof one or more frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercingimplements or deposition of at least one agent included in the one ormore frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercing implements on anyx, y, or z location. In one embodiment, the at least one computer systemprovides one or more instructions for temporal, spatial, or regionallocations for deposition or administration of one or more frozenparticle compositions, or frozen piercing implements. Other componentsof the at least one computer system or device are included in thefigures as described.

In one embodiment, one or more methods, devices, or systems describedherein include making or administering one or more frozen particlecompositions or frozen piercing implements. In one embodiment, frozenparticle compositions or frozen piercing implements as described hereinare made by one or more processes. In one embodiment, at least oneprocess described herein is adaptable for a micro- or nano-scalefabrication of the frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercingimplements. See, for example, U.S. Patent Application Publication No.20020193754, which is incorporated herein by reference.

In one embodiment, a method for making at least one frozen piercingimplement includes etching a frozen composition with a chemical. In oneembodiment, the chemical includes at least one alcohol. In oneembodiment, the alcohol includes at least one of methanol, or ethanol.In one embodiment, the chemical agent includes at least one salt or saltsolution. In one embodiment, a method for making at least one frozenpiercing implement includes etching a frozen composition with an acid ora base. In one embodiment, a method for making at least one frozenpiercing implement includes etching a frozen composition with oxyfuelgas cutting (sometimes referred to as “flame cutting”). In oneembodiment, the base includes sodium hydroxide, chromium trioxide,ammonium fluoride, ammonium hydroxide, hydrogen peroxide, or potassiumhydroxide.

In one embodiment, the acid includes phenol, acetic acid, nitric acid,hydrofluoric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, or hydrochloric acid.In one embodiment, a method for making at least one piercing implementincludes etching a frozen composition with fluid hydrogen oxide (e.g.,gas or liquid). In one embodiment, a method for making at least onepiercing implement includes etching a frozen composition with a fluidform of at least one constituent of the frozen composition (includingbut not limited to a frozen block or film).

In one embodiment, the etching includes a fluid jet stream. For example,in one embodiment, a water jet cutter is utilized in etching at leastone frozen composition. In one embodiment, the fluid jet stream includesa gas or liquid jet stream. In one embodiment, the fluid jet streamincludes at least one chemical. In one embodiment, the at least onechemical includes at least one agent. In one embodiment, the at leastone chemical includes at least one polymer (e.g., a linearmacromolecular partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide, such as found inSUPER WATER , available from Berkeley Chemical Research, Inc.)

In one embodiment, the fluid jet stream includes air. In one embodiment,the pressure of the fluid jet stream includes at least approximately 0.5psi, approximately 1 psi, approximately 5 psi, approximately 10 psi,approximately 20 psi, approximately 30 psi, approximately 40 psi,approximately 50 psi, approximately 60 psi, approximately 70 psi,approximately 80 psi, approximately 90 psi, approximately 100 psi,approximately 150 psi, approximately 200 psi, approximately 500 psi,approximately 1,000 psi, approximately 5,000 psi, approximately 10,000psi, approximately 20,000 psi, approximately 30,000 psi, approximately40,000 psi, approximately 50,000 psi, approximately 60,000 psi,approximately 70,000 psi, approximately 80,000 psi, approximately 90,000psi, or any value therebetween or greater. The pressure of the fluid jetstream can also be adjusted according to other factors, including butnot limited to the width or diameter of the stream, the abrasive flowrate, or the jet stream traverse rate. See, for example, Srinivasu andBabu, Appl. Soft Comp. vol. 8, pp. 809-819 (2008), which is incorporatedherein by reference. For example, a narrow jet stream will generallyhave greater cutting power than a wider jet stream due to increasedpressure at the nozzle. See, for example, the world wide web atjetedge.com, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference.

In one embodiment, the etching includes thermal etching. For example,crystalline substances can be etched in a saturated air atmosphere, withan etching time of a few seconds, to several weeks. See, for example,Krausz and Gold, J of Colloid and Interface Sci., vol. 25, pp. 255-262(1967).

In one embodiment, the etching includes laser etching. For example,frozen piercing implements can be cut from a film, sheet, strip, block,or other form of frozen composition with an infrared laser. In oneembodiment, the laser is guided by a CAD/CAM design.

In one embodiment, bores are etched (for example, with a physical orchemical etchant) in the material (such as a frozen composition) and theremainder of the piercing implement is etched away around the bores. Inone embodiment, the piercing implements and their bores (if included)are etched simultaneously, or bores are etched into existing piercingimplements.

In one embodiment, bores from the backside of the material (such as afrozen composition) are generated using a front-to-backside infraredalignment, and etching from the backside of the material.

In one embodiment, the etching time includes at least approximately 10seconds, at least approximately 20 seconds, at least approximately 30seconds, at least approximately 1 minute, at least approximately 5minutes, at least approximately 10 minutes, at least approximately 20minutes, at least approximately 30 minutes, at least approximately 2hours, at least approximately 5 hours, at least approximately 10 hours,at least approximately 24 hours, at least approximately 2 days, at leastapproximately 5 days, at least approximately 1 week, at leastapproximately 2 weeks, at least approximately 3 weeks, at leastapproximately 1 month, at least approximately 3 months, or any valuetherebetween. Various factors can influence the etching time required,including but not limited to at least one of: etching temperature,etching chemical, constitution of material being etched, thickness ofmaterial being etched, or desired characteristic of the frozen piercingimplement(s).

The etched radius for a particular composition can be controlled byvarying the etchant (e.g., chemical, thermal, or other), the amount oftime exposed to the etchant, the temperature of the etchant or etchingenvironment, the constituency of the composition being etched, desiredsize, or shape of the etching, thickness of the composition beingetched, or other factors.

In one embodiment, the frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercingimplements, are designed with the aid of a computer device, computersystem, computer program product, or computer-implemented method. In oneembodiment, the frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercingimplements, are generated with the aid of a computer device, computersystem, computer program product, or computer-implemented method. In oneembodiment, the frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercingimplements, are administered with the aid of a computer device, computersystem, computer program product, or computer-implemented method.

In one embodiment, a simulation for a mask is generated, optionally withassistance from a computer device, computer system, computer programproduct, or computer-implemented method. See, for example, Wilke et al.,Euro. Micro & Nano Systems 20-21 (2004), which is incorporated herein byreference. As discussed by Wilke et al., a mask can be designed on thebasis of a Simode simulation, and optical microscopy as well as scanningelectron microscopy can be utilized to examine single microneedlesresulting from the etching process. Id. Thus, by varying the etchingtimes, temperatures, and other factors, microneedles can be consistentlyreproduced with high accuracy. Id. In one embodiment, an array deviceincluding a plurality of microneedles can be generated that can bepeeled off for use. Id.

In one embodiment, a thermal etchant is utilized for fabricating one ormore frozen piercing implements. In one embodiment, a fluid jet (e.g.,gas or liquid) is utilized for etching one or more frozen piercingimplements. In one embodiment, a laser beam is utilized for etching oneor more frozen piercing implements. In one embodiment, an electron beamis utilized for etching one or more frozen piercing implements. In oneembodiment, an ion beam is utilized for etching one or more frozenpiercing implements.

In one embodiment, at least one frozen fluid (including but not limitedto at least one solid condensed gas) is deposited onto a cryogenicallycooled support surface (e.g., metal, or silicon surface) in the chamberof a combined scanning electron microscope and focused ion beamapparatus (FEI Co., Hillsboro, Oreg.). See, for example, King et al,Nano Lett. vol. 5, pp. 1157-1160 (2005), which is herein incorporated byreference. Next, the ice surface is exposed to focused energeticelectron or gallium ion beams, which stimulates local removal of ice.Id. In one embodiment, the beams are programmed to produce at least onepattern in the ice. Id. Additional ice can be removed by in situsublimation (e.g., by eliminating liquid surface tension effects) byfluid jet, or by other means. Id.

In one embodiment, the ice is deposited at a rate of approximately 1pm/second, approximately 1 nm/second, approximately 1 mm/second,approximately 1 cm/second, or any value therebetween. In one embodiment,the ice is deposited using a leak valve controlled vapor flow that isdirected onto the cooled support surface or sample. In one embodiment,the cooled sample or cooled support surface is maintained atapproximately 128 K (approximately −145° C.). Id. In one embodiment, thefluid includes hydrogen oxide. In one embodiment, the hydrogen oxide isdeposited on the cooled support surface by way of a magnesiumsulfate-water vapor source, and water vapor pressure is controlled by atleast one leak valve. Id.

In one embodiment, the etching system includes at least one cold fingerlocated near the sample surface to ensure a sufficient thermal gradientto keep unwanted species from condensing on the support surface orsample surface. Id. In one embodiment, the cold finger is placedapproximately 1 mm from the surface, approximately 2 mm from thesurface, approximately 3 mm from the surface, approximately 4 mm fromthe surface, approximately 5 mm from the surface, approximately 6 mmfrom the surface, approximately 7 mm from the surface, approximately 8mm from the surface, approximately 9 mm from the surface, approximately10 mm from the surface, approximately 1 cm from the surface,approximately 1 dm from the surface, or any value therebetween. In oneembodiment, the temperature of the sample surface can be controlledwithin approximately +/−1 K (approximately +/−1 degree C.). Id. In oneembodiment, scanning electron microscopy can be utilized to observeetching of the frozen fluid composition. Id.

In one embodiment, the laser beam includes at least one of a carbondioxide laser, or a Erbium:YAG laser. See, for example, U.S. PatentApplication Publication No. 20080290065, which is herein incorporated byreference. Erbium:YAG lasers are commonly used in the medical sector,since the laser beam pinpoints the maxium absorption spike of water. Id.In one embodiment, the laser beam (e.g., carbon dioxide, erbium:YAG,eximer, argon, KTP, krypton fluoride, xenon chloride, xenon fluoride,helium neon, neodynmium:YAG, erbium glass, erbium: YAG, holmium:YAG,Ruby (chromium sapphire), gallium arsenide, or other) etches a frozenfluid by way of explosive vaporization. Id.

In one embodiment, the laser type is selected based on the absorptionwavelength of laser energy by the frozen composition. Such an absorptionprofile can be generated, if not already known, using standardtechniques.

In one embodiment, the laser beam is part of an etching system forforming one or more frozen piercing implements. In one embodiment, thelaser system includes at least one first mirror that is optionallyconnected to at least one first driver under command of at least onecontroller. In one embodiment, the laser system includes at least onesecond mirror that is optionally connected to at least one second driverunder command of at least one controller. In one embodiment, the atleast one first driver and the at least one second driver are the samedriver. In one embodiment, the at least one first driver and the atleast one second driver are different drivers. In one embodiment, atleast one of the at least one first driver or the at least one seconddriver includes at least one of a servo-galvanometer driver device, or astepper motor driver device. Id.

In one embodiment, the at least one first mirror controls x-axispositioning of the laser. In one embodiment, the at least one secondmirror controls y-axis positioning of the laser. In one embodiment, theetching system includes at least one third mirror. In one embodiment,the at least one third mirror is configured to operate as a shutter fordirecting the laser beam away from the material to be etched. In oneembodiment, the laser system includes one or more instructions foretching the frozen material into one or more frozen piercing implements.

In one embodiment, the frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercingimplements, are fabricated by pouring a liquid suspension, solution, ormixture, of the desired constituents into a vessel, mold or frame, andoptionally completing the filling under vacuum. See, for example, Parket al., Pharm Res. vol. 23, no. 5 (2006), which is incorporated hereinby reference. Following filling the mold, the constituents of the moldare optionally concentrated by way of evaporation or other process. Id.Next, the mold is frozen under conditions and time sufficient to atleast partially solidify the constituents of the mold. Finally, thefrozen particle compositions, or frozen piercing implements, arereleased from the vessel, mold or frame. Id.

As discussed herein, the conditions and time sufficient to at leastpartially solidify at least one fluid includes the particular points ofstate function or phase transition for the fluid. For example,first-order phase transitions involve a latent heat. During afirst-order phase transition, the system either absorbs or releases afixed amount of energy, and the temperature of the system stays constantas heat is added. In another example, second-order phase transitionshave no associated latent heat, such as the glass transition ofpolymeric materials at the glass transition temperature of the polymer.The glass transition temperature can be measured by the change in theslope of the heating energy versus temperature curve that results fromthe measurement on a differential scanning calorimetry device.Accordingly, a fluid composition's phase or state varies with certainparameters of the conditions sufficient to at least partially solidifythe fluid composition. For example, the state variables of pressure andtemperature assist to define specific conditions sufficient to at leastpartially solidify a particular fluid.

As discussed herein, the mold or frame can be made from any materialthat allows fabrication of the frozen piercing implements. In oneembodiment, the mold or frame itself is frozen. In one embodiment, themold or frame includes at least one metal, glass, or plastic. In oneembodiment, the mold or frame is disposable. In one embodiment, the moldor frame is reusable.

In one embodiment, the frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercingimplements are spray or dip coated with at least one agent. Id. In oneembodiment, the at least one agent includes at least one adhesive agent,therapeutic agent, reinforcement agent, biological remodeling agent,abrasive, or explosive material.

In one embodiment, the frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercingimplements, are fabricated by layer deposition on a support structure(which may or may not be frozen).

In one embodiment, the frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercingimplements, are fabricated by drawing lithography. See, for example,WO2008010682, which is incorporated herein by reference. In oneembodiment, the frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercingimplements, are fabricated as solid or hollow compositions by layingdown a frozen composition on the surface of a support structure, andremoving the implement.

In one embodiment, one or more frozen particle compositions or frozenpiercing implements are made by spraying at least one fluid compositioninto at least one compartment. In one embodiment, the at least onecompartment includes at least one fluid. In one embodiment, the at leastone fluid includes at least one gas or liquid. In one embodiment, the atleast one fluid includes at least one supercooled liquid. In oneembodiment, the at least one liquid includes liquid nitrogen, liquidcarbon dioxide, liquid argon, liquid helium, or other inert or reactiveliquid. In one embodiment, the at least one fluid includes at least oneof liquid nitrogen, liquid carbon dioxide, liquid hydrogen, liquidoxygen, liquid helium, liquid methane, methane/ammonia, a halogenatedhydrocarbon, liquid neon, liquid argon, liquid mercury, air, coldsaline, cold sodium hydroxide, cold potassium hydroxide, cold potassiumchloride, cold sodium chloride solution, or hydrogen sulfide. In oneembodiment, the at least one fluid includes at least one oftetrachloromethane; trichlorofluoromethane; dichlorodifluoromethane;bromochlorodifluoromethane; dibromodifluoromethane;chlorotrifluoromethane; bromotrifluoromethane; carbon tetrafluoride;trichloromethane; dichlorofluoromethane; chlorodifluoromethane;bromodifluoromethane; drifluoromethane; dichloromethane; chloromethane;fluoromethane; methane; hexachloroethane; pentachlorofluoroethane;1,1,2,2,-tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane;1,1,1,2-tetrachloro-2,2-difluoroethane; 1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane;1,1,1-trichlorotrifluoroethane; 1,2-dichlorotetrafluoroethane;1,1-dichlorotetrafluoroethane; dibromoetetrafluoroethane;chloropentafluoroethane; hexafluoroethane; pentachloroethane;1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-1-fluoroethane; 1,1,2-trichloro-2,2-difluoroethane;1,1,2-trichloro-1,2-difluoroethane; 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-difluoroethane;2,2-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane; 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane;1,1-dichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane; 2-chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane;pentafluoroethane; (difluoromethoxy)(trifluoro)methane;1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane; 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane;1,1,2-trichloro-2-fluoroethane; 1,1,2-trichloro-1-fluoroethane;1,1,1-trichloro-2-fluoroethane; dichlorodifluoroethane;1,1,-dichloro-2,2-difluoroethane; 1,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethane;1,1-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethane; 1,2-dibromo-1,1-difluoroethane;1-chloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane; 1-chloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane;1-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane; 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane;1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, bis(difluoromethyl)ether;1,1,2-trichloroethane; 1,1,1-trichloroethane;1,2-dichloro-1-fluoroethane; 1,2-dibromo-1-fluoroethane;1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane; chlorodifluoroethane;1-chloro-1,2-difluoroethane; 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane;1,1,2-trifluoroethane; 1,1,1-trifluoroethane; methyl trifluoromethylether; 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methyl ether; 1,2-dichloroethane;1,1-dichloroethane; chlorofluoroethane; 1-chloro-1-fluoroethane;1,2-difluoroethane; 1,1-difluoroethane; chloroethane; fluoroethane;ethane; 1,1,1,2,2,3,3-heptachloro-3-fluoropropane;hexachlorodifluoropropane; 1,1,1,3,3-pentachloro-2,2,3-trifluoropropane;1,2,2,3-tetrachloro-1,1,3,3-tetrafluoropropane,1,1,1-trichloro-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropane;1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane;1,3-dichloro-1,1,2,2,3,3-hexafluoropropane;1-chloro-1,1,2,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane;2-chloro-1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane; octafluoropropane;1,1,1,2,2,3-hexachloro-3-fluoropropane; pentachlorodifluoropropane;1,1,1,3,3-pentachloro-2,2-difluoropropane, tetrachlorotrifluoropropane;1,1,3,3-tetrachloro-1,2,2-trifluoropropane;1,1,1,3-tetrachloro-2,2,3-trifluoropropane; trichlorotetrafluoropropane;1,3,3-trichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoropropane;1,1,3-trichloro-1,2,2,3-tetrafluoropropane;1,1,1-trichloro-2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropane; dichloropentafluoropropane;2,2-dichloro-1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane;2,3-dichloro-1,1,1,2,3-pentafluoropropane;1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,3,3-pentafluoropropane;3,3-dichloro-1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoropropane;1,3-dichloro-1,1,2,2,3-pentafluoropropane;1,1-dichloro-1,2,2,3,3-pentafluoropropane;1,2-dichloro-1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoropropane;1,3-dichloro-1,1,2,3,3-pentafluoropropane;1,1-dichloro-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropane; chlorohexafluoropropane;2-chloro-1,1,1,2,3,3-hexafluoropropane;3-chloro-1,1,1,2,2,3-hexafluoropropane;1-chloro-1,1,2,2,3,3-hexafluoropropane;2-chloro-1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane;1-chloro-1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane;1,1,2,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane; trifluoromethyl1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl ether; 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane;trifluoromethyl 1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl ether;pentachlorofluoropropane; tetrachlorodifluoropropane;1,1,3,3-tetrachloro-2,2-difluoropropane;1,1,1,3-tetrachloro-2,2-difluoropropane; trichlorotrifluoropropane;1,1,3-trichloro-2,2,3-trifluoropropane;1,1,3-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoropropane;1,1,1-trichloro-2,2,3-trifluoropropane; dichlorotetrafluoropropane;2,2-dichloro-1,1,3,3-tetrafluoropropane;2,2-dichloro-1,1,1,3-tetrafluoropropane;1,2-dichloro-1,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropane;2,3-dichloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoropropane;1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,3-tetrafluoropropane;1,3-dichloro-1,2,2,3-tetrafluoropropane;1,1-dichloro-2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropane;1,3-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoropropane;1,1-dichloro-1,2,2,3-tetrafluoropropane;2,3-dichloro-1,1,1,3-tetrafluoropropane;1,3-dichloro-1,1,3,3-tetrafluoropropane;1,1-dichloro-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropane; chloropentafluoropropane;1-chloro-1,2,2,3,3-pentafluoropropane;3-chloro-1,1,1,2,3-pentafluoropropane;1-chloro-1,1,2,2,3-pentafluoropropane;2-chloro-1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane;1-chloro-1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoropropane; 1,1,1,2,2,3-hexafluoropropane;1,1,1,2,3,3-hexafluoropropane; 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane;1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl difluoromethyl ether; hexafluoropropane;tetrachlorofluoropropane; trichlorodifluoropropane;dichlorotrifluoropropane; 1,3-dichloro-1,2,2-trifluoropropane;1,1-dichloro-2,2,3-trifluoropropane;1,1-dichloro-1,2,2-trifluoropropane;2,3-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoropropane;1,3-dichloro-1,2,3-trifluoropropane;1,3-dichloro-1,1,2-trifluoropropane; chlorotetrafluoropropane;2-chloro-1,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropane;2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoropropane;3-chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoropropane;1-chloro-1,2,2,3-tetrafluoropropane;1-chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoropropane;2-chloro-1,1,3,3-tetrafluoropropane;2-chloro-1,1,1,3-tetrafluoropropane;3-chloro-1,1,2,3-tetrafluoropropane;1-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoropropane;1-chloro-1,1,2,3-tetrafluoropropane;3-chloro-1,1,1,3-tetrafluoropropane;1-chloro-1,1,3,3-tetrafluoropropane; 1,1,2,2,3-pentafluoropropane;pentafluoropropane; 1,1,2,3,3-pentafluoropropane;1,1,1,2,3-pentafluoropropane; 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane; methylpentafluoroethyl ether; difluoromethyl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl ether;difluoromethyl 1,1,2-trifluoroethyl ether; trichlorofluoropropane;dichlorodifluoropropane; 1,3-dichloro-2,2-difluoropropane;1,1-dichloro-2,2-difluoropropane; 1,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoropropane;1,1-dichloro-1,2-difluoropropane; chlorotrifluoropropane2-chloro-1,2,3-trifluoropropane; 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoropropane;1-chloro-2,2,3-trifluoropropane; 1-chloro-1,2,2-trifluoropropane;3-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoropropane; 1-chloro-1,2,3-trifluoropropane;1-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoropropane; 3-chloro-1,3,3-trifluoropropane;3-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoropropane; 1-chloro-1,1,3-trifluoropropane;1,1,2,2-tetrafluoropropane; methyl 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl ether;dichlorofluoropropane; 1,2-dichloro-2-fluoropropane;chlorodifluoropropane; 1-chloro-2,2-difluoropropane;3-chloro-1,1-difluoropropane; 1-chloro-1,3-difluoropropane;trifluoropropane; chlorofluoropropane; 2-chloro-2-fluoropropane;2-chloro-1-fluoropropane; 1-chloro-1-fluoropropane; difluoropropane;fluoropropane; propane; dichlorohexafluorocyclobutane;chloroheptafluorocyclobutane; octafluorocyclobutane; decafluorobutane;perfluoropropyl methyl ether; perfluoroisopropyl methyl ether;1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutane; tetradecafluorohexane; butane; isobutane;pentane; isopentane; diethyl ether; methyl formate; methylamine;ethylamine; nitrous oxide; sulfur dioxide; krypton;1,1-dichloro-2,2-difluoroethylene; chlorotrifluoroethylene;tetrafluoroethylene; trichloroethylene; cis-1,2-dichloroethylene;1,1-difluoroethylene; chloroethylene; fluoroethylene; ethylene;hexafluoropropylene; hexafluoropropene trimer; propylene;hydrofluorocarbon; chlorofluorocarbon; hydrochlorofluorocarbon; or thelike.

In one embodiment, the at least one fluid composition is sprayed beneaththe surface of the fluid bath. In one embodiment, the at least one fluidcomposition is sprayed just above the surface of the fluid bath. In oneembodiment, at least one mechanism is utilized to form or break upfrozen compositions into frozen particle compositions, or frozenpiercing implements. In one embodiment, the at least one mechanismincludes at least one of vibration, physical mixing, bubble mixing, orsonication. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,704,873, which isincorporated herein by reference.

In one embodiment, one or more frozen particle compositions or frozenpiercing implements are made by spraying at least one fluid compositioninto at least one freezing chamber by way of at least one inlet port,whereby as the at least one fluid composition travels through thechamber, the at least one fluid droplets freeze into solid particles. Inone embodiment, the at least one freezing chamber includes at least onecarrier gas. In one embodiment, the at least one freezing chamber isheld under a vacuum. In one embodiment, the at least one fluidcomposition particles travel through the freezing chamber by at leastone force including gravity, magnetism, electrostatic energy,electromagnetic energy, centrifugal force, centripetal force, capillaryaction, hydrophobic or hydrophilic attraction or repulsion, van derWaals forces, or other force. In one embodiment, the one or more frozenparticle compositions, or frozen piercing implements are collected by atleast one outlet port. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,219,746, whichis incorporated herein by reference.

In one embodiment, one or more frozen particle compositions or frozenpiercing implements are made by utilizing a system for continuously orserially making and administering the one or more frozen particlecompositions or frozen piercing implements. In one embodiment, thesystem includes at least one device for making one or more frozenparticle compositions or frozen piercing implements and at least onedevice for administering one or more frozen particle compositions orfrozen piercing implements. In one embodiment, the system includes atleast one hose connecting the at least one device for making and the atleast one device for administering the one or more frozen particlecompositions or frozen piercing implements. In one embodiment, thesystem includes at least one carrier gas. In one embodiment, the atleast one device for administering the one or more frozen particlecompositions or frozen piercing implements includes at least onehandheld or portable device. In one embodiment, the at least onehandheld device includes at least one propulsion gun.

In one embodiment, the device includes at least one component fordirecting administration of the at least one frozen particle compositionor at least one frozen piercing implement. In one embodiment, the atleast one component includes at least one nozzle. In one embodiment, theat least one nozzle includes at least one de Laval nozzle.

In one embodiment, the one or more frozen particle compositions, orfrozen piercing implements move at least partially through the deliverydevice by way of Venturi effect.

In one embodiment, one or more frozen particle compositions or frozenpiercing implements are made by utilizing an extrusion process in achamber maintained under pressure, and including at least one carriergas for administration of the frozen particle compositions or frozenpiercing implements. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,666,821, which isincorporated herein by reference.

In one embodiment, one or more frozen particle compositions or frozenpiercing implements are made by utilizing at least one cutting mechanismwith at least one frozen fluid or frozen composition substantially inthe form of a block, ribbon, sheet, or other form. See, for example,U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,913,711; and 5,520,572, each of which is incorporatedherein by reference.

In one embodiment, one or more frozen particle compositions or frozenpiercing implements are made by grinding or pulverizing at least onefrozen composition. In one embodiment, at least one frozen compositionis ground with an auger and delivered under pressure with at least onecarrier gas. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,174,225, which isincorporated herein by reference.

In one embodiment, one or more frozen particle compositions or frozenpiercing implements are made by utilizing an ink jet style printer. See,for example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,306,316, which is incorporated herein byreference. In one embodiment, the ink jet style printer utilizes atleast one supercooled fluid. In one embodiment, the supercooled fluidincludes at least one cryogenic fluid. In one embodiment, the ink jetstyle printer includes a non-direct contact mechanism for administeringthe one or more frozen particle compositions or frozen piercingimplements to at least one substrate. In one embodiment, the ink jetstyle printer includes at least one chamber under a vacuum.

In one embodiment, one or more frozen particle compositions or frozenpiercing implements are made by utilizing a rotary device. See, forexample, U.S. Pat. No. 4,703,590, which is incorporated herein byreference. In one embodiment, the rotary device provides at least onemold. In one embodiment, at least one fluid composition is introduced tothe at least one mold, and while the rotary device rotates through afreezing chamber, the at least one fluid composition in the at least onemold becomes at least partially frozen. As the rotary device rotatesfurther, the at least one frozen particle composition exits the at leastone mold.

In one embodiment, the one or more frozen particle compositions orfrozen piercing implements are made by utilizing a “pelletizer.” See,for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,617,064, which is incorporated herein byreference. In one embodiment, the one or more frozen particlecompositions or frozen piercing implements are made, for example, byutilizing a holding tank, cooling reservoir, compressor, and deliverydevice with a carrier gas. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,306,119,which is incorporated herein by reference.

In one embodiment, the one or more frozen particle compositions orfrozen piercing implements are made by depositing at least one fluidcomposition on at least one support surface. In one embodiment, ascreen-like material, for example, a nonperforated sheet, strip, orplane receives atomized droplets (e.g. water droplets), which are thenfrozen to form ice crystals. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,764,493,which is incorporated herein by reference. In one embodiment, a wiremesh screen moves through a temperature controlled water bath that coatsthe mesh with a thin water layer. Id. In one embodiment, as the meshenters the cold environment, ice crystals form and are brushed orscraped from the mesh with a brush. Id. In one embodiment, temperatureand pressure sensors within the vessel can be used by the control deviceto adjust carrier fluid temperature and input pressure. Id.

In one embodiment, the one or more frozen particle compositions orfrozen piercing implements are made by extruding at least one fluidcomposition through at least one aperture, die or nozzle. See, forexample, U.S. Pat. No. 6,986,265, which is incorporated herein byreference. In one embodiment, the nozzle includes at least one de Lavalnozzle. In one embodiment, at least one frozen composition in the formof a ribbon, block, or sheet, for example, is passed through the atleast one aperture, die or nozzle. In one embodiment, at least one fluidcomposition is provided to a freezing chamber configured to freeze theat least one fluid composition, and subsequently extruded.

In one embodiment, the one or more frozen particle compositions orfrozen piercing implements are administered to at least one substrate.In one embodiment, the one or more frozen particle compositions orfrozen piercing implements are administered by way of compressed gas,blast plate, high-speed rotor, or electrostatic acceleration (e.g.,subatomic accelerators). See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,945,050,which is incorporated herein by reference.

In one embodiment, one or more frozen particle compositions or one ormore frozen piercing implements are made by utilizing electrospraytechniques. In one embodiment, electrospray techniques are conducted ina vacuum. See, for example, Castro and Bocanegra, Applied Phys. Lett.vol. 88, pp. 123105-1-123105-3; and U.S. Pat. No. 2,048,651, each ofwhich is incorporated herein by reference. In one embodiment,electrospray techniques provide a narrow drop size distribution, whosemean diameter can be controlled from at least tens of nanometers to atleast hundreds of microns. Id. In one embodiment, two concentric needlesare fed with the conducting fluid and non-aqueous fluids through innerand outer needles, respectively. Id. In one embodiment, when an electricfield is applied, the free charges in the conducting fluid migrate tothe interface with the non-aqueous fluid. Id. In one embodiment, theflow-rates fed to the needles is controllable, which allows for varyingcontributions from the conducting fluid or non-aqueous constituents. Id.In one embodiment, colloidal propulsion efficiency depends on the ratioof mass vs. charge of the droplets. Id. When a conducting fluid surfaceis charged to a sufficiently high electrical potential, the interfacegenerally forms a cone, usually referred to as a Taylor cone. Id. ATaylor cone of hydrogen oxide held in a vacuum freezes almostimmediately. Id. However, when the conducting liquid includes hydrogenoxide, and the non-aqueous fluid includes at least one oil, a Taylorcone exists in a vacuum without freezing. Id. Thus, electrosprayconditions can be modified according to the constituents of the frozenparticle compositions, or frozen piercing implements.

In one embodiment, electrospraying is conducted by exposing fibers ofviscous fluid composition to static electricity having one poleelectrically connected with the fluid composition and the opposite poleelectrically connected with at least one collection surface. See, forexample, U.S. Pat. No. 2,048,651, which is incorporated herein byreference. In one embodiment, the viscous fluid composition includes acold fluid composition. In one embodiment, the collection surface isapproximately at or below the freezing point of the at least one fluidcomposition.

In one embodiment, one or more methods described herein can be utilizedfor fabricating one or more of frozen piercing implements, frozenpiercing implement devices, including but not limited to frozen piercingimplement arrays, fluidic devices, or injection devices, or otherassociated frozen tools and devices thereof.

As described herein, general fabrication techniques can be utilized, oradapted for making frozen particle compositions, including frozenpiercing implements. Examples of such fabrication techniques includeform-molding, etching, deposition, micromachining, and freeze-mixing. Inone embodiment, the one or more frozen piercing implements arefabricated by utilizing multiple processes.

In one embodiment, one or more frozen piercing implements are fabricatedby utilizing electrochemical etching. In one embodiment, a frozencomposition (e.g., in block, ribbon, or sheet form) is masked for areasof piercing implements, and etched utilizing at least one electrolyticsolution. In one embodiment, the electrolytic solution is cold, toprevent disintegration or dissolution of the frozen composition. In oneembodiment, the electroylytic solution includes at least one of sodium,potassium, fluoride, chloride, bromide, calcium, magnesium, hydrogenphosphate, or hydrogen carbonate.

In one embodiment, one or more frozen piercing implements are formed bysplintering or abrading a frozen composition. For example, a frozencomposition block or ribbon can be splintered or abraded by utilizing amachine that includes at least one abrading wheel, or annular splintcarrier. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 1,613,623, which is hereinincorporated by reference.

In one embodiment, frozen piercing implements are formed by utilizing afrozen composition and a lithography process. In one embodiment, thelithography process includes at least photolithography. In oneembodiment, the lithography process includes at least electron beamlithography. In one embodiment, etching includes wet etching or dryetching. For example, wet etching can utilize chemicals alone or incombination with an energy source, to at least partially remove materialsurrounding a device, or to remove one or more layers from the surfaceof the material to be etched. In one embodiment, the frozen compositionis a film or block.

In one embodiment, etching includes plasma etching or reactive ionetching. For example, reactive ion etching includes introducing at leastone etching gas into the chamber with the composition to be etched. Inone embodiment, plasma is created by radiofrequency power, and reactivespecies (radicals and ions) are generated in the plasma. In oneembodiment, reactive species diffuse onto the surface of thecomposition, while byproducts from the chemical reaction are desorbedand exhausted from the chamber. In one embodiment, the reactive ionetching system includes at least one of a parallel plate etchingconfiguration with at least one electrode (e.g. 5 inch quartzelectrode), and at least one radio frequency generator (e.g. 1 kW, 15MHz). See, for example, U.S. Patent Application Publication No.20020193754, which is herein incorporated by reference. In oneembodiment, the system further includes at least one of a mass flowcontroller, throttle valve, controller, or vacuum pump. Id. In oneembodiment, reactive ion etching removes at least one layer of materialto be etched.

In one embodiment, etching includes isotropic etching or anisotropicetching. In one embodiment, undercutting is used to remove material fromunder a mask. In one embodiment, undercutting is conducted with at leastone of a chemical, a mechanical force, an electromagnetic force, anelectrical force, a thermal change, or a combination thereof. In oneembodiment, undercutting is conducted with a laser, or fluid jet beam.In one embodiment, undercutting is conducted by a thermal source(including but not limited to conduction, convection, or radiation).

In one embodiment, a masking material is deposited onto a frozencomposition and patterned into dots having a diameter approximatelyequal to the base of the desired frozen piercing implements. The frozencomposition is then subjected to etching by a standard method, some ofwhich are described herein. The regions protected by the mask remain andform the frozen piercing implements. In one embodiment, the mask isinsulative. In one embodiment, the mask is heated or chemically treated.In one embodiment, etching continues until the mask falls off due tounderetching, thereby generating an array of frozen piercing implements.

In one embodiment, a “donut-shaped” mask is utilized to etch hollowfrozen piercing implements with inner and outer walls being etchedsimultaneously. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,334,856, which isincorporated herein by reference.

In one embodiment, a robotic array-spotting device (e.g., DNAmicroarrayer) is utilized to generate droplets. See, for example, Parket al., Biomed Devices, vol. 11, pp. 129-133 (2009), which isincorporated herein by reference. In one embodiment, the droplets areapproximately uniform in size or position. In general, microarrayers cangenerate many identical liquid droplets on a support structure. Id. Inaddition, the droplets generally have high resolution and droplet volumecan be controlled. Id. In one embodiment, a microarrayer can generategreater than approximately one thousand droplets per square centimeter.Id. Subsequently, the droplets are frozen, and fabricated into frozenpiercing implements. In one embodiment, a channel network is made byplacing a thin wire (e.g., metal wire) on a flat surface, droppingdroplets onto the wire, and freezing the droplets, forming wells alongthe wire channel. Id. In one embodiment, the channel network is utilizedin at least one array device, or fluidic device described herein.

In one embodiment, frozen piercing implements are fabricated byutilizing a micromold having tapered walls. For example, a micromold canbe made, for example, by molding a pre-existing 3-dimensional array ofmicroneedles or other piercing implements. The micromold is then surfaceplated or coated by, for example, vapor deposition of one or moreconstituents. In one embodiment, at least one constituent is spin-castin the micromold and frozen. In one embodiment, a micromold can be made,for example, by laser ablation techniques.

In one embodiment, the constituents of the composition (i.e., at leastone fluid and at least one agent) are combined and blended in at leastone polymer (e.g., cellulose, polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, orcopolymers thereof, etc.), binder, or pharmaceutical carrier orexcipient. Next, the composition is spun in a mold (e.g., a micromold ornanomold), defining at least one cavity at 3000 rpm for 5 minutes. See,for example, Oh and Kwon, CRS conference presentation (2007), availableon the worldwide web at: theraject.com/files/Demonstration_ofDose-controlled_Delivery_by_Dissolvable_Micro-needle Arrays.pdf, thecontent of which is incorporated herein by reference. In one embodiment,at least two cavities of the mold are loaded with at least two differentcompositions. Next, the compositions are at least partly frozen priorto, during, or subsequent to spin-casting. The composition on theexterior of the cavities is optionally removed following centrifugation.Id. In the spun-cast system, the higher density substances will beforced toward the top (e.g. tip) of the piercing implements. Id. Devicesincluding at least one frozen piercing implement can also be fashioned,for example, utilizing a mold (e.g., micromold, or nanomold). See, forexample, Park et al, Ibid.

In one embodiment, for example, the mold is fabricated from an epoxy(e.g. using high-aspect-ratio SU-8 epoxy photoresist master structuresto form polydimethyl siloxane molds). In one embodiment, injectionmolding is utilized for fabricating the piercing implements from themolds. Id. In one embodiment, an asymmetric masking process duringetching of the mold is utilized to form beveled or other shaped tips.Id. In one embodiment, microlenses are utilized for fabricating themolds (which can be altered by changing the focal point of themicrolens). Id.

In one embodiment, the frozen piercing implement support structureincludes a hydrophobic, super hydrophobic, omniphobic, hydrophilic, oramphiphilic surface. In one embodiment, the support structure includes apolymeric surface. In one embodiment, the support structure includes oneor more of glass, plastic, metal, or at least one frozen material. Inone embodiment, the support structure includes at least one of silicon,copper, silver, gold, platinum, rubidium, or polytetrafluoroethylene.

In one embodiment, the surface of a support structure is coated with afluid (including a viscous form) of at least one constitutent of thefinal frozen implement. In one embodiment, a mold or frame is configuredwith at least one characteristic for fabricating the piercing implement.For example, the at least one characteristic may include but not belimited to the desired size, shape, optional one or more ports, outerdiameter, inner diameter (for hollow or partially hollow implements),length, inclination angle of at least one side, array pattern, etc. Inone embodiment, the mold or frame is includes a comb-like configuration.In one embodiment, the mold or frame is then drawn into the fluidconstituent material. In one embodiment, the mold or frame itself iscoated with the fluid constituent material. In one embodiment, the fluidconstituent material is frozen while it is drawn with the mold or frame.In one embodiment, the drawing process is carried out by fixing thesupport structure and moving the mold or frame upward or downward, or byfixing the mold or frame, and drawing the support structure upward ordownward. In one embodiment, at least one desired characteristic of thepiercing implements can be fabricated by varying the drawing speed, orby shaping or cutting with a mechanical cutter, electrical cutter,magnetic cutter, thermal cutter, or cutter of another source. In oneembodiment, the cutter includes a laser beam.

In one embodiment, the frozen piercing implements are evaporated beforeremoving from the mold or frame. In one embodiment, at least oneadditional layer is applied to the frozen piercing implements by, forexample, vapor deposition, spray coating, dip coating, or other process.

In one embodiment, the frozen piercing implements are removed from themold or frame by varying the humidity, pressure, or temperature of thepiercing implements or the mold or frame. In one embodiment, the mold orframe is heated to release the implements. In one embodiment, the moldor frame is fashioned such that it can be adapted to be heated byelectrical, mechanical, thermal, electromagnetic, or other source ofheat. In one embodiment, the mold or frame includes a hand-in-gloveconfiguration.

In one embodiment, at least one heater heats the mold or frame by way ofconduction, convection, or radiation. In one embodiment, the mold orframe is coated (for example, with a polymer, oil, wax, film, etc.) foreasier removal of the piercing implements. In one embodiment, the moldor frame is coated with polytetrafluoroethylene.

In one embodiment, the frozen piercing implements are removed from themold or frame by applying at least one solvent to the mold, frame, orfrozen piercing implements. In one embodiment, the solvent includes aliquid form of at least one constitutent of the frozen piercingimplement. In one embodiment, the solvent includes a salt solution. Inone embodiment, the solvent includes an aqueous or non-aqueous fluid.

In one embodiment, the frozen piercing implements are removed from themold or frame by applying at least one of mechanical energy, electricalenergy, electromagnetic energy, magnetic energy, or thermal energy. Inone emobodiment, the frozen piercing implements are removed from themold or frame by applying one or more of a vibrational force, torisonalforce, compressive force, rarefaction force, or contact force (includingbut not limited to a collision force, such as an elastic collision orinelastic collision). In one embodiment, the frame or mold includes aportion with at least one energy producing or energy conductingcomponent. In one embodiment, the frame or mold is stacked together in asandwich configuration with at least one energy producing or energyconducting component layer in between. In one embodiment, the energyproducing or energy conducting component includes a mesh electrical mat.See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,241,979, which is incorporated hereinby reference. In one embodiment, the mold or frame includes at least onethermoregulator or other regulator. In one embodiment, the energyproducing or energy conducting component includes at least onethermoregulator or other regulator.

In one embodiment, the frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercingimplements are fabricated by vapor condensation or deposition onto asupport surface, including but not limited to a cryo-surface. See, forexample, Hallbrucker et al, J. Phys. Chem. 93, pp. 4986-4990 (1989); andMayer and Pletzer, J. Chem. Phys. 80 (6) pp. 2939-2952, each of which isincorporated herein by reference. In one embodiment, the cryo-surfaceincludes a cryoplate or cryowire. For example, samples of amorphoussolid water are prepared by depositing water vapors from a reservoir ofhydrogen oxide held at room temperature through a fine metering valveand a tume into a high vacuum system, where the hydrogen oxide iscondensed on a copper structure precooled to approximately 77K(approximately −196° C.). Id. In one embodiment, a baffle is used abovethe entrance tube to avoid supersonic flow of the hydrogen oxide vapor,which can cause rough surfacing of the particles. Id. In one embodiment,a supersonic flow of the hydrogen oxide vapor is desired, and no baffleis used. For example, in the absence of a baffle, supersonic expansionby adiabatic cooling gives a frozen amorphous solid particle with poresor voids, which allow for other fluids, including but not limited toinert gases (e.g., oxygen, nitrogen, or helium), to be adsorbed orenclosed within the frozen particle composition. Id. For example, themicroporous structure allows amorphous ice a large ability to trap gaseswithin the solid frozen particle composition. See, for example, Westley,et al., J. Chem. Phys. vol. 108, pp. 3321-3326 (1998), which isincorporated herein by reference.

In one embodiment, a method of making a frozen particle composition,including a frozen piercing implement, includes a standard refrigerationmechanism for cooling or supercooling at least one fluid constituent.For example, one form of standard refrigeration for freezing fluidsincludes a helix of stacked pipe coils surrounding and supporting acentral support member having a hollow core, covered by a sleeve member.See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,351,157, which is incorporated hereinby reference.

In one embodiment, the pipe helix includes an evaporator and includes ametal, such as copper. Id. In one embodiment, the hollow central supportmember includes an insulating material, such as foam or plastic. Id. Inone embodiment, the sleeve member includes a highly thermally conductivematerial, such as aluminum. Id. In one embodiment, the sleeve member isin substantial surface contact with the outer surface of the pipe helix.Id. Other standard refrigeration components are disposed in housing andcan include at least one of a compressor, expansion valve, filtering anddrying element liquid receiving means, condenser, or condenser fan. Id.In one embodiment, the refrigeration means utilizes standardrefrigerating fluids, such as FREON®. Id. In one embodiment, the helixof coils surrounded by a thermally conductive metal in substantialsurface contact with the stack of coils results in formation of a frozenlayer on the outer surface of the thermally conductive sleeve, even inenvironments not otherwise conducive to formation of frozencompositions, or frozen piercing implements. Id. This frozen layer onthe outer surface of the thermally conductive sleeve can be etched, cut,or otherwise fabricated into frozen particle compositions, or frozenpiercing implements.

In one embodiment, the frozen composition utilized for fabricatingfrozen particle compositions, or frozen piercing implements is exposedto conditions for a time sufficient to at least partially thaw thefrozen composition. Subsequently, the at least partially thawedcomposition is frozen solid again. In one embodiment, thefreeze-thaw-freeze alters the surface of the frozen composition. See,for example, U.S. Pat. No. 1,891,230, which is incorporated herein byreference. In one embodiment, the altered surface includes a hardenedouter surface, or “crust.” Id. In one embodiment, the frozen compositionis embossed or stamped in order to fabricate at least one frozenparticle composition, or frozen piercing implement. Id. In oneembodiment, the frozen composition undergoes at least one thaw orpartial thaw while contacting the embossing or stamping mold orequipment. In one embodiment, the frozen composition is exposed to atleast one additional freezing temperature while contacting the embossingor stamping mold or equipment. In one embodiment, the embossing orstamping mold or other equipment is heated while contacting the frozencomposition. In one embodiment, the frozen composition is positioned ona surface, and the embossing or stamping occurs from one side or onedirection. In one embodiment, the frozen composition is positioned so asto “thread” through an embossing or stamping device, wherein theembossing or stamping occurs from more than one side or more than onedirection. In one embodiment, the frozen particle compositions, orfrozen piercing implements are collected subsequent to the embossing orstamping. Id. In one embodiment, the frozen particle compositions, orfrozen piercing implements, are collected into a cryofluid orrefrigerant. In one embodiment, the frozen particle compositions, orfrozen piercing implements, are collected in at least one compartment.In one embodiment, the at least one compartment includes at least onerefrigerant or cryogenic fluid. In one embodiment, the at least onecompartment includes at least one of liquid nitrogen, liquid Freon®,liquid oxygen, or supercooled fluid.

In one embodiment, the frozen piercing implement includes a sidewall, orshaft, as shown in FIGS. 121, 126, and others. In one embodiment, theangle of the sidewall, or angle of the piercing implement tip, includesat least one of at least approximately 0°, approximately 5°,approximately 10°, approximately 20°, approximately 30°, approximately40°, approximately 45°, approximately 50°, approximately 60°,approximately 70°, approximately 80°, approximately 90°, or any valuetherebetween or greater.

In one embodiment, an apparatus is used for preparing frozen hydrogenoxide particle compositions. See, for example, Mayer and Pletzer, Ibid.For example, in one embodiment, frozen particle compositions areprepared by admitting hydrogen oxide vapor from a reservoir of liquidhydrogen oxide at room temperature, through a needle valve and a nozzleinto a high vacuum system, condensing the vapor on a support structureprecooled to approximately 77 K (approximately −196° C.). Id. In theapparatus, vapor is condensed directly in the sealed bottom part of a 10mm diameter glass tube. Id.

In one embodiment, the frozen particles are prepared in situ, anddevitrification is conducted in the presence of gas or in vacuo. Id. Inone embodiment, the apparatus allows for observation of thedevitrification either in vacuo without any prior contact of thehydrogen oxide with inert gas, or in the presence of various inertnoncondensible gases (99.99% purity). Id.

In one embodiment, the apparatus includes copper tubes of variouslengths (with 13 and 4 mm inner diameter) used as nozzles. Id. Variousnozzle shapes can be used. Id. Additionally, the apparatus includes anoptional baffle or deflector, such as a copper plate held at roomtemperature between the neozzle exit and the cryoplate. Id. In oneembodiment, an oil diffusion pump with 130 l/s pumping capacity is used,with a base pressure of 10⁻⁵ and 10⁻⁶ mbar during condensation. Id. Thehydrogen oxide condensates can be transferred from the copper cryoplateinto liquid nitrogen, and subsequently with a liquid nitrogen cooledspoon to an analytical instrument, or other location. Id.

In one embodiment, frozen hydrogen oxide particle compostions wereprepared by condensation of gas evaporating from a surface of ice Ih atapproximately 210 K (approximately −63° C.), with a chloroform slushbath. Id. In one embodiment, the coolfinger apparatus is inserted into alarge tube with a sealed flat bottom for the crystalline ice reservoir,without the need for the nozzle. Id.

In one embodiment, differential thermal analysis of a sample of theresulting frozen hydrogen oxide particle compositions is conducted areconducted using standard techniques. Id. In one embodiment, the samplesare heated from between approximately 83 K (approximately −190° C.) andapproximately 90 K (approximately −183° C.) with 6 degrees/minute as aheating rate. Id.

In one embodiment, frozen particle compositions including at least, forexample, methanol, toluene, butanol, ethanol, pentanol, orisopropylbenzene are prepared in the same manner, utilizing theapparatus as depicted in published studies. Id.

In one embodiment, the size, morphology, or porosity can be modulated byaltering the temperature, pressure, or angle of incidence for which thevapor is deposited. See, for example, Hallbrucker et al, Ibid. In oneembodiment, including at least one second fluid with the frozenparticles during an annealing process, results in incorporation of theat least one second fluid in the frozen particle compositions, or frozenpiercing implements. Id. For example, on heating amorphous solid waterfrom approximately 77K (approximately −196° C.) a decrease in surfacearea occurs and sintering proceeds as pores close and become isolated.Id. In one embodiment, for example, the annealing process is carried outin the presence of nitrogen or other gases, and the adsorbed gasesbecome enclosed in the pores during sintering. Id. The gas cannot beremoved by pumping at low temperatures, but is gradually given offduring the warming of the sample up to approximately 273 K(approximately 0° C.). Id. Accordingly, the frozen particlecompositions, or frozen piercing implements that include at least onesecond fluid generally retain a larger size than the frozen particlecompositions, or frozen piercing implements that do not contain anadditional fluid. Id.

In one embodiment, at least one of the vapor deposition process or theannealing process is at least partially conducted in a vacuum, whichgenerates frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercing implements atleast substantially without other gases present in the frozen particlecompositions, or frozen piercing implements. Id.

In one embodiment, ice Ic is formed by heating amorphous solid water orhyperquenched glassy water to approximately 150 K to approximately 162 K(approximately −123° C. to approximately −111° C.). Id. In oneembodiment, a reversible glass to liquid transition occurs with an onsettemperature of approximately 136 K+/−1 K (approximately −137° C.+/−1°C.) with a range of transition of approximately 14 K, or 14° C., and theincrease in heat capacity is approximately 1.9+/−0.2 J/Kmol. Id. In oneembodiment, the heat of crystallization of amorphous solid water to iceIc is approximately −1.29+/−0.01 kJ/mol. Id.

In one embodiment, for example, published studies have shown thathydrogen oxide prepared at a temperature lower than approximately 140 K(approximately -133° C.) include amorphous granules in submicrometersize. See, for example, Boxe et al., Abstract, J Colloid and InterfaceSci. Vol. 309 pp. 412-418 (2007), which is incorporated by referenceherein. In one embodiment, for example, at near 180-200K (approximately−93° C. approximately −73° C.), solid hydrogen oxide produces hexagonalor cubic granules or particles in micrometer size or smaller. Id. Iceparticle size can be increased, for example, by brief annealing at evenwarmer temperatures to sizes approaching approximately 10 μm. Id. In oneembodiment, the particle size or phase is monitored or controlled. Forexample, environmental scanning electron microscopy can be used toassess particle size and phase of particles that develop from the vapordeposition process. Id. In one embodiment, the specific surface area ofparticles can be determined from BET (Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller)analysis of gas adsorption isotherms, as well as other methods. Id. Inone embodiment, the BET analysis includes gas adsorption of isotherms inthe temperature range from approximately 83.5 to 261 K (approximately−190° C. to −12° C.). Id. As indicated in published studies, thespecific surface area of particles generated by vapor deposition wereapproximately 102 m²/g at approximately 83.5K (approximately −190° C.)to approximately 0.87 m²/g at approximately 150K (approximately −123°C.), indicating that a transition from amorphous to crystalline form ofhydrogen oxide occurs at approximately 150K (approximately −123° C.).

In one embodiment, frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercingimplements are prepared in a cryopumped ultra-high vacuum chambercapable of reaching a base pressure of approximately 1×10⁻¹⁰ Torr, aspublished by Westley et al Ibid. In one embodiment, ice films are grownon an optically flat gold electrode of a quartz crystal resonator for amicrobalance. Id. For example, the crystal holder is attached to aclosed-cycle refrigerator and surrounded by two heat shields atapproximately 30 K (approximately −243° C.) and 60 K (approximately−213° C.), respectively. Id. The films are formed by flowing degassedhigh-purity apor through an array of 0.5 mm long, 50 μm diametercapillaries approximately perpendicular to the gold surface. Id. Filmsof thickness between approximately 0.01 μm and approximately 3 μm weregrown at rates in the range of 0.6 nm/minute to 2 nm/minute at supportstructure temperatures of approximately 30 K (approximately −243° C.) to140 K (approximately −133° C.). Id. In one embodiment, morphology,density and porosity of frozen particle compositions can be variedaccording to one or more of the constitution of the support structure,the direction of the fluid flow, or the vacuum conditions. Id.

In one embodiment, varying the angular distribution of the incidentvapor molecules to the support structure controls the morphology orporosity of the frozen particle compositions. See, for example,Stevenson, et al., Science vol. 283, pp. 1505-1507 (1999). For example,in one embodiment, vapor deposited on a support structure by collimated,effusive hydrogen oxide beams have a region of uniform thickness (umbra)surrounded by a region of decreasing thickness (penumbra), whereas vapordeposited on a support structure by ambient vapor are uniform across theentire sample, as verified by Auger electron spectroscopy andtemperature-programmed desportion. Id. In one embodiment, the depositionrates of hydrogen oxide vapor on a support structure include 0.02 to0.12 bilayer per second, where 1 bilayer is approximately equal to1.1×10¹⁵ molecules per square centimeter). Id. In one embodiment,adsorption of gas (e.g., oxygen, argon, or nitrogen) by amorphous solidwater frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercing implements grownwith a deposition angle less than or equal to approximately 20° issimilar to the adsorption by a crystalline ice film. Id. In oneembodiment, adsorption of gas by amorphous solid water frozen particlecompositions, or frozen piercing implements grown with a depositionangle greater than approximately 30° C. increases markedly, reaching amaximum when the angle of deposition is approximately equal to 70° C.Id. At the maximum gas adsorption, amorphous solid water adsorbs morethan 20 times the amount of gas adsorbed by a crystalline ice film. Id.

In on embodiment, morphology, density, or porosity can be controlled bythe angle of incidence of the vapor particles contacting the supportstructure, as illustrated by ballistic deposition. Id. For example, theformation of porous, columnar films by oblique deposition has beendemonstrated to be controllable for a variety for structurally-stable,high-melting point solids, including but not limited to metals, oxides,or semiconductors. Id. Accordingly, for preparation of frozen particlecompositions, or frozen piercing implements, morphology, density, orporosity can be controlled by angle of vapor deposition fromapproximately straight-line trajectories that yield less porous surfacesto an increasing or decreasing angle of deposition, that result in filmsof varying thicknesses and growth rates, providing a shadow ofparticular background regions of the support structure. Id.

In one embodiment, frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercingimplements are prepared by controlling the pressure and temperature ofhydrogen oxide, or other particle composition constitutent, introducedas a liquid, gas, or solid. In one embodiment, ice Ic is prepared byhyperquenching pure hydrogen oxide droplets onto a cold substrate (belowapproximately 190 K, or approximately −83° C.), as described herein.

In one embodiment, ice Ic is prepared by freezing hydrogen oxideclusters (approximately 6.6-5.5 nm) at 200 K (approximately −73° C.), orby homogenous freezing at approximately 235 K (approximately −38° C.) ofan emulsion of hydrogen oxide droplets in an oil matrix. See, forexample, Murray and Bertram, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. vol. 8, pp. 186-192(2006), which is herein incorporated by reference.

In one embodiment, emulsions of pure hydrogen oxide droplets areprepared by mixing distilled, filtered hydrogen oxide with an oil phasein a proportion of approximately 30-40% water in oil (by mass). Id. Inone embodiment, the oil phase includes approximately 10% surfactant(such as lanolin) in hydrocarbon oil (such as paraffin oil). Id. In oneembodiment, emulsions are cooled to approximately 173 K (orapproximately −100° C.) at a rate of approximately 10 K (or degreesCelsius)/minute, while monitoring ice reflection (with the diffractionangle of approximately 24° or approximately)40°. Id. In one embodiment,the freezing range of pure hydrogen oxide is between approximately237.5+/−1 K and 230.4+/−1 K (approximately −35.6° C.+/−1° C. and −42.75°C.+/−1° C.), which indicates that neither the oil nor surfactantsignificantly alters the nucleation process of the freezing droplets.Id.

In one embodiment, the mixture is agitated for 5-10 minutes or until thedroplets are of the desired size, which can be determined by standardtechniques, such as optical microscopy. Id. Droplet size can be variedby adjusting the agitation time, and droplet size allows for selectionof ice structure with nearly all frozen particles existing as ice Ic ata volume median diameter of approximately 5.6 μm. Id. Ice Ic is stablein the emulsions, as in other contexts, below approximately 240 K(approximately −33° C.), when it undergoes a solid state transformationto ice Ih (unless formed in nanoporous material). Id. In one embodiment,selecting for ice Ic during crystallization of hydrogen oxide can beconducted by keeping the rate of heat dissipation greater than the rateof heat production by the crystallization process. Id.

As with other methods of preparing frozen particle compositions, orfrozen piercing implements, the structures of the frozen particlecompositions, or frozen piercing implements prepared in this manner canbe analyzed by standard techniques, including for example, x-raydiffraction. Id.

In one embodiment, the frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercingimplements are made by contacting at least one sterile first fluiddroplet with at least one surface. In one embodiment, the at least onesurface includes at least one hydrophobic, super hydrophobic, oromniphobic surface. In one embodiment, the at least one sterile firstfluid droplet changes in density while the fluid solidifies or freezes.In one embodiment, the at least one droplet is exposed to at least oneforce. In one embodiment, the at least one force includes one or more ofgravitational force, centrifugal force, centripetal force, magneticforce, electromagnetic force, capillary action, surface tension,expansion force, pneumatic force, air pressure, fluid pressure,electromotive force, or electrical force. In one embodiment, as thedroplet density changes, at least one frozen projection is formed. Inone embodiment, the at least one frozen projection includes a hollowtube through which supercooled fluid passes and freezes at the tip,thereby growing the at least one projection. In one embodiment, the atleast one frozen projection forms by way of reverse sublimation. In oneembodiment, the at least one frozen projection forms in accordance withthe Bally-Dorsey model. See, for example, Libbrecht and Lui, on theworldwide web at:its.caltech.edu/˜atomic/snowcrystals/icespikes/icespikes.htm; andBlanchard, J. Meterology, vol. 8, pp. 268-269 (1951), each of which isincorporated herein by reference. In one embodiment, the at least onefrozen projection forms by way of crystallization.

In one embodiment, the frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercingimplements, are fabricated by pulling a roll or tube of the compositionwhile increasing the temperature or pressure on the composition in orderto increase the viscosity. See, for example, Purves, Biophys. J. vol.29, pp. 523-530 (1980), which is incorporated herein by reference. Forparticular compositions that may have low viscosity, or low tensilestrength, at least one agent can be added to increase thesecharacteristics. For example, one or more of a polymer, wax, fat,carbohydrate, protein, gelatin, or other agent can be added to the fluidcomposition, for example, hydrogen oxide or another constituent in orderto increase tensile strength.

In one embodiment, the frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercingimplements are generated by first combining the constituents, includingany additional agents (such as therapeutic agents, reinforcement agents,abrasives, explosive materials, adhesive agents, biological remodelingagents, or other agents) under appropriate conditions. Next, thecombined constituents are freeze dried. As indicated herein, in oneembodiment, the frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercingimplements include but are not limited to mixtures, solutions,suspensions, dispersions, gels, or other combinations.

In one embodiment, the frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercingimplements, are fabricated by spinning. In one embodiment, the frozenparticle compositions, or frozen piercing implements, are fabricated bymelt-spinning, dry spinning, gel spinning, extrusion spinning,electro-spinning, direct spinning, or wet spinning. In one embodiment,gel spinning is conducted with DMSO as a solvent, or as part of the spuncomposition. See, for example, Fukae et al., Abstract, Polymer Comm.,vol. 46, pp. 11193-11194 (2005), which is herein incorporated byreference.

In one embodiment, the frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercingimplements, are fabricated by embossing or casting. In one embodiment,molds for embossing or casting are machined, milled, drilled, or pressedaccording to standard techniques. In addition, as described herein,standard lithographic methods can be used, followed by electroplating orwet/dry etching for preparing molds. In one embodiment, isothermalembossing is utilized, in which the constituents and the mold are heatedabove the glass transition temperature, and then pressed against themold. In one embodiment, non-isothermal embossing is utilized, in whichthe mold alone is heated and pressed. As described herein, in certaincases where the glass transition temperature for a particular frozenparticle composition , or frozen piercing implements is low, thearticles used to make the frozen particle compositions, or frozenpiercing implements are also kept at a low temperature, and heating anyparticular article occurs relative to the glass transition temperature.

In one embodiment, a frozen piercing implement or frozen piercingimplement device is embossed in a frozen composition. A mold fabricatedfrom a pre-existing microneedle array, for example, can be utilized. Themicromold is coated with at least one constitutent by, for example,vapor deposition, and the frozen piercing implements are etched from thenon-embossed side until the embossed cavity is exposed. See, forexample, U.S. Pat. No. 7,344,499, which is incorporated herein byreference. Next, at least one constituent is deposited on the embossedside and sidewalls, but not on the non-embossed side. Id. The micromoldis then removed to form the frozen piercing implement(s).

In one embodiment, the frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercingimplements, are fabricated by injection molding or rapid-injectionmolding. In one embodiment, for example, the combined constituents areinjected into a cavity or die, then cooled under conditions sufficientto solidify the constituents. In one embodiment, the compositionsolidifies in a short amount of time. In one embodiment, the compositionsolidifies in a longer period of time. In certain instances, dependingon the constitution of a particular composition, the time from injectionto solidification can be adjusted for specific desired results. See, forexample, U.S. Pat. No. 6,572,796, which is incorporated herein byreference.

In one embodiment, the frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercingimplements are made by calendering. In certain instances, theconstituents are combined and placed under conditions sufficient tosolidify the combined constituents (including but not limited to highpressure or lower temperature) before or during calendering the combinedconstituents into a sheet or layer on a base. Various constituents canbe layered together in multiple layers, or can be combined in a singlelayer. The frozen particles can then be further processed to attain thedesired size, shape, etc. by cutting, etching, embossing, or similartechnique.

In one embodiment, the devices associated with or including at least onefrozen piercing implement, including but not limited to frozen piercingimplement array devices, fluidic devices, or injection devices, are atleast partially fabricated by micromachining techniques. In oneembodiment, surface micromachining, bulk micromachining, or acombination thereof is used.

In one embodiment, the frozen piercing implements are made by providingat least one fluid composition, and utilizing at least one forceconfigured to induce at least one projection in the at least one fluidcomposition. In one embodiment, the at least one force includes at leastone of: gravitational force, centrifugal force, centripetal force,magnetic force, electromagnetic force, capillary action, surfacetension, expansion force, pneumatic force, air pressure, fluid pressure,electromotive force, or electrical force, or the like.

In general, the volumetric flow rate Q forming icicle-like piercingimplements is on the order of tens of milliliters per hour(approximately 0.01 cm³/second), and icicle radii are generally in therange of approximately 1-10 cm. See, for example, Short et al., Phys.Fluids, vol. 18, pp. 083101-1-5, (2006), which is incorporated herein byreference. As such, a cylindrical icicle of radius r, has an aqueousfilm flow of thickness h, and since h is smaller than r over nearly theentire icicle surface, the velocity profile in the layer may bedetermined as that flowing on a flat surface. Id. If y is a coordinatenormal (or approximately so) to the surface and θ is the angle that thetangent vector τ makes with respect to the horizontal, then the Stokesequation for gravity-driven flow is v_(w)d²u/dy²=sin θ, where g is thegravitational acceleration and v_(w)=0.01 cm²/second is the kinematicviscosity of hydrogen oxide. Id.

Additionally, piercing implements can be made from a single drop ordroplet of at least one fluid composition by applying a scaling factoror the aspect ratio. Id. For example, dimensionless profiles can beconstructed for a desired form by applying the formula for the “idealicicle shape,” in accordance with naturally occurring icicle shapes,which is ρ=4/3 (ζ^(1/2)+2)√ζ^(1/2)−1. Id. Likewise, for example,evaluating the asymptotic form at some point on the surface (ρ*, ζ*)where the aspect ratio (length/width) is A=ζ*/ρ*, and the shape can bewritten as ζ/ζ*≈(ρ/ρ*)^(4/3), a universal, self-similar form, regardlessof the droplet size. Id. In this regard, it is possible to predict orcompute parameters for a frozen piercing implement based on the naturalformation of icicles.

In one embodiment, acoustic force is utilized to induce at least oneprojection from at least one fluid composition. For example, the shapeof a drop or bubble can be distorted, and internal flow manipulated, byshifting the resonant frequencies of natural shape oscillations. See,for example, Trinh, et al., Jet Propulsion Lab white paper, available atthe worldwide web attrs-new.jpl.nasa.govidspace/bitstream/2014/20280/1/98-1182.pdf, thecontent of which is incorporated herein by reference.

In one embodiment, the frozen particle compositions are made with atleast one compound that has been sterilized (e.g., by filtration, byultraviolet light, or other method), degassed, or deionized.

In one embodiment, at least one first fluid composition is contactedwith at least one second fluid for a time and condition sufficient toform one or more frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercingimplements as described herein.

In one embodiment, at least one agent (e.g., a reinforcement agent) isutilized to freeze with one or more components, or substances. In oneembodiment, the at least one agent is substantially a solid, and atleast one substance or component is substantially a liquid. Thecombination is then frozen, and frozen particle compositions aregenerated as described herein.

In one embodiment, one or more frozen particle compositions or frozenpiercing implements are extruded by way of a die, or molding. In oneembodiment, the constituents are combined during the extrusion process.In one embodiment, a spinneret is utilized for extrusion of frozenparticle compositions or frozen piercing implements. In certaininstances, the compositions are extruded in a semi-solid state, and thenfurther solidified. In one embodiment, different dies or extrusionplates are used with the spinneret in order to form particularcross-sectional shapes (e.g., round, trilobal, pentagonal, octagonal,etc.). In one embodiment, a configuration can be used that resistsbending of the extrudate, particularly when the extrudate is composed ofmultiple constituents. See, for example, PCT Publication No.WO/2000/070131, which is incorporated herein by reference.

In one embodiment, one or more frozen particle compositions, or frozenpiercing implements are generated with assistance of at least onerefrigerant or cryogen, including but not limited to liquid nitrogen,liquid carbon dioxide, etc.

In one embodiment, at least one agent (e.g., a reinforcement agent) isutilized to crystallize one or more components or substances. Thecrystallization is frozen, and frozen particle compositions, or frozenpiercing implements are generated as described herein.

In one embodiment, the size of at least one frozen particle compositionis measured. In one embodiment, the size of at least one frozen particlecomposition is measured according to particle size distribution. In oneembodiment, the frozen particle composition size may be measured by, forexample, sieve analysis, optical counting methods, electron microscopy,disc centrifugation, electrozone sensing, dynamic light scattering,electroresistance counting methods, scanning tunneling microscopy,atomic force microscopy, sedimentation techniques, laser diffractionmethods, acoustic spectroscopy, ultrasound attenuation spectroscopy, andthe like. In one embodiment, the size distributions are measured, forexample, by utilizing an electrical mobility sizing technique inaccordance with the National Institute of Standards and TechnologyStandard Reference Material Particles. See, for example, ApplicationNote SMPS-003, on the worldwide web at tsi.com; the subject matter ofwhich is herein incorporated by reference. In one embodiment, the sizedistribution of a particular lot of frozen particle compositions, orfrozen piercing implements is measured by utilizing, for example, aScanning Mobility Particle Sizer™ (SMPS) spectrometer. Id. For example,the SMPS spectrometer utilizes a differential mobility analyzer to sizeclassify the particle stream and a condensation particle counter todetermine the concentration at each size. Id. The differential mobilityanalyzer utilizes the fact that a particles' electrical mobility (Z_(p),or the ability of a charged particle to move in an electric field) isroughly inversely proportional to particle diameter. Id. Additionally,size distribution measurements can be made in real-time with the SMPSspectrometer. Id.

In one embodiment, size distributions of electrospray droplets from aTaylor cone are directly measured by using a freezing method and atransmission electron microscope image processing. See, for example, KiKu, et al., Abstract, J. Aerosol Sci., vol. 32, no. 12, pp. 1459-1477(2001), which is incorporated herein by reference.

In one embodiment, one or more methods, devices, or systems describedherein include delivering or administering one or more frozen particlecompositions, or frozen piercing implements by high velocity impact. Inone embodiment, the one or more devices that utilize high velocityimpact delivery provide at least one of localized delivery, targeteddelivery, sustained delivery, modulated delivery, feedback controlleddelivery. In some instances, an example of a device that can be used foradministering one or more of the compositions described herein includesa handheld device, such as a wand, pen, baton, hose, sprayer, spigot,gun (e.g., particle or pellet gun), or other device. In certaininstances, the device is at least part of a built-in delivery device,such as can be included in a wall, an overhead device, a corral, a gate,or a device that includes a cavity into which a subject can be placedfor administration or delivery of at least one composition describedherein. In certain instances, the device has robotic action. In any ofthese instances, the device can be remotely controlled, for example, bya human, computer system, or computer program. In one embodiment, thedevice can be built in, for example, in a room (e.g., hospital room,surgical room, greenhouse, food or beverage facility, outdoor or indoorarena or stadium, home, institutions, etc.).

In one embodiment, a method for making one or more frozen particlecompositions, or frozen piercing implements includes passing one or moredroplets of at least one fluid composition through a compartment that isconfigured to provide conditions for a time sufficient to freeze the oneor more droplets; wherein the compartment includes at least onehydrophobic surface and wherein the at least one fluid compositionincludes at least one fluid and at least one agent. In one embodiment,the at least one hydrophobic surface is reversible to at least onehydrophilic surface. In one embodiment, the reversible hydrophobicsurface includes at least one vanadium oxide nanostructured film. See,for example, Lim et al, J. Am. Chem. Soc., Abstract, vol. 129, pp.4128-4129 (2007), which is incorporated herein by reference. Forexample, fabrication of a roselike nanostructured vanadium oxide (V₂O₅)film with photoinduced surface wettability switching can be conducted bydrop-casting a suspension of vanadium oxide particles. Id. In oneembodiment, the suspension of vanadium oxide particles is synthesizedwith the sol-gel method. Id. In one embodiment, alkylamine is added tothe vanadium oxide, in such a manner that alkyl chains are intercalatedbetween the vanadium oxide layers. Id. The surface is tunable, forexample, by exposing the surface to ultraviolet light, the surfacebecomes superhydrophilic, while exposure to darkness renders the surfacesuperhydrophobic. Id.

In one embodiment, a method for administering at least one frozenpiercing implement to at least one substrate comprises contacting atleast one substrate with at least one frozen piercing implement.

In one embodiment, administering the at least one frozen piercingimplement to at least one substrate includes accelerating, propelling,pushing, pulling, or ejecting the at least one frozen piercing implementtoward the at least one substrate. In one embodiment, administering theat least one frozen piercing implement to at least one substrateincludes drilling or administering with a screw-type action. In oneembodiment, administering the at least one frozen piercing implement toat least one substrate includes accelerating, propelling, pushing,pulling, or ejecting the at least one substrate toward the at least onefrozen piercing implement. In one embodiment, administering the at leastone frozen piercing implement to at least one substrate includespropelling, ejecting, pushing, pulling, drilling, or accelerating the atleast one frozen piercing implement toward the at least one substratewith at least one of a predetermined angle, predetermined velocity,predetermined force, predetermined substrate stress, predetermined rateof administration, predetermined depth, predetermined location,predetermined time sequence, or predetermined spatial pattern. In oneembodiment, the method further comprises varying the rate, velocity,force, or angle at which the at least one frozen piercing implement isadministered to the at least one substrate.

In one embodiment, administering the at least one frozen piercingimplement to at least one substrate includes propelling, ejecting,pushing, pulling, drilling, or accelerating a plurality of frozenpiercing implements toward the at least one substrate. In oneembodiment, propelling, ejecting, pushing, pulling, drilling, oraccelerating the plurality of frozen piercing implements toward the atleast one substrate includes propelling, ejecting, or accelerating theplurality of frozen piercing implements at one or more of apredetermined angle, predetermined velocity, predetermined rate ofadministration, predetermined spatial pattern, predetermined location,predetermined time sequence, predetermined force, predeterminedsubstrate stress, or predetermined depth. In one embodiment, two or moreof the plurality of frozen piercing implements each includes at leastone agent that physically or chemically bind upon administration. In oneembodiment, administering the at least one frozen piercing implementoccurs prior to, during, or subsequent to surgery.

In one embodiment, the method further comprises varying the rate,velocity, force, or angle at which the at least one frozen particlecomposition, frozen piercing implement, or frozen piercing implementdevice is administered to the at least one substrate. In one embodiment,administering the at least one frozen particle composition, frozenpiercing implement, or frozen piercing implement device occurs prior to,during, or subsequent to surgery.

In one embodiment, the method further comprises administering to the atleast one substrate at least one article including an optical, photonic,or electronic article. In one embodiment, the at least one article isconfigured to communicate with at least one computer system. In oneembodiment, the at least one article is configured to monitor at leastone characteristic of the at least one substrate. In one embodiment, theat least one substrate includes at least one biological cell or tissue,and the at least one characteristic of the at least one substrateincludes one or more of: tissue formation, tissue growth, cellproliferation, cell differentiation, nuclear division, apoptosis,dissolution, deterioration, biochemical function of at least one cell,biochemical function of at least one tissue, biochemical function of atleast one organ, structural integrity, structural function,immunological reaction, or durability of the at least one biologicaltissue.

In one embodiment, the at least one article includes at least onetemperature-sensitive substance. In one embodiment, the at least onearticle is intermixed with the at least one frozen particle composition,frozen piercing implement, or frozen piercing implement device. In oneembodiment, the at least one article is located in the at least onefrozen piercing implement. In one embodiment, the at least one articleincludes at least one electronic identification device. In oneembodiment, the at least one electronic identification device includesat least one radio frequency identification device.

In one embodiment, the at least one article includes at least oneradioactive, luminescent, colorimetric or odorous substance. In oneembodiment, the at least one article is configured to sense at least onechange in temperature. In one embodiment, the at least one articleincludes at least one of a diamagnetic particle, ferromagnetic particle,paramagnetic particle, super paramagnetic contrast agent, particle withaltered isotope, or other magnetic particle.

In one embodiment, the method further comprises adjusting thetemperature of the at least one substrate prior to, during, orsubsequent to administering the at least one frozen piercing implementto at least approximately 37° C., approximately 36° C., approximately35° C., approximately 34° C., approximately 33° C., approximately 32°C., approximately 31° C., approximately 30° C., approximately 29° C.,approximately 28° C., approximately 27° C., approximately 26° C.,approximately 25° C., approximately 24° C., approximately 23° C.,approximately 22° C., approximately 21° C., approximately 20° C.,approximately 19° C., approximately 18° C., approximately 17° C.,approximately 16° C., approximately 15° C., approximately 14° C.,approximately 13° C., approximately 12° C., approximately 11° C.,approximately 10° C., approximately 9° C., approximately 8° C.,approximately 7° C., approximately 6° C., approximately 5° C.,approximately 4° C., approximately 3° C., approximately 2° C.,approximately 1° C., approximately 0° C., or any temperature less thanor therebetween.

In one embodiment, contacting at least one substrate includes at leastone of cutting, stitching, cauterizing, freezing, perforating,penetrating, ablating, or abrading at least a part of the surface of theat least one substrate. In one embodiment, administering the at leastone substrate occurs in conjunction with cryosurgery, cryotherapy, ormesotherapy.

In one embodiment, the method further comprises sensing or extracting atleast one material from the at least one substrate. Various non-limitingexamples of materials that are capable of being sensed or extracted fromat least one substrate are provided herein.

In one embodiment, contacting at least one substrate affects one or moreof electrical resistance of the at least one substrate, or permeabilityof the at least one substrate. In one embodiment, the method furthercomprises withdrawing the at least one frozen piercing implement fromthe at least one substrate.

In one embodiment, a method of vaccinating a subject includesadministering to a subject at least one frozen particle composition,frozen piercing implement, or frozen piercing implement device thatincludes at least one vaccine. Specific examples of compositionsincluding frozen piercing implements including vaccines are describedherein.

In one embodiment, a method includes delivering at least one agent to atleast one substrate, wherein the agent is included as part of a frozenpiercing implement. In one embodiment, a method for piercing at leastone substrate includes piercing at least one substrate with a frozenpiercing implement including at least one agent. Specific examples ofcompositions including frozen piercing implements are described herein.

In one embodiment, a method for administering a frozen piercingimplement device that includes at least one frozen piercing implementincludes contacting the frozen piercing implement device (e.g., an arraydevice, fluidic device, or injection device, etc.) with at least onesubstrate. In one embodiment, a method for delivering at least one agentincludes administering at least one frozen piercing implement device toat least one substrate, wherein at least one frozen piercing implementof the device includes at least one agent. In one embodiment, the atleast one frozen piercing implement is coated with at least one agent.In one embodiment, the at least one agent is encapsulated in the atleast one frozen piercing implement. In one embodiment, at least onefrozen piercing implement includes at least one conduit configured todeliver at least one agent. In one embodiment, the at least one frozenpiercing implement array is administered to at least one substrate priorto, during, or subsequent to administering a trans-substrate patch oriontophoretic device. In one embodiment, the trans-substrate patchincludes a transdermal patch.

In one embodiment, at least one material is extracted from the at leastone substrate. Various non-limiting examples of materials that arecapable of being extracted from at least one substrate are describedherein. In one embodiment, the at least one material extracted from theat least one substrate is held in at least one compartment. In oneembodiment, spring means, a cantilever, gate, expandable balloon, rigidballoon, or other regulatory means, are configured to cause a change involume, and corresponding change in internal pressure, of thecompartment. For example, in one embodiment, the compartment includes amovable, rigid top with fixed, rigid side walls, wherein the interfacebetween the walls and top include a gas-tight seal (for example, byplacement of a gasket or other seal). See, for example, U.S. Pat. No.7,344,499, which is herein incorporated by reference.

In one embodiment, at least one material is extracted by way of anosmotic pump. Id. In one embodiment, a volume expansion or pressurereduction in the compartment drives the at least one material into thecompartment. In one embodiment, a Luer-Lock syringe or similar device isused for all sizes of macro-, micro-, or nano-implements.

In one embodiment, the at least one first compartment is configured tohold at least one material extracted from the at least one substrate. Inone embodiment, the at least one second compartment is configured tohold at least one agent or other substance to be administered to the atleast one substrate. In one embodiment, the at least one firstcompartment and the at least one second compartment are the samecompartment, and includes at least one mode of intaking at least oneextracted material, and at least one mode of expelling at least oneagent or other substance (e.g., at least one detection material).

In one embodiment, the at least one agent is configured to move from thecompartment to the substrate by diffusion, sublimation, explosive force,fracturable membrane, mechanical or electrical gate, magnetic force, orother means. In one embodiment, the at least one agent moves from thecompartment to the substrate by means including a pump (e.g., osmoticpump), or a plunger. In one embodiment, the compartment includes asyringe or pump connected to the support structure.

In one embodiment, the frozen piercing implement device includes asealing mechanism to assist in maintaining at least one agent in thecompartment until it is ready to be delivered or mixed with the contentsof another compartment. In one embodiment, the sealing mechanism is afracturable barrier interposed between the compartment and the supportstructure. In one embodiment, the frozen piercing implement deviceincludes a means for indicating that administration of the device hasbeen at least initiated or completed. In one embodiment, the means forindicating includes a color change. In one embodiment, the frozenpiercing implement device includes, for example, a rate control means,such a as a semi-permeable membrane, that assists in regulating flowthrough at least one frozen piercing implement. In one embodiment, thefrozen piercing implement device includes multiple compartments.

In one embodiment, the frozen piercing implement device including atleast one frozen piercing implement or portion thereof, includes aclosed-loop delivery system. For example, at least one agent isdelivered at the time of administration of the at least one frozenpiercing implement device to at least one substrate. Subsequently, atleast one material is extracted or collected from the at least onesubstrate. In one embodiment, the at least one material is analyzed byat least one sensor in at least one piercing implement.

In one embodiment, the at least one material is analyzed by at least onesensor in at least one optional compartment. In one embodiment, afeedback, or closed-loop provides instructions to at least onecontroller to dispense at least one agent to the at least one substrate.See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,256,533, which is incorporated hereinby reference.

In one embodiment, a method includes affecting electrical resistance inthe outer surface of a subject. For example, according to publishedstudies, piercing skin with microneedles causes a 50-fold reduction inthe skin's electrical resistance, which is comparable to the reductionin electrical resistance by piercing skin with a 30-gauge “macroneedle.”See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,334,856, which is incorporated hereinby reference.

In one embodiment, a method includes affecting the skin permeability ofa subject. For example, solid microneedles inserted into the skin andleft in place create pathways for transport across the skin, andincrease skin permeability. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,344,499,which is incorporated herein by reference. In another example, solidmicroneedles inserted into skin and then removed increase skinpermeability. Id. In another example, hollow microneedles inserted intothe skin and left in place increase skin permeability and transportacross the skin. Id.

In one embodiment, at least one detection material is utilized with thefrozen piercing implement device. In one embodiment, the at least onedetection material is located in the frozen piercing implement. In oneembodiment, the at least one detection material is located in the atleast one compartment. In one embodiment, the at least one detectionmaterial is configured to indicate a color change as the at least oneextracted material contacts the frozen piercing implement. In oneembodiment, the at least one detection material is configured toindicate a color change as the at least one extracted material contactsthe at least one compartment. In one embodiment, the at least onedetection material is configured to indicate the presence of at leastone extracted material.

In one embodiment, the at least one detection material is configured toindicate the depth of administration of the frozen piercing implement orfrozen particle composition. In one embodiment, the at least onedetection material is configured to indicate the depth of administrationof at least one agent delivered by the frozen piercing implement orfrozen particle composition.

In one embodiment, the device includes at least one nozzle, such as aventuri nozzle, de Laval nozzle, or virtual Laval nozzle. See, forexample, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,038,786; 4,707,951; and 5,779,523, each ofwhich is incorporated herein by reference.

In one embodiment, the device includes at least one amplifier toincrease the flow or passage of the one or more frozen particlecompositions, or frozen piercing implements through or out of thedevice. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,398,820, which is incorporatedherein by reference. In one embodiment, the device includes at least oneinjector, such as an oblique injector, that allows for introduction of afluid (e.g., a gas or liquid) to assist in moving the one or more frozenparticle compositions, or frozen piercing implements through or out ofthe device. (See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,555,872, which isincorporated herein by reference.)

In one embodiment, administering or delivering the at least one frozenparticle composition, or frozen piercing implement includes at least oneof accelerating, ejecting, or propelling the frozen particlecomposition, or frozen piercing implement. In one embodiment, the atleast one frozen particle composition, or frozen piercing implement isaccelerated, ejected, or propelled to or at a predetermined pressure orpredetermined velocity for delivery of the at least one frozen particlecomposition or frozen piercing implement to a desired location on or inthe at least one substrate (e.g., a biological tissue). In certaininstances, the at least one frozen particle composition, or frozenpiercing implement is accelerated, ejected, or propelled at a particularpressure, angle, or velocity. In certain instances, the at least onefrozen particle composition, or frozen piercing implement isaccelerated, ejected, or propelled at a predetermined pressure, angle,or velocity.

The angle, velocity or pressure determined for delivery of the at leastone frozen particle composition, or frozen piercing implement can dependon certain factors, for example, including but not limited to, size anddensity of the frozen particle composition, or frozen piercingimplement, content of the frozen particle composition, or frozenpiercing implement, desired effect or outcome of administration of thefrozen particle composition, or frozen piercing implement, density ofthe target tissue, density of surrounding tissue, type of tissue,architecture of the tissue, and other factors. In certain instances, thedesired angle, velocity or pressure for accelerating, ejecting, orpropelling the at least one frozen particle composition, or frozenpiercing implement described herein will be the minimum angle, velocityor pressure needed to achieve desired penetration of the substrate(including a biological tissue) with the frozen particle composition, orfrozen piercing implements whether for surface abrasion, therapeuticdelivery, or other goal.

In addition to the angle and velocity of accelerating, ejecting, orpropelling the at least one composition, other factors can affect thedepth of penetration of a particular composition, including, forexample, one or more characteristics of the particular composition(e.g., size, shape, or constitution of the frozen particle composition,or frozen piercing implement) or one or more characteristics ofadministration of the particular composition (e.g., the quantity offrozen particle compositions, or frozen piercing implementsadministered, distance between the delivery device and the targetsubstrate).

The means for accelerating, ejecting, or propelling the one or morefrozen particle compositions, or frozen piercing implements describedherein are non-limiting, and may include general methods for making,formulating, and delivering the one or more frozen particlecompositions, or frozen piercing implements. For example, the one ormore frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercing implements may bedelivered to at least one substrate (such as a biological tissue) bycarrier gas under pressure, mechanical or electrical impulse assistance,centripetal or centrifugal force, or others, some of which are describedherein. (See e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,945,050 and PCT application WO92/01802, each of which is incorporated herein by reference). In certaininstances, the one or more frozen particle compositions, or frozenpiercing implements are made, propelled, accelerated, or ejectedsimultaneously. Thus, the frozen particle compositions, or frozenpiercing implements can be made while propelled, the frozen particlecompositions, or frozen piercing implements can be made whileaccelerated, the frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercingimplements can be made while ejected, or any combination thereof.

In one embodiment, the one or more frozen particle compositions, orfrozen piercing implements are delivered or administered by utilizing acarrier fluid. In one embodiment, the carrier fluid includes a carriergas. In one embodiment, the carrier fluid includes a cold fluid,including a super cooled fluid. In one embodiment, the carrier fluidincludes dehumidified air. In one embodiment, the carrier fluid includesat least one inert gas. In one embodiment, a method for administeringone or more frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercing implementsincludes controlling the density of the one or more frozen particlecompositions, or frozen piercing implements. In one embodiment, themethod further includes monitoring the temperature of at least part ofthe substrate to which the one or more frozen particle compositions, orfrozen piercing implements are administered or are intended to beadministered. In one embodiment, the method includes slowing or stoppingthe delivering of the one or more frozen particle compositions, orfrozen piercing implements if the temperature of the at least part ofthe substrate becomes lower than at least one preset limit. In oneembodiment, the method includes monitoring the velocity, depth of impactor penetration, constitution one the one or more frozen particlecompositions, or frozen piercing implements, or other parameter ofadministration of the one or more frozen particle compositions, orfrozen piercing implements.

In one embodiment, the frozen piercing implements include at least onesensor located at the initial point of contact with at least onesubstrate. In one embodiment, the at least one sensor monitors pressureat the piercing implement tip.

In one embodiment, the one or more frozen particle compositions aredelivered or administered by an inkjet printer-type apparatus or device,by a thermal bubble device, by ultrasound-mediated transdermal drugtransport, or by other device. When a voltage is applied, an inkjet-typeapparatus generates a pressure pulse by change in shape or size of achamber containing a fluid (or solid), and the pressure pulse drives thecontents from the chamber. In one particular instance, a high velocitydevice (such as a powderject, air guns, or slingshot type devices) isutilized for administration of at least one frozen particle compositionor frozen piercing implement as described here.

For example, in one embodiment, at least one frozen particle compositionor frozen piercing implement is propelled by way of a powderject system,as described by Kumar and Philip (Trop. J. Pharm. Res., vol. 6, No. 1,pp. 633-644 (2007), which is incorporated herein by reference). Thepowderject system utilizes high-speed gas flow (such as helium) that isusually painless and causes minimal bleeding or damage to the skin. (Seealso e.g., Tang et al., Pharm. Res., vol. 19, pp. 1160-69 (2002), whichis incorporated herein by reference). As described by Kumar and Philip,particles are contained in a cassette between two polycarbonatemembranes located at the end of a chamber (Kumar and Philip, Trop. J.Pharm. Res., vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 633-644 (2007), which is incorporatedherein by reference). As described by Kumar and Philip, thepolycarbonate membranes are ruptured when a carrier gas enters thechamber under high pressure, and the rapid expansion of the gas forms ashock wave that travels down the nozzle at a speed of approximately600-900 m/s. Velocities of up to about 800 m/s at the nozzle exit arereported, and the momentum density of the particles within the gas flowcan be optimized for desired depth of penetration upon delivery to abiological tissue. (Kumar and Philip, Trop. J. Pharm. Res., vol. 6, No.1, pp. 633-644 (2007), which is incorporated herein by reference). Inthe powderject system, particle velocity is controlled by nozzlegeometry, membrane burst strength, and gas pressure. (See e.g., U.S.Pat. Nos. 5,630,796; and 5,699,880, which are incorporated herein byreference).

Metered-dose transdermal sprays may also be used for delivery of atleast one frozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement, asdescribed herein. As described by Rathbone, et al., in one particularexample, a topical solution containing a volatile then nonvolatilevehicle including a therapeutic agent is administered as a single-phasesolution. (See Rathbone, et al., Modified Release of Drug DeliveryTechnology, NY, Marcel Dekker, Inc. vol. 126, pp. 471-619 (2004), whichis incorporated herein by reference). A finite metered-dose applicationof the formulation to intact skin results in evaporation of the volatilecomponent, leaving the remaining nonvolatile penetration enhancer ortherapeutic agent to partition into the stratum corneum and creating areservoir of the therapeutic agent(s). See Rathbone, Ibid; and Kumar, etal., Trop. J. Pharm. Res., vol. 6, pp. 633-644 (2007), each of which isincorporated herein by reference.

In addition to these particular examples of devices that can be utilizedfor administration of the compositions described herein, thecompositions can be administered in conjunction with other deliverydevices. Likewise, the compositions described herein for abrasion of atleast one biological tissue can be delivered to the at least one tissueby any means described herein. Some such means for delivery of thecompositions described herein include, but are not limited to,ultrasound, iontophoresis (which involves applying an electricalpotential across skin or other tissue in order to increase penetrationof ionizable agents), diffusion, electroporation, photomechanical waves(such as by producing pulses with Q-switched or mode-locked lasers tothe skin or other tissue), needle-free injections, electro-osmosis,artificial vesicles, laser radiation, magnetophoresis (utilizing adiamagnetic substance for use with a magnetic field for increasedpenetration of the composition into the biological tissue),microscissuining, controlled heat aided delivery (which involves heatingthe skin prior to or during administration), tattoos, three-dimensionalholograms, or etchings.

In one embodiment, Rathbone et al. have described artificial vesiclesthat mimic cell vesicles (such as TRANSFERSOMES®, from IDEA AG, Germany)can be utilized for administration of one or more composition describedherein. Artificial vesicles penetrate the skin barrier along thetranscutaneous moisture gradient and causes “virtual” pores between thecells in an organ without affecting its biological properties. (See,e.g., Modified Release Drug Delivery Technology, NY, Marcel Dekker,Inc., vol. 126, pp. 471-619 (2004), which is incorporated herein byreference). In addition, liposomes, erythrocyte ghosts, and niosomesalso serve as carriers and can be utilized in the administration of atleast one frozen particle composition or frozen piercing implementdescribed herein.

In one embodiment, the one or more frozen particle compositions, orfrozen piercing implements are generated by spraying a jet or mist ofthe composition constituents into a low temperature environment (solid,liquid, gas, or any combination thereof) such that the compositionsfreeze and form frozen particles. In one embodiment, streams of frozenparticles are extruded at low temperatures through fine ducts and into alow temperature environment. In one embodiment, the one or more frozenparticles are propelled through a nozzle or other delivery apparatus. Inone embodiment, the one or more frozen particles are delivered byutilizing flash boiling or BLEVE, or other explosion, of a cold liquid.In one particular example, liquid nitrogen is flash boiled in order toaccelerate, eject, or propel one or more frozen particles for deliveryor administration to at least one cell, tissue, or subject. In oneembodiment, the flash boiling is induced by one or more laser pulses(e.g., an infrared laser pulse). In one embodiment, the one or morefrozen particles are prepared, delivered, or administered by anothermeans.

In certain instances, it is desirable to deliver the one or more frozenparticle compositions, or frozen piercing implements to at least onecell or tissue, or administer the one or more frozen particlecompositions, or frozen piercing implements to at least one subject. Inat least one instance, the one or more frozen particle compositions, orfrozen piercing implements include a plurality of frozen particlecompositions, or frozen piercing implements that include two or moresubsets of frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercing implementsthat are delivered or administered in sequential order. In oneembodiment, the sequential order is predetermined, based on factorsrelating to, for example, the at least one cell or tissue, the at leastone subject, or the at least one frozen particle composition, or frozenpiercing implement. In one embodiment, the sequential order isdetermined, for example, during the course of delivery or administrationof at least one of the one or more frozen particles or at least onefrozen particle composition, or frozen piercing implement. In oneembodiment, the sequential order is determined by a software program. Inone embodiment, the sequential order of delivery is randomized.

In one embodiment, the sequential order includes one or more subsets offrozen particle compositions, or frozen piercing implements that vary insize, shape, weight, density, location of delivery or administration,time of delivery or administration, angle of delivery or administration,or velocity of delivery or administration. In one embodiment, one ormore subsets of frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercingimplements are delivered or administered according to a course oftreatment (e.g., at least one subset of relatively small frozen particlecompositions, or frozen piercing implements are administered first,followed by at least one subset of relatively larger frozen particlecompositions, or frozen piercing implements; at least one subset offrozen particle compositions, or frozen piercing implements areadministered in a relatively fast velocity, followed by at least onesubset of frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercing implementsadministered by a relatively slow velocity; at least one subset offrozen particle compositions, or frozen piercing implementsapproximately shaped as spheroids are administered followed by at leastone subset of frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercingimplements approximately shaped as bullets, etc.).

In one embodiment, the at least one frozen particle composition, orfrozen piercing implement is propelled using a pressure set at leastabout 1 psi, about 5 psi, about 10 psi, about 20 psi, about 30 psi,about 40 psi, about 50 psi, at least about 100 psi, at least about 200psi, at least about 300 psi, at least about 400 psi, at least about 450psi, at least about 500 psi, at least about 600 psi, at least about 700psi, at least about 800 psi, at least about 900 psi, at least about 1000psi, at least about 1100 psi, at least about 1200 psi, at least about1300 psi, at least about 1400 psi, at least about 1500 psi, about 2000psi, about 2500 psi, about 3000 psi, about 3500 psi, about 4000 psi,about 5000 psi, about 6000 psi, about 7000 psi, about 8000 psi, about9000 psi, about 10000 psi, about 20000 psi, about 30000 psi, about 40000psi, about 50000 psi, or any value therebetween.

In one embodiment, the at least one frozen particle composition, orfrozen piercing implement is propelled at a pressure ranging fromapproximately 350 psi to approximately 1000 psi. In one embodiment, forexample for penetrating the skin (particularly epidermis or dermis), theat least one frozen particle composition, or frozen piercing implementis propelled at a pressure of approximately 800 psi to approximately1000 psi. See, for example, Menon et al., Skin Pharmacol. Physiol. vol.20, pp. 141-147 (2007), which is incorporated herein by reference. Forexample, microwounds caused by gold beads bombarding the skin did notreseal with stratum corneum lipids after 24 hours of organ culture. Id.In one embodiment, these microwounds allow for increased permeability ofthe substrate for delivery of at least one agent.

In one embodiment, the at least one frozen particle composition, orfrozen piercing implement is propelled to or at a predetermined depth,predetermined velocity, predetermined rate of administration,predetermined angle, predetermined spatial location, predetermineddepth, predetermined time sequence, or predetermined spatial pattern fordelivery of the at least one composition to a desired location of the atleast one biological tissue. In one embodiment, the velocity, rate, orangle of administration of the one or more frozen particle compositions,or frozen piercing implements are variable. In one embodiment, a methodof administering one or more frozen particle compositions, or frozenpiercing implements includes varying the rate, velocity, or angle. Inone embodiment, a method includes multiple administrations of the one ormore frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercing implements,wherein at least two of the administrations include differentvelocities, rates, or angles of delivery.

In one embodiment, the at least one frozen particle composition; orfrozen piercing implement is propelled to or at a velocity ofapproximately 1 m/s, approximately 5 m/s, approximately 10 m/s,approximately 20 m/s, approximately 30 m/s, approximately 40 m/s,approximately 50 m/s, approximately 60 m/s, approximately 70 m/s,approximately 80 m/s, approximately 90 m/s, approximately 100 m/s,approximately 200 m/s, approximately 300 m/s, approximately 400 m/s,approximately 500 m/s, approximately 600 m/s, approximately 700 m/s,approximately 800 m/s, approximately 900 m/s, approximately 1000 m/s,approximately 1500 m/s, approximately 2000 m/s, approximately 3000 m/s,approximately 4000 m/s, approximately 5000 m/s, or any value greater ortherebetween.

In one embodiment, the at least one frozen particle composition, orfrozen piercing implement is accelerated or ejected toward the at leastone substrate (such as a biological tissue) to a velocity ofapproximately 1 m/s, approximately 5 m/s, approximately 10 m/s,approximately 20 m/s, approximately 30 m/s, approximately 40 m/s,approximately 50 m/s, approximately 60 m/s, approximately 70 m/s,approximately 80 m/s, approximately 90 m/s, approximately 100 m/s,approximately 200 m/s, approximately 300 m/s, approximately 400 m/s,approximately 500 m/s, approximately 600 m/s, approximately 700 m/s,approximately 800 m/s, approximately 900 m/s, approximately 1000 m/s,approximately 1500 m/s, approximately 2000 m/s, approximately 3000 m/s,approximately 4000 m/s, approximately 5000 m/s, or any value greater ortherebetween.

In one embodiment, delivering at least one frozen particle composition,or frozen piercing implement to at least one substrate (such as abiological tissue) includes accelerating, ejecting, or propelling aplurality of frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercing implementstoward the at least one substrate (including a biological tissue). Inone embodiment, the plurality of frozen particle compositions, or frozenpiercing implements is administered to at least one substrate includingat a predetermined angle, a predetermined velocity, a predetermined rateof administration, a predetermined spatial pattern, a predeterminedspatial location, a predetermined time sequence, or a predetermineddepth. Such a plurality of particles may include one embodiment whereintwo or more frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercing implementsof the plurality include one or more similar agents. Likewise, aplurality of frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercing implementsmay include one embodiment wherein two or more frozen particlecompositions, or frozen piercing implements include one or moredissimilar agents. In one embodiment, the rate, velocity, or angle atwhich the one or more frozen particle compositions, or frozen piercingimplements are administered is variable.

In one embodiment, a device for making and propelling one or more frozenparticle compositions, or frozen piercing implements includes at leastone particle accelerator. In one embodiment, the particle acceleratorincludes a linear, circular or spherical accelerator. In one embodiment,the particle accelerator includes a spiral, conical, helical, orconic-helical accelerator. In one embodiment, the particle acceleratorincludes a 2-dimensional or 3-dimensional accelerator.

For example, in a 2-dimensional spiral, polar coordinates can beexpressed as a function of angle θ, where the radius r is a continuousmonotonic function of angle θ, and a and b are arbitrary positive realconstants. For example, several embodiments are shown in FIG. 135 A-K.

As described herein, a plurality of frozen particle compositions, orfrozen piercing implements may include one or more subsets, which can bedelivered or administered in an order of operations. In one embodiment,the order of operations includes delivery or administration in apattern. In one embodiment, the order of operations includes delivery oradministration in a predetermined pattern. In one embodiment, the orderof operations includes delivery or administration in sequential order.In one embodiment, the order of operations includes delivery oradministration at random.

For embodiments described herein, those having skill in the art willrecognize that the state of the art has progressed to the point wherethere is little distinction left between hardware, software, and/orfirmware implementations of aspects of systems; the use of hardware,software, and/or firmware is generally (but not always, in that incertain contexts the choice between hardware and software can becomesignificant) a design choice representing cost vs. efficiency tradeoffs.Those having skill in the art will appreciate that there are variousvehicles by which processes and/or systems and/or other technologiesdescribed herein can be effected (e.g., hardware, software, and/orfirmware), and that the preferred vehicle will vary with the context inwhich the processes and/or systems and/or other technologies aredeployed. For example, if an implementer determines that speed andaccuracy are paramount, the implementer may opt for a mainly hardwareand/or firmware vehicle; alternatively, if flexibility is paramount, theimplementer may opt for a mainly software implementation; or, yet againalternatively, the implementer may opt for some combination of hardware,software, and/or firmware. Hence, there are several possible vehicles bywhich the processes and/or devices and/or other technologies describedherein can be effected, none of which is inherently superior to theother in that any vehicle to be utilized is a choice dependent upon thecontext in which the vehicle will be deployed and the specific concerns(e.g., speed, flexibility, or predictability) of the implementer, any ofwhich may vary. Those skilled in the art will recognize that opticalaspects of implementations will typically employ optically-orientedhardware, software, and or firmware.

In some implementations described herein, logic and similarimplementations may include software or other control structures.Electronic circuitry, for example, may have one or more paths ofelectrical current constructed and arranged to implement variousfunctions as described herein. In some implementations, one or moremedia can be configured to bear a device-detection implementation whensuch media hold or transmit device detection instructions operable toperform as described herein. In some variants, for example,implementations may include an update or modification of existingsoftware or firmware, or of gate arrays or programmable hardware, suchas by performing a reception of or a transmission of one or moreinstructions in relation to one or more operations described herein.Alternatively or additionally, in some variants, an implementation mayinclude special-purpose hardware, software, firmware components, and/orgeneral-purpose components executing or otherwise invokingspecial-purpose components. Specifications or other implementations canbe transmitted by one or more instances of tangible transmission mediaas described herein, optionally by packet transmission or otherwise bypassing through distributed media at various times.

Alternatively or additionally, implementations may include executing aspecial-purpose instruction sequence or invoking circuitry for enabling,triggering, coordinating, requesting, or otherwise causing one or moreoccurrences of virtually any functional operations described herein. Insome variants, operational or other logical descriptions herein can beexpressed as source code and compiled or otherwise invoked as anexecutable instruction sequence. In some contexts, for example, C++ orother code sequences can be compiled or implemented in high-leveldescriptor languages (e.g., a logic-synthesizable language, a hardwaredescription language, a hardware design simulation, and/or other suchsimilar mode(s) of expression). For example, some or all of the logicalexpression can be manifested as a Verilog-type hardware description orother circuitry model before physical implementation in hardware. Thoseskilled in the art will recognize how to obtain, configure, and optimizesuitable transmission or computational elements, material supplies,actuators, or other structures in light of these teachings.

As indicated in FIGS. 7-9, one embodiment, a method 700 includescomparing 710 information regarding at least one aspect of administeringat least one frozen particle composition (or frozen piercing implement)to at least one subject and information regarding at least one clinicaloutcome following receipt by the at least one subject of at least onefrozen particle composition (or frozen piercing implement); andproviding output information optionally based on the comparison.

In one embodiment, the method includes determining at least onestatistical correlation 720. In one embodiment, the method includescounting the occurrence of at least one clinical outcome 730. In oneembodiment, the method includes determining at least one correlationbefore the administration of the at least one frozen particlecomposition (or frozen piercing implement) 735. In one embodiment,information regarding at least one aspect of administering at least onefrozen particle composition (or frozen piercing implement) includesinformation regarding the amount of at least one frozen particlecomposition (or frozen piercing implement) or therapeutic agentadministered to at least one biological tissue of a subject 740. In oneembodiment, the information regarding at least one aspect ofadministering or delivering at least one frozen particle composition (orfrozen piercing implement) includes information regarding at least onedimension of biological tissue penetration 750. In one embodiment,information regarding the at least one dimension of biological tissuepenetration includes information regarding at least one of depth, width,or breadth of administration of at least one frozen particle composition(or frozen piercing implement) to at least one biological tissue of atleast one subject 760.

In one embodiment, the information regarding at least one aspect ofadministering at least one frozen particle composition (or frozenpiercing implement) includes information regarding two or more subjectswith one or more common attributes 770. In one embodiment, the one ormore common attributes include genetic attributes, mental attributes, orpsychological attributes 780. In at least on embodiment, the one or morecommon attributes include genotype attributes or phenotype attributes790.

In one embodiment, the one or more common attributes 797 include atleast one of height; weight; medical diagnosis; familial background;results on one or more medical tests; ethnic background; body massindex; age; presence or absence of at least one disease or condition;species; ethnicity; race; allergies; gender; thickness of epidermis;thickness of dermis; thickness of stratum corneum; keratin deposition;collagen deposition; blood vessel condition; skin condition; hair or furcondition; muscle condition; tissue condition; organ condition; nervecondition; brain condition; presence or absence of at least onebiological, chemical, or therapeutic agent in the subject; pregnancystatus; lactation status; genetic profile; proteomic profile; lipidomicprofile, glycomic profile, system biology profile, partial or wholegenetic sequence; partial or whole proteomic sequence; medical history;lymph condition, circulatory condition, respiratory condition, or bloodcondition.

In one embodiment, the output information 810 includes at least one of aresponse signal, a comparison code, a comparison plot, a diagnosticcode, a treatment code, a test code, a code indicative of at least onetreatment received, a code indicative of at least one prescribedtreatment step, a code indicative of at least one vaccination delivered;a code indicative of at least one therapeutic agent delivered; a codeindicative of at least one diagnostic agent delivered; a code indicativeof at least one interaction of a delivered agent and at least onebiological or chemical agent in the subject; a code indicative of atleast one dispersion or location of at least one delivered agent; a codeindicative of at least one detection material delivered; a codeindicative of the depth of penetration of a delivered agent; or a codeindicative of the condition of at least one location of an administeredor delivered frozen particle composition (or frozen piercing implement).In one embodiment, the at least one aspect of cellular or tissueabrasion or ablation includes information regarding at least onecellular or tissue source 820. In one embodiment, the informationregarding at least one tissue source includes information regarding atleast one abnormal cellular or tissue source 830. In one embodiment, theinformation regarding at least one cellular or tissue source includesinformation regarding at least one type of cell or tissue 840. In oneembodiment, the cellular or tissue source includes at least one cell orbiological tissue described herein.

In one embodiment, the at least one frozen particle composition, frozenpiercing implement, frozen piercing implement device, or therapeuticcomposition includes at least one of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogenoxide, helium, neon, xenon, krypton, chlorine, bromine, methane, oxygen,air, argon, polyethylene glycol, acetone, ethyl acetate, dimethylsulfoxide, dimethyl formamide, dioxane, hexamethylphosphorotriamide,perfluorohydrocarbon, methanol, ethanol, tert-butyl alcohol, formicacid, hydrogen fluoride, ammonia, acetic acid, benzene, carbontetrachloride, hexane, methylene chloride, carboxylic acid, saline,Ringer's solution, lactated Ringer's solution, Hartmann's solution,acetated Ringer's solution, phosphate buffered solution, TRIS-bufferedsaline solution, Hank's balanced salt solution, Earle's balanced saltsolution, standard saline citrate, HEPES-buffered saline, dextrose,glucose, or diethyl ether 850.

In one embodiment, the at least one frozen particle composition, frozenpiercing implement, frozen piercing implement device, or therapeuticcomposition includes at least one major dimension of approximately onedecimeter or less, or approximately one centimeter or less,approximately one millimeter or less, approximately one micrometer orless, approximately one nanometer or less, or any value therebetween860.

In one embodiment, the at least one frozen particle composition, frozenpiercing implement, frozen piercing implement device, or therapeuticcomposition includes one or more reinforcement agents 870. In oneembodiment, the at least one frozen particle composition (or frozenpiercing implement) or therapeutic composition includes one or moreexplosive materials 880. In one embodiment, the receipt by the at leastone subject of at least one frozen particle composition (or frozenpiercing implement) or therapeutic composition is pursuant to at leastone clinical trial 900.

In one embodiment, the method includes creating at least one inclusioncriterion and at least one exclusion criterion for a clinical trialinvolving the at least one frozen particle composition (or frozenpiercing implement) or therapeutic composition 910. In one embodiment,the method further comprises suggesting the inclusion of one or more ofthe at least one subject in at least one clinical trial 920. In oneembodiment, the method further comprises suggesting the exclusion of oneor more of the at least one subject in at least one clinical trial 930.In certain instances, multiple subjects from multiple clinical trialsare included. In one embodiment, the method further includes using oneor more of the at least one comparison to predict at least one clinicaloutcome regarding at least one second subject 940. In one embodiment,the at least one second subject has not received the at least one frozenparticle composition (or frozen piercing implement) or therapeuticcomposition 950. In one embodiment, the at least one second subject is aplurality of people; and the method further comprises segregatingsubject identifiers associated with the plurality of people in referenceto the predicted at least one clinical outcome 960. In one embodiment,the at least one second subject is a plurality of people; and the methodfurther comprises determining the eligibility of the at least one secondsubject for the at least one clinical trial 970.

As indicated in FIGS. 10-12, at least one aspect includes a method 1000relating to predicting a clinical outcome of administering at least onefrozen particle therapeutic composition (or frozen piercing implement)to at least one biological tissue of at least one first subject includesdetermining a similarity or a dissimilarity in information regarding atleast one aspect of administering at least one therapeutic composition(or frozen piercing implement) to the at least one biological tissue ofthe at least one first subject to information regarding at least oneaspect of administering at least one therapeutic composition (or frozenpiercing implement) to the at least one biological tissue of the atleast one second subject, wherein the at least one second subjectattained a clinical outcome following receipt of the at least one frozenparticle therapeutic composition(or frozen piercing implement); andproviding output information optionally based on the determination 1010.

In one embodiment, the information regarding the at least one aspect ofadministering at least one frozen particle therapeutic composition (orfrozen piercing implement) includes information 1020 regarding theamount of at least one frozen particle therapeutic composition (orfrozen piercing implement) or therapeutic agent delivered to at leastone biological tissue of a subject. In one embodiment, the informationregarding the at least one aspect of administering at least one frozenparticle therapeutic composition (or frozen piercing implement) includesinformation 1030 regarding at least one dimension of biological tissuepenetration. In one embodiment, the information regarding the at leastone dimension of biological tissue penetration includes information 1040regarding at least one of depth, width, or breadth of delivery of atleast one frozen particle therapeutic composition (or frozen piercingimplement) to at least one biological tissue of at least one subject; orinformation 1050 regarding two or more subjects with common attributes.

In one embodiment, the one or more common attributes include geneticattributes, mental attributes, or psychological attributes 1060. In atleast on embodiment, the one or more common attributes include genotypeattributes or phenotype attributes 1070.

In one embodiment, the one or more common attributes 1080 include atleast one of height; weight; medical diagnosis; familial background;results on one or more medical tests; ethnic background; body massindex; age; presence or absence of at least one disease or condition;species; ethnicity; race; allergies; gender; thickness of epidermis;thickness of dermis; thickness of stratum corneum; keratin deposition;collagen deposition; blood vessel condition; skin condition; hair or furcondition; muscle condition; tissue condition; organ condition; nervecondition; brain condition; presence or absence of at least onebiological, chemical, or therapeutic agent in the subject; pregnancystatus; lactation status; genetic profile; proteomic profile; partial orwhole genetic sequence; medical history; partial or whole proteomicsequence; lymph condition, or blood condition.

In one embodiment, the output information 1100 includes at least one ofa response signal, a comparison code, a comparison plot, a diagnosticcode, a treatment code, a test code, a code indicative of at least onetreatment received, a code indicative of at least one prescribedtreatment step, a code indicative of at least one vaccination delivered;a code indicative of at least one therapeutic agent delivered; a codeindicative of at least one diagnostic agent delivered; a code indicativeof at least one interaction of a delivered agent and at least onebiological or chemical agent in the subject; a code indicative of atleast one dispersion or location of at least one delivered agent; a codeindicative of at least one detection material delivered; a codeindicative of the depth of penetration of a delivered agent; or a codeindicative of the condition of at least one location of an administeredor delivered frozen particle composition (or frozen piercing implement)or therapeutic composition. In one embodiment, the at least one aspectof cellular or tissue abrasion or ablation includes informationregarding at least one cellular or tissue source 1110. In oneembodiment, the information regarding at least one tissue sourceincludes information regarding at least one abnormal cellular or tissuesource 1120. In one embodiment, the information regarding at least onecellular or tissue source includes information regarding at least onetype of cell or tissue 1130. In one embodiment, the cellular or tissuesource includes at least one cell or biological tissue described herein.

In one embodiment, the at least one frozen particle composition (orfrozen piercing implement) includes at least one of nitrogen, carbondioxide, hydrogen oxide, helium, neon, xenon, krypton, chlorine,bromine, methane, oxygen, air, argon, polyethylene glycol, acetone,ethyl acetate, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl formamide, dioxane,hexamethylphosphorotriamide, perfluorohydrocarbon, methanol, ethanol,tert-butyl alcohol, formic acid, hydrogen fluoride, ammonia, aceticacid, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, hexane, methylene chloride,carboxylic acid, saline, Ringer's solution, lactated Ringer's solution,Hartmann's solution, acetated Ringer's solution, phosphate bufferedsolution, TRIS-buffered saline solution, Hank's balanced salt solution,Earle's balanced salt solution, standard saline citrate, HEPES-bufferedsaline, dextrose, glucose, or diethyl ether 1140.

In one embodiment, the at least one frozen particle composition (orfrozen piercing implement) or therapeutic composition includes at leastone major dimension of approximately one decimeter or less, orapproximately one centimeter or less, approximately one millimeter orless, approximately one micrometer or less, approximately one nanometeror less, or any value therebetween 1150.

In one embodiment, the at least one frozen particle composition (orfrozen piercing implement) or therapeutic composition includes one ormore reinforcement agents 1160. In one embodiment, the at least onefrozen particle composition (or frozen piercing implement) ortherapeutic composition includes one or more explosive materials 1170.

In one embodiment, the receipt by the at least one subject of at leastone frozen particle composition (or frozen piercing implement) ortherapeutic composition is pursuant to at least one clinical trial 1200.In one embodiment, the method further comprises determining at least onecorrelation before the administration or delivery of the at least onefrozen particle composition (or frozen piercing implement) ortherapeutic composition to at least one subject 1210. The at least onesubject includes, but is not limited to at least one subject describedherein.

In one embodiment, the method includes creating at least one inclusioncriterion and at least one exclusion criterion for a clinical trialinvolving the at least one frozen particle composition or therapeuticcomposition 1220. In one embodiment, the method further comprisessuggesting the inclusion of one or more of the at least one subject inat least one clinical trial 1230. In one embodiment, the method furthercomprises suggesting the exclusion of one or more of the at least onesubject in at least one clinical trial 1240. In certain instances,multiple subjects from multiple clinical trials are included. In oneembodiment, the method further includes using one or more of the atleast one comparison to predict at least one clinical outcome regardingat least one second subject 1250. In one embodiment, the at least onesecond subject has not received the at least one frozen particlecomposition (or frozen piercing implement) or therapeutic composition1260. In one embodiment, the method includes predicting at least oneclinical outcome involving the at least one second subject, and the atleast one second subject is a plurality of people; and the methodfurther comprises segregating subject identifiers associated with theplurality of people in reference to the predicted at least one clinicaloutcome 1270.

In one embodiment, the at least one second subject is a plurality ofpeople; and the method further comprises determining the eligibility ofthe at least one second subject for the at least one clinical trial1280.

As shown in FIGS. 13-15, one embodiment includes a system 1300 includingat least one computer program 1310, configured with a computer-readablemedium, for use with at least one computer system and wherein thecomputer program includes a plurality of instructions including but notlimited to one or more instructions 1320 for comparing informationregarding at least one aspect of at least one therapeutic administrationof at least one frozen particle composition (or frozen piercingimplement) or therapeutic composition to at least one subject. In oneembodiment, information 1330 regarding amount of the at least one frozenparticle composition, (or frozen piercing implement), therapeuticcomposition, or therapeutic agent administered to at least onebiological tissue of at least one subject. In one embodiment,information regarding at least one aspect of at least one therapeuticadministration of at least one frozen particle composition (or frozenpiercing implement) or therapeutic composition includes informationregarding at least one dimension of biological tissue penetration 1340.In one embodiment, information regarding at least one aspect of at leastone therapeutic administration of at least one frozen particlecomposition (or frozen piercing implement) or therapeutic compositionincludes information regarding at least one of depth, width, or breadthof administration of at least one frozen particle composition (or frozenpiercing implement) or therapeutic composition to at least onebiological tissue of at least one subject 1350. In one embodiment,information regarding at least one aspect of at least one therapeuticadministration includes information regarding two or more subjects withone or more common attributes 1360. In one embodiment, the computingdevice is configured to communicate with at least one imaging device. Inone embodiment, the computing device is configured to communicate withat least one printing device. In one embodiment, the computing device isconfigured to communicate with at least one input device 1370.

In one embodiment, the information regarding at least one aspect oftherapeutic administration of at least one therapeutic compositionincludes information regarding at least one cellular or tissue source1400; information regarding at least one abnormal cellular or tissuesource 1410; or information regarding at least one type of cell ortissue 1420. In one embodiment, at least one frozen particle composition(or frozen piercing implement) or therapeutic composition includes atleast one of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen oxide, helium, neon,xenon, krypton, chlorine, bromine, methane, oxygen, air or argon. In oneembodiment, the at least one frozen particle composition (or frozenpiercing implement) or therapeutic composition includes at least one ofpolyethylene glycol, acetone, ethyl acetate, dimethyl sulfoxide,dimethyl formamide, dioxane, hexamethylphosphorotriamide,perfluorohydrocarbon, methanol, ethanol, tert-butyl alcohol, formicacid, hydrogen fluoride, ammonia, acetic acid, benzene, carbontetrachloride, hexane, methylene chloride, carboxylic acid, saline,Ringer's solution, lactated Ringer's solution, Hartmann's solution,acetated Ringer's solution, phosphate buffered solution, TRIS-bufferedsaline solution, Hank's balanced salt solution, Earle's balanced saltsolution, standard saline citrate, HEPES-buffered saline, dextrose,glucose, or diethyl ether 1430. In one embodiment, at least one frozenparticle composition (or frozen piercing implement) or therapeuticcomposition includes at least one major dimension of approximately onedecimeter or less, approximately one centimeter or less, approximatelyone millimeter or less, approximately one micrometer or less,approximately one nanometer or less, or any value therebetween 1440. Inone embodiment, the at least one frozen particle composition (or frozenpiercing implement) or therapeutic composition includes one or morereinforcement agents 1450 or one or more explosive materials 1460.

In one embodiment, the receipt by the at least one subject of at leastone frozen particle composition (or frozen piercing implement) ortherapeutic composition is pursuant to at least one clinical trial 1500.In one embodiment, the system further comprises determining at least onecorrelation before the delivery or administration of the at least onefrozen particle composition (or frozen piercing implement) ortherapeutic composition to at least one subject 1510.

In one embodiment, the method includes creating at least one inclusioncriterion and at least one exclusion criterion for a clinical trialinvolving the at least one frozen particle composition (or frozenpiercing implement) or therapeutic composition 1520. In one embodiment,the instructions further comprise suggesting the inclusion of one ormore of the at least one subject in at least one clinical trial 1530. Incertain instances, multiple subjects from multiple clinical trials areincluded.

In one embodiment, the instructions include suggesting the exclusion ofone or more of the at least one subject in at least one clinical trial1540.

In one embodiment, a method includes using one or more of the at leastone comparison to predict at least one clinical outcome regarding atleast one second subject 1550. In one embodiment, the at least onesecond subject has not received the at least one frozen particlecomposition (or frozen piercing implement) or therapeutic composition1560. In one embodiment, the at least one second subject is a pluralityof people; and further comprising segregating subject identifiersassociated with the plurality of people in reference to the predicted atleast one clinical outcome 1570.

In one embodiment, the using one or more of the at least one comparison,wherein the at least one second subject is a plurality of people; andfurther comprising determining the eligibility of the at least onesecond subject for the at least one clinical trial 1580.

As indicated in FIG. 16, one embodiment relates to a system 1600including at least one computer program 1610 configured with acomputer-readable medium, for use with at least one computer system andwherein the computer program includes a plurality of instructionsincluding but not limited to one or more instructions 1620 for comparinginformation regarding at least one aspect of at least one therapeuticadministration of at least one frozen particle therapeutic composition(or frozen piercing implement) to at last one subject, and informationregarding at least one frozen particle therapeutic composition (orfrozen piercing implement) involving at least one biological tissue ofat least one subject; and one or more instructions for applying one ormore comparisons to the information regarding the at least one aspect oftherapeutic administration of at least one frozen particle therapeuticcomposition (or frozen piercing implement) to a plurality of people. Inone embodiment, the computer program includes one or more instructions1630 for segregating subject identifiers associated with the pluralityof people in reference to at least one of the one or more appliedcomparisons. In one embodiment, information regarding at least oneaspect of at least one therapeutic administration includes information1640 regarding the amount of at least one frozen particle composition(or frozen piercing implement), therapeutic composition or therapeuticagent administered to at least one biological tissue of at least onesubject; information 1650 regarding at least one dimension of biologicaltissue penetration; information 1660 regarding at least one of depth,width, or breadth of administration of at least one frozen particletherapeutic composition to at least one biological tissue of at leastone subject. In one embodiment, the computer program includes one ormore instructions 1670 for segregating individual identifiers associatedwith the plurality of people in reference to at least one characteristicshared by two or more subjects in the plurality of people.

As shown in FIG. 17, one embodiment relates to a computer programproduct 1700 that includes a signal bearing medium 1710 bearing at leastone of one or more instructions 1720 for receiving a first inputassociated with a first possible dataset, the first possible datasetincluding data representative of one or more measurements relating toone or more physical attributes of a first subject; one or moreinstructions 1730 for comparing a value associated with the firstpossible dataset with a second dataset including values representativeof predictive regimen parameters from a second subject with one or moresimilar or dissimilar physical attributes; one or more instructions 1740for determining from the comparison at least one frozen particletherapeutic composition (or frozen piercing implement) regimen for thefirst subject and output information; one or more instructions 1750 foraccessing the first possible dataset in response to the first input; oneor more instructions 1760 for generating the first possible dataset inresponse to the first input; one or more instructions 1770 fordetermining a graphical illustration of the first possible dataset; oneor more instructions 1780 for determining a graphical illustration ofthe second possible dataset; and at least one generated outputoptionally based on the determination.

In one embodiment, the computer program product includes a signalbearing medium that includes a computer-readable medium 1790. In oneembodiment, the signal bearing medium of the computer program productincludes a recordable medium 1792.

In one embodiment, the computer program product includes a signalbearing medium that includes a communications medium 1794.

As indicated in FIG. 18, one embodiment relates to a computer programproduct 1800 that includes a signal bearing medium 1810 bearing at leastone of one or more instructions 1820 for processing a first possibledataset, the first possible dataset including data representative of oneor more measurements relating to one or more physical attributes of afirst subject; one or more instructions 1830 for comparing a valueassociated with the first possible dataset with a second datasetincluding values representative of predictive regimen parameters from asecond subject with one or more similar or dissimilar physicalattributes; one or more instructions 1840 for determining from thecomparison at least one frozen particle composition (or frozen piercingimplement) or therapeutic composition treatment regimen for the firstsubject, and output information.

As indicated in FIG. 19, one embodiment relates to a computer programproduct 1900 that includes a signal bearing medium 1910 bearing at leastone of one or more instructions 1920 responsive to a first possibledataset, the first possible dataset including data representative of oneor more measurements relating to one or more physical attributes of afirst subject; one or more instructions 1930 for comparing a valueassociated with the first possible dataset with a second datasetincluding values representative of predictive regimen parameters for asecond subject with one or more similar or dissimilar physicalattributes; one or more instructions 1940 for determining from thecomparison at least one frozen particle composition (or frozen piercingimplement) or therapeutic composition treatment regimen for the firstsubject; and output information optionally based on the determination.

As shown in FIG. 20, one embodiment relates to a computer programproduct 2000 that includes a signal bearing medium 2010 bearing at leastone of one or more instructions 2020 for receiving a first inputassociated with a first possible dataset, the first possible datasetincluding data representative of one or more measurements relating toone or more physical attributes of a subject; one or more instructions2030 for comparing a value associated with the first possible datasetwith a second dataset including values representative of parametersrelating to one or more expected biological changes followingadministration of one or more frozen particle compositions (or frozenpiercing implements) or therapeutic compositions; one or moreinstructions 2040 for determining from the comparison at least onebiological change following administration of one or more frozenparticle compositions (or frozen piercing implements) or therapeuticcompositions to the subject; at least one generated output optionallybased on the determination.

In one embodiment, the computer program product includes one or moreinstructions 2050 for accessing the first possible dataset in responseto the first input. In one embodiment, the computer program productincludes one or more instructions 2060 for generating the first possibledataset in response to the first input.

In one embodiment, the computer program product includes one or moreinstructions 2070 for determining a graphical illustration of the firstpossible dataset. In one embodiment, the computer program productincludes one or more instructions 2080 for determining a graphicalillustration of the second possible dataset. In one embodiment, thesignal bearing medium includes a computer-readable medium 2090. In oneembodiment, the signal bearing medium includes a recordable medium 2092.In one embodiment, the signal bearing medium includes a communicationsmedium 2094.

As indicated in FIG. 21, one embodiment a computer program product 2100includes a signal bearing medium 2110 bearing at least one of one ormore instructions 2120 for processing a first input associated with afirst possible dataset, the first possible dataset including datarepresentative of one or more measurements relating to one or morephysical attributes of a subject; one or more instructions 2130 forcomparing a value associated with the first possible dataset with asecond dataset including values representative of parameters relating toone or more expected biological changes following administration of oneor more frozen particle compositions (or frozen piercing implements) ortherapeutic compositions; one or more instructions 2140 for determiningfrom the comparison at least one biological change followingadministration of one or more frozen particle compositions (or frozenpiercing implements) or therapeutic compositions to the subject; atleast one generated output optionally based on the determination.

As shown in FIG. 22, one embodiment relates to a computer programproduct 2200 includes a signal bearing medium 2210 bearing at least oneof one or more instructions 2220 responsive to a first possible dataset,the first possible dataset including data representative of one or moremeasurements relating to one or more physical attributes of a subject;one or more instructions 2230 for comparing a value associated with thefirst possible dataset with a second dataset including valuesrepresentative of parameters relating to one or more expected biologicalchanges following administration of one or more frozen particlecompositions (or frozen piercing implements) or therapeuticcompositions; one or more instructions 2240 for determining from thecomparison at least one biological change following administration ofone or more frozen particle compositions (or frozen piercing implements)or therapeutic compositions to the subject; and output informationoptionally based on the determination.

As indicated in FIGS. 23-25, one embodiment, a method 2300 includescomparing 2310 information regarding at least one aspect of cellular ortissue abrasion or ablation of at least one biological tissue of atleast one subject and information regarding at least one clinicaloutcome following receipt by the at least one subject of at least onefrozen particle composition (or frozen piercing implement) ortherapeutic composition; and providing output information optionallybased on the determination. In one embodiment, the method includesdetermining at least one statistical correlation 2320. In oneembodiment, the method includes counting the occurrence of at least oneclinical outcome 2330. In one embodiment, the information regarding atleast one aspect of cellular or tissue abrasion or ablation includesinformation regarding quantity of cells or tissue removed or destroyed2340. In one embodiment, the information regarding at least one aspectof cellular or tissue abrasion or ablation includes informationregarding at least one dimension of cellular or tissue removal ordestruction, or removal or destruction of other materials, such asplaque, extracellular matrix, collagen, elastin, protein, or othermaterials 2350. In one embodiment, information regarding the at leastone dimension of cellular removal or destruction includes informationregarding at least one of depth, width, or breadth of cellular removalor destruction 2360.

In one embodiment, the information regarding at least one aspect ofcellular or tissue abrasion or ablation includes information regardingtwo or more subjects with one or more common attributes 2370. In oneembodiment, the one or more common attributes include geneticattributes, mental attributes, or psychological attributes 2380. In atleast on embodiment, the one or more common attributes include genotypeattributes or phenotype attributes 2390.

In one embodiment, the one or more common attributes 2397 include atleast one of height; weight; medical diagnosis; familial background;results on one or more medical tests; ethnic background; body massindex; age; presence or absence of at least one disease or condition;species; ethnicity; race; allergies; gender; thickness of epidermis;thickness of dermis; thickness of stratum corneum; keratin deposition;collagen deposition; blood vessel condition; skin condition; hair or furcondition; muscle condition; tissue condition; organ condition; nervecondition; brain condition; presence or absence of at least onebiological, chemical, or therapeutic agent in the subject; pregnancystatus; lactation status; genetic profile; proteomic profile; partial orwhole genetic sequence; medical history; partial or whole proteomicsequence; lymph condition, or blood condition.

In one embodiment, the output information 2410 includes at least one ofa response signal, a comparison code, a comparison plot, a diagnosticcode, a treatment code, a test code, a code indicative of at least onetreatment received, a code indicative of at least one prescribedtreatment step, a code indicative of at least one vaccination delivered;a code indicative of at least one therapeutic agent delivered; a codeindicative of at least one diagnostic agent delivered; a code indicativeof at least one interaction of a delivered agent and at least onebiological or chemical agent in the subject; a code indicative of atleast one dispersion or location of at least one delivered agent; a codeindicative of at least one detection material delivered; a codeindicative of the depth of penetration of a delivered agent; or a codeindicative of the condition of at least one location of a delivered oradministered frozen particle composition (or frozen piercing implement).In one embodiment, the at least one aspect of cellular or tissueabrasion or ablation includes information regarding at least onecellular or tissue source 2420. In one embodiment, the informationregarding at least one tissue source includes information regarding atleast one abnormal cellular or tissue source 2430. In one embodiment,the information regarding at least one cellular or tissue sourceincludes information regarding at least one type of cell or tissue 2440.In one embodiment, the cellular or tissue source includes at least onecell or biological tissue described herein.

In one embodiment, the at least one frozen particle composition (orfrozen piercing implement) or therapeutic composition includes at leastone of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen oxide, helium, neon, xenon,krypton, chlorine, bromine, methane, oxygen, air, argon, polyethyleneglycol, acetone, ethyl acetate, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl formamide,dioxane, hexamethylphosphorotriamide, perfluorohydrocarbon, methanol,ethanol, tert-butyl alcohol, formic acid, hydrogen fluoride, ammonia,acetic acid, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, hexane, methylene chloride,carboxylic acid, saline, Ringer's solution, lactated Ringer's solution,Hartmann's solution, acetated Ringer's solution, phosphate bufferedsolution, TRIS-buffered saline solution, Hank's balanced salt solution,Earle's balanced salt solution, standard saline citrate, HEPES-bufferedsaline, dextrose, glucose, or diethyl ether 2450.

In one embodiment, the at least one frozen particle composition (orfrozen piercing implement) includes at least one major dimension ofapproximately one decimeter or less, or approximately one centimeter orless, approximately one millimeter or less, approximately one micrometeror less, approximately one nanometer or less, or any value therebetween2460.

In one embodiment, the at least one frozen particle composition (orfrozen piercing implement) includes one or more reinforcement agents2470. In one embodiment, the at least one frozen particle composition(or frozen piercing implement) includes one or more explosive materials2480. In one embodiment, the receipt by the at least one subject of atleast one frozen particle composition (or frozen piercing implement) ispursuant to at least one clinical trial 2500. In one embodiment, themethod further comprises determining at least one correlation 2510before the delivery or administration of the at least one frozenparticle composition (or frozen piercing implement) to at least onesubject. The at least one subject includes, but is not limited to atleast one subject described herein.

In one embodiment, the method includes creating at least one inclusioncriterion and at least one exclusion criterion for a clinical trialinvolving the at least one frozen particle composition (or frozenpiercing implement) or therapeutic composition 2515. In one embodiment,the method further comprises suggesting the inclusion of one or more ofthe at least one subject in at least one clinical trial 2520. In oneembodiment, the method further comprises suggesting the exclusion of oneor more of the at least one subject in at least one clinical trial 2530.In certain instances, multiple subjects from multiple clinical trialsare included. In one embodiment, the method further includes using oneor more of the at least one correlation to predict at least one clinicaloutcome regarding at least one second subject 2540. In one embodiment,the at least one second subject has not received the at least one frozenparticle composition (or frozen piercing implement) or therapeuticcomposition 2550. In one embodiment, the method further comprisespredicting at least one clinical outcome involving the at least onesecond subject, wherein the at least one second subject is a pluralityof people; and segregating subject identifiers associated with theplurality of people in reference to the predicted at least one clinicaloutcome 2560. In one embodiment, the at least one second subject is aplurality of people; and the method further comprises determining theeligibility of the at least one second subject for the at least oneclinical trial 2570.

As indicated in FIGS. 26-28, one embodiment relates to a method 2600 ofpredicting a clinical outcome of at least one frozen particlecomposition (or frozen piercing implement) treatment for at least onefirst subject includes determining 2610 a similarity or a dissimilarityin information regarding at least one aspect of cellular or tissueabrasion or ablation of at least one biological tissue of at least onefirst subject to information regarding at least one aspect of cellularor tissue abrasion or ablation of at least one biological tissue of atleast one second subject, wherein the at least one second subjectattained a clinical outcome following receipt of the at least one frozenparticle composition or therapeutic composition; and providing outputinformation optionally based on the determination.

In one embodiment, the information regarding at least one aspect ofcellular or tissue abrasion or ablation includes information regardingthe quantity of cells or tissue removed or destroyed 2620. In oneembodiment, the information regarding at least one aspect of cellular ortissue abrasion or ablation includes information regarding at least onedimension of cellular, tissue, or other material removal or destruction2630. In one embodiment, the at least one dimension of cellular removalor destruction includes information regarding at least one of depth,width, or breadth of cellular removal or destruction 2640. In oneembodiment, the information regarding at least one aspect of cellular ortissue abrasion or ablation includes information regarding two or moresubjects with one or more common attributes 2650.

In one embodiment, the one or more common attributes include but are notlimited to genetic attributes, mental attributes, or psychologicalattributes 2660. In one embodiment, the one or more common attributesinclude genotype attributes or phenotype attributes 2670.

In one embodiment, the one or more common attributes include at leastone of height; weight; medical diagnosis; familial background; resultson one or more medical tests; ethnic background; body mass index; age;presence or absence of at least one disease or condition; species;ethnicity; race; allergies; gender; thickness of epidermis; thickness ofdermis; thickness of stratum corneum; keratin deposition; collagendeposition; blood vessel condition; skin condition; hair or furcondition; muscle condition; tissue condition; organ condition; nervecondition; brain condition; presence or absence of at least onebiological, chemical, or therapeutic agent in the subject; pregnancystatus; lactation status; medical history; genetic profile; proteomicprofile; partial or whole genetic sequence; partial or whole proteomicsequence; lymph condition, medical history, or blood condition 2680.

In one embodiment, the output information includes at least one of aresponse signal, a comparison code, a comparison plot, a diagnosticcode, a treatment code, a test code, a code indicative of at least onetreatment received, a code indicative of at least one prescribedtreatment step, a code indicative of at least one vaccination delivered;a code indicative of at least one therapeutic agent delivered; a codeindicative of at least one diagnostic agent delivered; a code indicativeof at least one interaction of a delivered agent and at least onebiological or chemical agent in the subject; a code indicative of atleast one dispersion or location of at least one delivered agent; a codeindicative of at least one detection material delivered; a codeindicative of the depth of penetration of a delivered agent; or a codeindicative of the condition of at least one location of a delivered oradministered frozen particle composition (or frozen piercing implement)2700.

In one embodiment, the information regarding at least one aspect ofcellular or tissue abrasion or ablation includes information regardingat least one cellular or tissue source 2710. In one embodiment, thecellular or tissue source includes but is not limited to at least onebiological tissue or cell described herein. In one embodiment, theinformation regarding at least one tissue source includes informationregarding at least one abnormal cellular or tissue source 2720. In oneembodiment, the information regarding at least one cellular or tissuesource includes information regarding at least one type of cell ortissue 2730. In one embodiment, the information regarding at least oneaspect of cellular or tissue abrasion or ablation includes informationregarding at least one type of cell or tissue.

In one embodiment, the at least one frozen particle composition (orfrozen piercing implement) or therapeutic composition includes at leastone of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen oxide, helium, neon, xenon,krypton, chlorine, bromine, methane, oxygen, air or argon. In oneembodiment, the at least one frozen particle composition (or frozenpiercing implement) or therapeutic composition includes at least one ofpolyethylene glycol, acetone, ethyl acetate, dimethyl sulfoxide,dimethyl formamide, dioxane, hexamethylphosphorotriamide,perfluorohydrocarbon, methanol, ethanol, tert-butyl alcohol, formicacid, hydrogen fluoride, ammonia, acetic acid, benzene, carbontetrachloride, hexane, methylene chloride, carboxylic acid, saline,Ringer's solution, lactated Ringer's solution, Hartmann's solution,acetated Ringer's solution, phosphate buffered solution, TRIS-bufferedsaline solution, Hank's balanced salt solution, Earle's balanced saltsolution, standard saline citrate, HEPES-buffered saline, dextrose,glucose, or diethyl ether 2740.

In one embodiment, the at least one frozen particle composition (orfrozen piercing implement) or therapeutic composition includes at leastone major dimension of approximately one decimeter or less, orapproximately one centimeter or less, or approximately one millimeter orless, or approximately one micrometer or less, or approximately onenanometer or less, or any value therebetween 2750.

In one embodiment, the at least one frozen particle composition (orfrozen piercing implement) or therapeutic composition includes one ormore reinforcement agents 2760. In one embodiment, the at least onefrozen particle composition (or frozen piercing implement) ortherapeutic composition includes one or more explosive materials 2770.

In one embodiment, the receipt by the at least one subject of at leastone frozen particle composition (or frozen piercing implement) ortherapeutic composition is pursuant to at least one clinical trial 2800.In one embodiment, the method includes creating at least one inclusioncriterion and at least one exclusion criterion for a clinical trialinvolving the at least one frozen particle composition (or frozenpiercing implement) or therapeutic composition 2810. In one embodiment,the method further comprises suggesting the inclusion of one or more ofthe at least one subject in at least one clinical trial 2820. In certaininstances, multiple subjects from multiple clinical trials are included.In one embodiment, the method includes suggesting the exclusion of oneor more of the at least one subject in at least one clinical trial 2830.

In one embodiment, a method includes using one or more of the at leastone determination to predict at least one clinical outcome regarding atleast one second subject 2840. In one embodiment, the at least onesecond subject has not received the at least one frozen particlecomposition (or frozen piercing implement) or therapeutic composition2850. In one embodiment, the at least one second subject is a pluralityof people; and the method further comprises segregating subjectidentifiers associated with the plurality of people in reference to thepredicted at least one clinical outcome 2860.

In one embodiment, the using one or more of the at least one comparison,wherein the at least one second subject is a plurality of people; andthe method further comprises determining the eligibility of the at leastone second subject for the at least one clinical trial 2870.

As indicated in FIGS. 29-30, at least one aspect relates to a system2900 that includes at least one computing device 2910; one or moreinstructions 2920 that when executed on the at least one computingdevice cause the at least one computing device to receive a first inputassociated with a first possible dataset, the first possible datasetincluding data representative of one or more measurements relating toone or more physical attributes of a first subject; one or moreinstructions 2930 that when executed on the at least one computingdevice cause the at least one computing device to compare a valueassociated with the first possible dataset with a second datasetincluding values representative of predictive regimen parameters relatedto a second subject with one or more similar or dissimilar physicalattributes; one or more instructions 2940 that when executed on the atleast one computing device cause the at least one computing device todetermine from the comparison at least one frozen particle composition(or frozen piercing implement) treatment regimen for the first subject;and at least one generated output optionally based on the determination;one or more instructions 2950 that when executed on the at least onecomputing device cause the at least one computing device to access thefirst possible dataset in response to the first input; one or moreinstructions 2960 that when executed on the at least one computingdevice cause the at least one computing device to generate the firstpossible dataset in response to the first input; one or moreinstructions 2970 that when executed on the at least one computingdevice cause the at least one computing device to determine a graphicalillustration of the possible dataset; or one or more instructions 3000that when executed on the at least one computing device cause the atleast one computing device to determine a graphical illustration of thesecond possible dataset. In one embodiment, the treatment regimenincludes at least one of cellular or tissue removal, cellular or tissueablation, debridement, delivery of at least one therapeutic agent,cleaning one or more wounds, oxygenating wounds, removing material fromat least one biological tissue, or removing material from at least oneblood vessel 3005. In at least one nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogenoxide, helium, neon, xenon, krypton, chlorine, bromine, methane, oxygen,air, argon, polyethylene glycol, acetone, ethyl acetate, dimethylsulfoxide, dimethyl formamide, dioxane, hexamethylphosphorotriamide,perfluorohydrocarbon, methanol, ethanol, tert-butyl alcohol, formicacid, hydrogen fluoride, ammonia, acetic acid, benzene, carbontetrachloride, hexane, methylene chloride, carboxylic acid, saline,Ringer's solution, lactated Ringer's solution, Hartmann's solution,acetated Ringer's solution, phosphate buffered solution, TRIS-bufferedsaline solution, Hank's balanced salt solution, Earle's balanced saltsolution, standard saline citrate, HEPES-buffered saline, dextrose,glucose, or diethyl ether 3008.

In one embodiment, the at least one computing device includes one ormore desktop computer, workstation computer, computing system includinga cluster of processors, a networked computer, a tablet personalcomputer, a laptop computer, a mobile device, a mobile telephone, or apersonal digital assistant computer 3010. In one embodiment, the atleast one computing device is configured to communicate with a databaseto access the first possible dataset 3020. In one embodiment, the atleast one computing device is configured to communicate with a frozenparticle composition (or frozen piercing implement) selecting apparatus,a frozen particle composition (or frozen piercing implement) generatingapparatus, or both 3030.

As shown in FIGS. 31-32, at least one aspect relates to a system 3100including circuitry 3110 for receiving a first input associated with afirst possible dataset, the first possible dataset including datarepresentative of one or more measurements relating to one or morephysical attributes of a first subject; circuitry 3120 for comparing avalue associated with the first possible dataset with a second datasetincluding values representative of predictive regimen parameters relatedto a second subject with one or more similar or dissimilar physicalattributes; circuitry 3125 for determining from the comparison at leastone frozen particle composition (or frozen piercing implement) treatmentregimen for the first subject; circuitry 3128 for selecting at least oneof quality or quantity related to one or more frozen particlecompositions (or frozen piercing implements), method of administrationof one or more frozen particle compositions (or frozen piercingimplements), administration location of one or more frozen particlecompositions (or frozen piercing implements), content of one or morefrozen particle compositions (or frozen piercing implements), timing ofadministration of one or more frozen particle compositions (or frozenpiercing implements), decrease in physical dimension of one or morefrozen particle compositions (or frozen piercing implements) or timeinterval between at least two deliveries with one or more frozenparticle compositions (or frozen piercing implements).

In one embodiment, the system includes circuitry 3130 for determiningfrom the comparison at least one frozen particle composition (or frozenpiercing implement) treatment regimen for the first subject; andcircuitry 3140 for providing output information optionally based on thecomparison. In one embodiment, the circuitry for receiving a first inputassociated with a first possible dataset includes circuitry 3200 forreceiving one or more measurements relating to one or more physicalattributes including at least one of height; weight; body mass index;age; presence or absence of at least one disease or condition; species;ethnicity; race; allergies; gender; thickness of epidermis; thickness ofdermis; thickness of stratum corneum; keratin deposition; collagendeposition; blood vessel condition; skin condition; hair or furcondition; muscle condition; tissue condition; organ condition; nervecondition; brain condition; presence or absence of at least onebiological, chemical, or therapeutic agent in the subject; pregnancystatus; lactation status; genetic profile; medical history; proteomicprofile; partial or whole genetic sequence; partial or whole proteomicsequence; medical history; lymph condition, or blood condition.

In one embodiment, the system includes circuitry 3210 for selecting thecombination of at least two parameters selected from quality or quantityrelated to one or more frozen particle compositions (or frozen piercingimplements), method of administration of one or more frozen particlecompositions (or frozen piercing implements), administration location ofone or more frozen particle compositions (or frozen piercingimplements), content of one or more frozen particle compositions (orfrozen piercing implements), timing of administration of one or morefrozen particle compositions (or frozen piercing implements), decreasein a physical dimension of one or more frozen particle compositions (orfrozen piercing implements), or time interval between at least twoadministrations or deliveries with one or more frozen particlecompositions (or frozen piercing implements).

In one embodiment, the system includes circuitry 3220 for selecting thecombination of at least two parameters selected from quality or quantityrelated to one or more frozen particle compositions (or frozen piercingimplements), method of administration of one or more frozen particlecompositions (or frozen piercing implements), administration location ofone or more frozen particle compositions (or frozen piercingimplements), content of one or more frozen particle compositions (orfrozen piercing implements), timing of administration of one or morefrozen particle compositions (or frozen piercing implements), decreasein a physical dimension of one or more frozen particle compositions (orfrozen piercing implements), or time interval between at least twoadministrations with one or more frozen particle compositions (or frozenpiercing implements).

In one embodiment, the system includes circuitry 3230 for selecting atleast one of a clinical outcome; secondary effects related to thetreatment; disease stage; longevity; or vaccination administration. Inone embodiment, the clinical outcome 3240 includes a positive clinicaloutcome or a negative clinical outcome. In one embodiment, the clinicaloutcome includes one or more adverse effect, failure to attain aclinical endpoint of a clinical trial, failing to attain a beneficialeffect, or measurement of at least one biochemical, biological orphysiological parameter 3250.

FIGS. 33-35 illustrate a partial view of a system 3300 including atleast one computer program 3310 configured with a computer-readablemedium, for use with at least one computer system and wherein thecomputer program includes a plurality of instructions including but notlimited to one or more instructions 3320 for determining at least onecomparison between information regarding at least one aspect of cellularor tissue abrasion or ablation of at least one biological tissue of atleast one subject and information regarding at least one clinicaloutcome following receipt by the at least one subject of at least onefrozen particle composition (or frozen piercing implement). In oneembodiment, the system includes one or more instructions 3330 fordetermining at least one statistical correlation. In one embodiment, thesystem includes one or more instructions 3340 for counting theoccurrence of at least one clinical outcome. In one embodiment,information regarding at least one aspect of cellular or tissue abrasionor ablation includes information 3350 regarding quantity of cells ortissue removed or destroyed; information 3360 regarding at least onedimension of cellular, tissue or other material removal or destruction;information 3370 regarding at least one of depth, width, or breadth ofcellular removal or destruction; or information 3380 regarding two ormore subjects with one or more common attributes. In one embodiment, theinformation regarding at least one aspect of cellular or tissue abrasionor ablation includes information 3400 regarding at least one cellular ortissue source, including information 3410 regarding at least oneabnormal cellular or tissue source or information 3420 regarding atleast one type of cell or tissue.

In one embodiment, the at least one frozen particle composition (orfrozen piercing implement) or therapeutic composition includes at leastone of polyethylene glycol, acetone, ethyl acetate, dimethyl sulfoxide,dimethyl formamide, dioxane, hexamethylphosphorotriamide,perfluorohydrocarbon, methanol, ethanol, tert-butyl alcohol, formicacid, hydrogen fluoride, ammonia, acetic acid, benzene, carbontetrachloride, hexane, methylene chloride, carboxylic acid, saline,Ringer's solution, lactated Ringer's solution, Hartmann's solution,acetated Ringer's solution, phosphate buffered solution, TRIS-bufferedsaline solution, Hank's balanced salt solution, Earle's balanced saltsolution, standard saline citrate, HEPES-buffered saline, dextrose,glucose, or diethyl ether 3430. In one embodiment, at least one frozenparticle composition (or frozen piercing implement) includes at leastone major dimension of approximately one decimeter or less,approximately one centimeter or less, approximately one millimeter orless, approximately one micrometer or less, approximately one nanometeror less, or any value therebetween 3440. In one embodiment, the at leastone frozen particle composition (or frozen piercing implement) includesone or more reinforcement agents 3450. In one embodiment, the at leastone frozen particle composition (or frozen piercing implement) includesone or more explosive materials 3460.

In one embodiment, the receipt by the at least one subject of at leastone frozen particle composition (or frozen piercing implement) ortherapeutic composition is pursuant to at least one clinical trial 3500.In one embodiment, the system further comprises one or more instructionsfor determining at least one comparison before the delivery oradministration of the at least one frozen particle composition (orfrozen piercing implement) or therapeutic composition to at least onesubject 3510.

In one embodiment, the system includes one or more instructions forcreating at least one inclusion criterion and at least one exclusioncriterion for a clinical trial involving the at least one frozenparticle composition (or frozen piercing implement) or therapeuticcomposition 3520. In one embodiment, the system further comprises one ormore instructions for suggesting the inclusion of one or more of the atleast one subject in at least one clinical trial 3530. In certaininstances, multiple subjects from multiple clinical trials are included.

In one embodiment, the system further includes one or more instructionsfor suggesting the exclusion of one or more of the at least one subjectin at least one clinical trial 3540. In one embodiment, the systemincludes one or more instructions for using one or more of the at leastone comparison to predict at least one clinical outcome regarding atleast one second subject 3550. In one embodiment, the at least onesecond subject has not received the at least one frozen particlecomposition (or frozen piercing implement) or therapeutic composition3560. In one embodiment, the system includes predicting at least oneclinical outcome involving the at least one second subject, wherein theat least one second subject is a plurality of people; and segregatingsubject identifiers associated with the plurality of people in referenceto the predicted at least one clinical outcome 3570. In one embodiment,the at least one second subject is a plurality of people; and the systemfurther comprises determining the eligibility of the at least one secondsubject for the at least one clinical trial 3580.

As indicated in FIG. 36, at least one aspect relates to a system 3600that includes at least one computer program 3610, configured with acomputer-readable medium, for use with at least one computer system andwherein the computer program includes a plurality of instructionsincluding but not limited to one or more instructions 3620 for comparinginformation regarding at least one aspect of cellular or tissue abrasionor ablation of at least one biological tissue of at least one subjectand information regarding at least one frozen particle composition (orfrozen piercing implement) involving the at least one biological tissueof at least one subject; and one or more instructions 3630 for applyingone or more comparisons to information regarding at least one aspect ofcellular or tissue abrasion or ablation regarding a plurality of people.

In one embodiment, one or more instructions 3640 for segregating subjectidentifiers associated with the plurality of people in reference to atleast one of the one or more applied comparisons. In one embodiment, theinformation regarding at least one aspect of cellular or tissue abrasionor ablation includes information 3650 regarding quantity of cells ortissue removed or destroyed; information 3660 regarding at least onedimension of cellular, tissue or other material removal or destruction;or information 3670 regarding at least one of depth, width, or breadthof cellular removal or destruction. In one embodiment, the systemincludes one or more instructions 3680 for segregating individualidentifiers associated with the plurality of people in reference to atleast one characteristic shared by two or more subjects of the pluralityof people.

As indicated in FIG. 37, at least one aspect relates to a method 3700comprising accepting a first input 3710 associated with at least onecharacteristic of at least one biological tissue to be at leastpartially constructed or at least partially reconstructed; accepting asecond input 3720 associated with at least one parameter of at leastpartially constructing or at least partially reconstructing the at leastone biological tissue by administering one or more frozen particlecompositions (or frozen piercing implements) including at least oneagent. In one embodiment, the at least one agent 3730 includes one ormore of a therapeutic agent, adhesive agent, abrasive, reinforcementagent, explosive material, or biological remodeling agent. In oneembodiment, administering 3740 the one or more frozen particlecompositions (or frozen piercing implements) includes administering theone or more frozen particle compositions (or frozen piercing implements)to at least one substrate. In one embodiment, the at least one substrate3750 includes one or more of a cell, tissue, organ, structure, ordevice.

In one embodiment, the method includes processing results 3760 of thefirst input and the second input. In one embodiment, processing resultsof the first input and the second input includes electronicallyprocessing 3770 results of the first input and the second input. In oneembodiment, processing results of the first input and the second inputincludes 3780 electronically processing results of the first input andthe second input by utilizing one or more of Gaussian smoothing,scaling, homomorphic filtering, parametric estimation techniques,Boolean operations, Monte Carlo simulations, wavelet based techniques,mirroring, smoothing, gradient weighted partial differential equationsmoothing, NURBS, polygonal modeling, splines and patches modeling,algorithmic execution, logical decision-making, result prediction,Finite Element Analysis, or modification of a CAD design.

As indicated in FIG. 38, in one embodiment, the first input 3810includes one or more values related to the at least one characteristicof at least one biological tissue. In one embodiment, the first inputincludes one or more spatial addresses 3820 associated with the at leastone characteristic of at least one biological tissue. In one embodiment,the first input includes one or more of x, y, or z coordinates 3830associated with the at least one characteristic of at least onebiological tissue.

In one embodiment, the at least one characteristic 3840 of at least onebiological tissue to be at least partially constructed or at leastpartially reconstructed includes one or more of: morphological feature,anatomical feature, histological feature, tissue hierarchical level,scaffold feature, vascular structure feature, heterogenous tissuefeature, mechanical feature, volumetric feature, geometric feature,volumetric representation, mechanical feature, deformation, kinematicfeature, surface contour feature, cytometric feature, cell aggregation,cell growth, cell-cell interaction, cell-tissue interaction, biomimeticdesign, cell pattern, cell deposition, organ hierarchical level, tissuemicrostructure, cellular microstructure, cell junction feature, tissuejunction feature, cell-tissue classification, hard tissueclassification, soft tissue classification, tumor diagnosis, or otherfeature.

In one embodiment, the at least one characteristic 3850 of at least onebiological tissue includes one or more of cellular type, cellularfunction, cellular size, cellular constitution, cellular architecture,cellular durability, cellular source, tissue type, tissue constitution,tissue size, tissue shape, tissue function, tissue architecture, tissuesource, tissue durability, organ type, organ constitution, organ size,organ shape, organ function, organ architecture, organ source, or organdurability. In one embodiment, the first input 3860 includes one or moretemporal addresses associated with the at least one characteristic of atleast one biological tissue.

As indicated in FIG. 39, in one embodiment, the first input 3910includes one or more values derived from at least one image of the atleast one biological tissue. In one embodiment, the at least one image3920 includes one or more images acquired by one or more of laser,holography, x-ray crystallography, optical coherence tomography,computer-assisted tomography scan, computed tomography, magneticresonance imaging, positron-emission tomography scan, ultrasound, x-ray,electrical-impedance monitoring, microscopy, spectrometry, flowcytommetry, radioisotope imaging, thermal imaging, multiphotoncalcium-imaging, photography, or in silico generation.

In one embodiment, the at least one biological tissue 3930 is located inat least one of in situ, in vitro, in vivo, in utero, in planta, insilico, or ex vivo. In one embodiment, the at least one biologicaltissue 3940 is at least partially located in at least one subject. Inone embodiment, the method further comprises accepting a third input3950 associated with at least one feature of the at least one subject.In one embodiment, the at least one feature 3960 of the at least onesubject includes one or more of age, gender, genotype, phenotype,proteomic profile, or health condition.

As indicated in FIGS. 40-41, in one embodiment, the processing results4010 of the first input and the second input includes determining atleast one parameter of at least partially constructing or at leastpartially reconstructing the at least one biological tissue with one ormore frozen particle compositions (or frozen piercing implements) fromone or more values derived from at least one image of the at least onebiological tissue. In one embodiment, the second input 4020 includes oneor more values related to the at least one parameter of at leastpartially constructing or at least partially reconstructing the at leastone biological tissue by administering one or more frozen particlecompositions (or frozen piercing implements) to the at least onesubstrate. In one embodiment, 4130 the one or more values related to theat least one parameter of constructing or reconstructing the at leastone biological tissue includes one or more predictive values.

In one embodiment, the at least one parameter 4030 of at least partiallyconstructing or at least partially reconstructing the at least onebiological tissue includes one or more of porosity of the at least onesubstrate, pore size of the at least one substrate, interconnectivity ofthe pores of the at least one substrate, transport properties of the atleast one substrate, cell-tissue formation of the at least onesubstrate, mechanical strength of the at least one substrate, abilityfor attachment or distribution of the at least one agent included in theone or more frozen particle compositions (or frozen piercing implements)to the at least one substrate, ability for attachment or distribution ofone or more cells or tissues to the at least one substrate, facilitationof at least one nutrient, or tissue formation or tissue growthassociated with the at least one substrate.

In one embodiment, the at least one parameter 4040 of at least partiallyconstructing or at least partially reconstructing the at least onebiological tissue by administering one or more frozen particlecompositions (or frozen piercing implements) includes one or more of:design of plot or model for administration of one or more frozenparticle compositions(or frozen piercing implements), constitution ofthe one or more frozen particle compositions (or frozen piercingimplements), formulation of the one or more frozen particle compositions(or frozen piercing implements), size of the one or more frozen particlecompositions (or frozen piercing implements), shape of the one or morefrozen particle compositions (or frozen piercing implements), angle ofadministration of the one or more frozen particle compositions (orfrozen piercing implements), velocity of administration of the one ormore frozen particle compositions (or frozen piercing implements),quantity of frozen particle compositions (or frozen piercing implements)administered, rate of administration of more than one frozen particlecomposition (or frozen piercing implement), spatial location foradministration of one or more frozen particle compositions (or frozenpiercing implements), temporal location for administration of one ormore frozen particle compositions (or frozen piercing implements),method of administration of one or more frozen particle compositions (orfrozen piercing implements), timing of administration of one or morefrozen particle compositions (or frozen piercing implements), modulationof administration of one or more frozen particle compositions (or frozenpiercing implements), deposition of one or more frozen particlecompositions (or frozen piercing implements), or rate of deposition ofat least one agent.

In one embodiment, the at least one parameter 4110 of at least partiallyconstructing or at least partially reconstructing the at least onebiological tissue by administering one or more frozen particlecompositions (or frozen piercing implements) includes at least oneparameter relating to at least partially ablating or at least partiallyabrading one or more surfaces of the at least one biological tissue withthe one or more frozen particle compositions (or frozen piercingimplements).

In one embodiment, the at least one parameter 4120 of at least partiallyconstructing or at least partially reconstructing the at least onebiological tissue by administering one or more frozen particlecompositions (or frozen piercing implements) includes at least oneparameter relating to administering at least one of a therapeutic agent,adhesive agent, biological remodeling agent, reinforcement agent,abrasive, or explosive material with the one or more frozen particlecompositions (or frozen piercing implements).

In one embodiment, the spatial location 4140 for administration of oneor more frozen particle compositions (or frozen piercingimplements)includes one or more of x, y, or z coordinates. In oneembodiment, the processing results 4150 includes comparing at least onevalue related to the first input associated with the at least onecharacteristic of at least one biological tissue to be at leastpartially constructed or at least partially reconstructed with at leastone value related to at least one image of a target biological tissue.In one embodiment 4160, the image of a target biological tissue includesan image of a similar biological tissue, or an image of a dissimilarbiological tissue.

As indicated in FIG. 42, the processing results 4210 includes comparingat least one value related to the second input associated with the atleast one parameter of at least partially constructing or at leastpartially reconstructing the at least one biological tissue with atleast one value related to another administration of one or more frozenparticle compositions (or frozen piercing implements). In one embodiment4220, the processing results includes determining one or moredifferences in at least one value related to the first input and atleast one value related to at least one image of the at least onebiological tissue or a similar biological tissue. In one embodiment4230, the processing results includes determining one or moredifferences in at least one value related to the second input associatedwith the at least one parameter of at least partially constructing or atleast partially reconstructing the at least one biological tissue and atleast one value related to another administration of one or more frozenparticle compositions (or frozen piercing implements) to the at leastone substrate.

In one embodiment 4240, the processing results includes generating oneor more protocols for administering the one or more frozen particlecompositions (or frozen piercing implements). In one embodiment 4250,the processing results includes generating one or more blueprints foradministering the one or more frozen particle compositions (or frozenpiercing implements). In one embodiment 4260, the one or more blueprintsinclude at least one of a two-dimensional plot or a three-dimensionalmodel. In one embodiment 4270, the one or more blueprints include atleast one representation of at least one of organ anatomy, morphology,tissue heterogeneity, scale of vascular system, geometry, internalarchitecture of an organ or tissue, internal or external boundarydistinction of a tissue or organ, topology, or tomography.

As indicated in FIG. 43, the processing results 4310 includes: comparingone or more values related to the one or more characteristics of the atleast one biological tissue that are determined at two or more differenttimes to obtain one or more characteristic comparisons; comparing one ormore values related to the at least one parameter of at least partiallyconstructing or at least partially reconstructing the at least onebiological tissue at two or more different times to obtain one or moreparameter comparisons; comparing the one or more characteristiccomparisons with the one or more parameter comparisons to obtain one ormore characteristic-characteristic/parameter-parameter comparisons; andcomparing the one or morecharacteristic-characteristic/parameter-parameter comparisons to one ormore substantially similar results obtained for one or more other atleast partially constructed or at least partially reconstructedbiological tissues. In one embodiment 4320, the administering one ormore frozen particle compositions (or frozen piercing implements)includes depositing the at least one agent on the at least onesubstrate.

As indicated in FIG. 44, the method further comprises 4410 displayingresults of the processing. In one embodiment 4420, the displayingresults of the processing includes displaying the results on one or moreactive displays. In one embodiment 4430, the displaying results of theprocessing includes displaying the results on one or more passivedisplays. In one embodiment 4440, the displaying results of theprocessing includes displaying the results of the processing in at leastone of numeric format, graphical format, or audio format.

In one embodiment 4450, the displaying results of the processingincludes displaying a comparison of at least one biological tissue thathas been at least partially constructed or at least partiallyreconstructed. In one embodiment 4460, the displaying results of theprocessing includes displaying a comparison of at least one subject withone or more other subjects. In one embodiment 4470, the displayingresults of the processing includes displaying one or more differences inthe comparison of at least one value related to the first input and atleast one value related to at least one image of a biological tissue. Inone embodiment 4480, the displaying results of the processing includesdisplaying one or more differences in the comparison of at least onevalue related to the second input and at least one value related toanother administration of one or more frozen particle compositions (orfrozen piercing implements).

As indicated in FIG. 45, the method further comprises transmitting 4510one or more signals that include information related to the processingresults of the first input and the second input. In one embodiment 4520,the transmitting one or more signals includes transmitting one or moresignals associated with selection of one or more frozen particlecompositions (or frozen piercing implements) for administration. In oneembodiment 4530, the transmitting one or more signals includestransmitting one or more signals associated with selection of one ormore of a biological remodeling agent, adhesive agent, abrasive,therapeutic agent, reinforcement agent, or explosive material associatedwith the one or more frozen particle compositions (or frozen piercingimplements). In one embodiment 4540, the transmitting one or moresignals includes transmitting one or more signals associated withcomparing the information related to the processing results of the firstinput and the second input.

As indicated in FIG. 46, the one or more frozen particle compositions(or frozen piercing implements) 4610 include one or more frozenparticles including at least one of hydrogen oxide, nitrogen, oxygen,air, helium, neon, argon, xenon, chlorine, bromine, carbon dioxide,acetone, ethyl acetate, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl formamide, dioxane,tetrahydrofuran, acetronitrile, acetic acid, n-butanol, isopropanol,n-propanol, hexamethylphosphorotriamide, perfluorohydrocarbon, methanol,ethanol, tert-butyl alcohol, formic acid, hydrogen fluoride, ammonia,benzene, carbon tetrachloride, hexane, dichloromethane, methylenechloride, carboxylic acid, saline, standard saline citrate, methane,toluene, chloroform, polyethylene glycol, acetic acid, Ringer'ssolution, lactated Ringer's solution, Hartmann's solution, acetatedRinger's solution, phosphate buffered solution, TRIS-buffered salinesolution, Hank's balanced salt solution, Earle's balanced salt solution,standard saline citrate, HEPES-buffered saline, dextrose, glucose,methane, or diethyl ether.

In one embodiment 4620, the at least one agent includes one or more ofan adhesive agent, therapeutic agent, reinforcement agent, abrasive,explosive material, or biological remodeling agent. In one embodiment4630, at least one of the adhesive agent, therapeutic agent,reinforcement agent, abrasive, explosive material, or biologicalremodeling agent is substantially in the form of at least one of anorganic or inorganic small molecule, clathrate or caged compound,protocell, coacervate, microsphere, Janus particle, proteinoid,laminate, helical rod, liposome, macroscopic tube, niosome, sphingosome,toroid, vesicular tube, vesicle, small unilamellar vesicle, largeunilamellar vesicle, large multilamellar vesicle, multivesicularvesicle, lipid layer, lipid bilayer, micelle, organelle, cell, membrane,nucleic acid, peptide, polypeptide, protein, oligosaccharide,polysaccharide, glycopeptide, glycolipid, sphingolipid,glycosphingolipid, glycoprotein, peptidoglycan, lipid, carbohydrate,metalloprotein, proteoglycan, chromosome, cell nucleus, acid, base,buffer, protic solvent, aprotic solvent, nitric oxide, nitric oxidesynthase, nitrous oxide, amino acid, micelle, polymer, bone cement,copolymer, cell receptor, adhesion molecule, cytokine, chemokine,immunoglobulin, antibody, antigen, platelet, extracellular matrix,blood, plasma, cell ligand, zwitterionic material, cationic material,oligonucleotide, nanotube, or piloxymer.

As indicated in FIG. 47, the one or more explosive materials 4710include at least one of a carbonate, carbon dioxide, nitroglycerine,acid, base, epoxy, acrylic polymer or copolymer, acrylamide polymer orcopolymer, urethane, hypoxyapatite, or reactive metal. In one embodiment4720, the at least one adhesive agent includes one or more of an acrylicpolymer or copolymer, acrylamide polymer or copolymer polymer orcopolymer, acrylamide polymer or copolymer, polyacrylic acid, epoxy,urethane, gum arabic, polyester, polyhydroxyalkanoate, poly(L-lacticacid), polyglycolide, polylactic acid, polyether, polyol,polyvinylpyrrolidone, pyroxylin,polymethylacrylate-isobutene-monoisopropylmaleate, siloxane polymer,polylactic-co-glycolic-acid, poly-3-hydroxybutyrate,poly-4-hydroxybutyrate, polyhydroxyvalerate, polydydroxyhexanoate,polydyroxyoctanoate, polycaprolactone, poly (e-caprolactone), sialylLewis^(x), heme group, hemoglobin, healon, carboxymethylcellulose,hydroxyapatite, silicone, cadherin, integrin, hydroxyapatite,polyelectrolyte, maleic polyelectrolyte, cellulose, resilin,cyanoacrylate, isocyanate, 2-octyl cyanoacrylate,2-butyl-n-cyanoacrylate, n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate, butyl-2-cyanoacrylate,methyl 2-cyanoacrylate, polyisohexylcyanoacrylate, fibrin, thrombin,fibrinogen, hyaluronate, chitin, Factor XIII, Factor XII, silk, nylon,collagen, glycosaminoglycan, selectin, polyurethane, methacrylate, orpolysulfide, polyanhydride, polydioxanone, poly-p-dioxanone, silicone,albumin, glutaraldehyde, polyethylene glycol, or gelatin.

In at least one embodiment 4730, the one or more reinforcement agentsinclude one or more of polyaramid, vinylester matrix, metal, ceramic,cotton, hemp, fiberglass, cellulose, broad carbide, aromatic polyamide,nylon, silk, rayon, acetate, modacrylic, olefin, acrylic, polyester,aromatic polyester, poly-lactic acid, vinyon, saran, spandex, vinalon,aromatic nylon, vinylidene chloride, modal, polybenzimidazole, sulfur,lyocell, orlon, zylon, high-performance polyethylene,polypyridobenzimidazole, vectran, acrylonitrile rubber, glass, copper,iron, steel, sodium, potassium, calcium, zinc, manganese, carbon,magnesium, silicon, silica, frozen hydrogen oxide ice, plant matter,animal matter, or mineral matter.

As indicated in FIG. 48, the therapeutic agent 4810 includes at leastone of an anti-tumor agent, antimicrobial agent, anti-viral agent,analgesic, antiseptic, anesthetic, diagnostic agent, anti-inflammatoryagent, vaccine, cell growth inhibitor, cell growth promoter, immunogen,antigen, radioactive agent, apoptosis promoting factor, enzymatic agent,angiogenic factor, anti-angiogenic factor, hormone, vitamin, mineral,nutraceutical, cytokine, chemokine, probiotic, coagulant,anti-coagulant, phage, prodrug, prebiotic, blood sugar stabilizer,smooth muscle cell activator, epinephrine, adrenaline, neurotoxin,neuro-muscular toxin, Botulinum toxin type A, microbial cell orcomponent thereof, or virus or component thereof.

In one embodiment 4820 the at least one biological remodeling agentincludes one or more of a blood cell, chondrocyte, endothelial cell,hepatocyte, keratinocyte, myocyte, osteoblast, osteoclast, osteocyte,mesenchymal cell, stem cell, progenitor cell, or fibroblast. In oneembodiment, 4830, the at least one biological remodeling agent includesone or more of calcium phosphate, albumin, cytokine, pegylated cytokine,bone, cartilage, globulin, fibrin, thrombin, glutaraldehyde-crosslinkedpericardium, hide powder, hyaluronic acid, hydroxylapatite, keratin,ligament, nitinol, nucleic acid polymers, polyethylene, polylethyleneglycol, polyethylene glycol diacrylate, polyethylene terephthalatefiber, polyglycol, polylactate, polytetrafluoroethylene, polylacticacid, polyglycolic acid, polycaprolactone, PURAMATRIX™ self-assemblypeptide hydrogel fibers, linear aliphatic polyester, tendon, fibrinogen,hyaluronate, chitin, chitosan, methylcellulose, alginate, hyaluronicacid, agarose, cellulose, polyaldehyde gluronate, Factor XIII, FactorXII, silk, nylon, collagen, silicone, polyurethane, ceramic powder,elastin, pectin, wax, glycosaminoglycan, poly(α-hydroxyacid), selectin,glutaraldehyde, hydrophobic non-glycosylated protein, hydrogel, peptidehydrogel, or gelatin. In one embodiment 4840, the at least onebiological remodeling agent includes one or more of Type I collagen,Type II collagen, Type III collagen, Type VII collagen, Type X collagen,elastin fibers, or soluble elastin. In one embodiment 4850, the at leastone biological remodeling agent is included as part of a carrier thatassists in synthesis or activation of the at least one biologicalremodeling agent.

As indicated in FIGS. 49-51, a method 4900 comprises accepting input4910 associated with at least one parameter of at least partiallyconstructing or at least partially reconstructing at least onebiological tissue by administering one or more frozen particlecompositions (or frozen piercing implements); administering 4920 one ormore frozen particle compositions (or frozen piercing implements)including at least one agent;

wherein 4930 the at least one agent includes one or more of a biologicalremodeling agent, therapeutic agent, reinforcement agent, explosivematerial, abrasive, or adhesive agent; evaluating 4940 the at least onebiological tissue for one or more indicators related to deposition of atleast one agent, tissue formation, or tissue growth; and transmitting5110 one or more signals that include information related to theaccepting input and information related to the evaluating the at leastone biological tissue.

In one embodiment 4950, the evaluating at least one biological tissuefor one or more indicators includes evaluating at least one of an assay,image, or gross assessment of the at least one biological tissue priorto, during, or subsequent to at least one administration of the one ormore frozen particle compositions (or frozen piercing implements). Inone embodiment 4960, the assay includes at least one technique thatincludes spectroscopy, microscopy, electrochemical detection,polynucleotide detection, histological examination, biopsy analysis,fluorescence resonance energy transfer, electron transfer, enzyme assay,electrical conductivity, isoelectric focusing, chromatography,immunoprecipitation, immunoseparation, aptamer binding, filtration,electrophoresis, immunoassay, or radioactive assay.

In one embodiment 5020, the image includes at least one image acquiredby one or more of laser, holography, x-ray crystallography, opticalcoherence tomography, computer-assisted tomography scan, computedtomography, magnetic resonance imaging, positron-emission tomographyscan, ultrasound, x-ray, electrical-impedance monitoring, microscopy,spectrometry, flow cytommetry, radioisotope imaging, thermal imaging,multiphoton calcium-imaging, photography, or in silico generation. Inone embodiment 5030, wherein the one or more indicators of tissueformation or growth include at least one of cell migration, cellattachment, cell retention, cell differentiation, cell proliferation,apoptosis, diffusion of materials, angiogenesis, nucleic acidexpression, protein translation, protein modification, carbohydrateproduction, carbohydrate secretion, fat production, fat secretion, orprotein secretion.

In one embodiment 5040, the input associated with at least one parameterof at least partially constructing or at least partially reconstructingthe at least one biological tissue by administering one or more frozenparticle compositions (or frozen piercing implements) includes one ormore of constitution of the one or more frozen particle compositions (orfrozen piercing implements), formulation of the one or more frozenparticle compositions (or frozen piercing implements), size of the oneor more frozen particle compositions (or frozen piercing implements),shape of the one or more frozen particle compositions (or frozenpiercing implements), angle of administration of the one or more frozenparticle compositions (or frozen piercing implements), velocity ofadministration of the one or more frozen particle compositions (orfrozen piercing implements), quantity of frozen particle compositions(or frozen piercing implements) administered, rate of administration ofmore than one frozen particle composition (or frozen piercingimplement), spatial location for administration of one or more frozenparticle compositions (or frozen piercing implements), temporal locationfor administration of one or more frozen particle compositions (orfrozen piercing implements), method of administration of one or morefrozen particle compositions (or frozen piercing implements), timing ofadministration of one or more frozen particle compositions (or frozenpiercing implements), modulation of administration of one or more frozenparticle compositions (or frozen piercing implements), deposition of oneor more frozen particle compositions (or frozen piercing implements), orrate of deposition of at least one agent.

In one embodiment 5120, the transmitting one or more signals includestransmitting one or more signals associated with selection of one ormore frozen particle compositions (or frozen piercing implements) foradministration. In one embodiment 5130, the transmitting one or moresignals includes transmitting one or more signals associated withselection of one or more of a biological remodeling agent, adhesiveagent, abrasive, therapeutic agent, reinforcement agent, or explosivematerial associated with the one or more frozen particle compositions(or frozen piercing implements). In one embodiment 5140, theadministering one or more frozen particle compositions (or frozenpiercing implements) includes administering the one or more frozenparticle compositions (or frozen piercing implements) to at least onesubstrate. In one embodiment 5150, the at least one substrate includesone or more of a cell, tissue, organ, structure, or device. In oneembodiment 5160, the one or more frozen particle compositions (or frozenpiercing implements) include one or more frozen particles including atleast one of hydrogen oxide, nitrogen, oxygen, air, helium, neon, argon,xenon, chlorine, bromine, carbon dioxide, acetone, ethyl acetate,dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl formamide, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran,acetronitrile, acetic acid, n-butanol, isopropanol, n-propanol,hexamethylphosphorotriamide, perfluorohydrocarbon, methanol, ethanol,tert-butyl alcohol, formic acid, hydrogen fluoride, ammonia, benzene,carbon tetrachloride, hexane, dichloromethane, methylene chloride,carboxylic acid, saline, standard saline citrate, methane, toluene,chloroform, polyethylene glycol, acetic acid, Ringer's solution,lactated Ringer's solution, Hartmann's solution, acetated Ringer'ssolution, phosphate buffered solution, TRIS-buffered saline solution,Hank's balanced salt solution, Earle's balanced salt solution, standardsaline citrate, HEPES-buffered saline, dextrose, glucose, methane, ordiethyl ether.

As indicated in FIG. 52, the at least one agent 5210 includes one ormore of an adhesive agent, therapeutic agent, reinforcement agent,abrasive, explosive material, or biological remodeling agent. In oneembodiment 5220, the adhesive agent, therapeutic agent, reinforcementagent, abrasive, explosive material, or biological remodeling agent issubstantially in the form of at least one of an organic or inorganicsmall molecule, clathrate or caged compound, protocell, coacervate,microsphere, Janus particle, proteinoid, laminate, helical rod,liposome, macroscopic tube, niosome, sphingosome, toroid, vesiculartube, vesicle, small unilamellar vesicle, large unilamellar vesicle,large multilamellar vesicle, multivesicular vesicle, lipid layer, lipidbilayer, micelle, organelle, cell, membrane, nucleic acid, peptide,polypeptide, protein, oligosaccharide, polysaccharide, glycopeptide,glycolipid, sphingolipid, glycosphingolipid, glycoprotein,peptidoglycan, lipid, carbohydrate, metalloprotein, proteoglycan,chromosome, cell nucleus, acid, base, buffer, protic solvent, aproticsolvent, nitric oxide, nitric oxide synthase, nitrous oxide, amino acid,micelle, polymer, bone cement, copolymer, cell receptor, adhesionmolecule, cytokine, chemokine, immunoglobulin, antibody, antigen,platelet, extracellular matrix, blood, plasma, cell ligand, zwitterionicmaterial, cationic material, oligonucleotide, nanotube, or piloxymer.

In one embodiment 5230, the one or more explosive materials include atleast one of a carbonate, carbon dioxide, nitroglycerine, acid, base,epoxy, acrylic polymer or copolymer, acrylamide polymer or copolymer,urethane, hypoxyapatite, or reactive metal.

In one embodiment 5240, the at least one adhesive agent includes one ormore of an acrylic polymer or copolymer, acrylamide polymer or copolymerpolymer or copolymer, acrylamide polymer or copolymer, polyacrylic acid,epoxy, urethane, gum arabic, polyester, polyhydroxyalkanoate,poly(L-lactic acid), polyglycolide, polylactic acid, polyether, polyol,polyvinylpyrrolidone, pyroxylin,polymethylacrylate-isobutene-monoisopropylmaleate, siloxane polymer,polylactic-co-glycolic-acid, poly-3-hydroxybutyrate,poly-4-hydroxybutyrate, polyhydroxyvalerate, polydydroxyhexanoate,polydyroxyoctanoate, polycaprolactone, poly (e-caprolactone), sialylLewis^(x), heme group, hemoglobin, healon, carboxymethylcellulose,hydroxyapatite, silicone, cadherin, integrin, hydroxyapatite,polyelectrolyte, maleic polyelectrolyte, cellulose, resilin,cyanoacrylate, isocyanate, 2-octyl cyanoacrylate,2-butyl-n-cyanoacrylate, n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate, butyl-2-cyanoacrylate,methyl 2-cyanoacrylate, polyisohexylcyanoacrylate, fibrin, thrombin,fibrinogen, hyaluronate, chitin, Factor XIII, Factor XII, silk, nylon,collagen, glycosaminoglycan, selectin, polyurethane, methacrylate, orpolysulfide, polyanhydride, polydioxanone, poly-p-dioxanone, silicone,albumin, glutaraldehyde, polyethylene glycol, or gelatin.

As indicated in FIG. 53, the one or more reinforcement agents 5310include one or more of polyaramid, vinylester matrix, metal, ceramic,fiberglass, cellulose, broad carbide, aromatic polyamide, nylon, silk,rayon, acetate, modacrylic, olefin, acrylic, polyester, aromaticpolyester, poly-lactic acid, vinyon, saran, spandex, vinalon, aromaticnylon, vinylidene chloride, modal, polybenzimidazole, sulfur, lyocell,orlon, zylon, high-performance polyethylene, polypyridobenzimidazole,vectran, acrylonitrile rubber, glass, copper, iron, steel, sodium,potassium, calcium, zinc, manganese, carbon, magnesium, silicon, silica,frozen hydrogen oxide ice, plant matter, animal matter, or mineralmatter.

In one embodiment 5320, the therapeutic agent includes at least one ofan anti-tumor agent, antimicrobial agent, anti-viral agent, analgesic,antiseptic, anesthetic, diagnostic agent, anti-inflammatory agent,vaccine, cell growth inhibitor, cell growth promoter, immunogen,antigen, radioactive agent, apoptosis promoting factor, enzymatic agent,angiogenic factor, anti-angiogenic factor, hormone, vitamin, mineral,nutraceutical, cytokine, chemokine, probiotic, coagulant,anti-coagulant, phage, prodrug, prebiotic, blood sugar stabilizer,smooth muscle cell activator, epinephrine, adrenaline, neurotoxin,neuro-muscular toxin, Botulinum toxin type A, microbial cell orcomponent thereof, or virus or component thereof. In one embodiment5330, the at least one biological remodeling agent includes one or moreof a blood cell, chondrocyte, endothelial cell, hepatocyte,keratinocyte, myocyte, osteoblast, osteoclast, osteocyte, mesenchymalcell, stem cell, progenitor cell, or fibroblast.

In one embodiment 5340, the at least one biological remodeling agentincludes one or more of calcium phosphate, albumin, cytokine, pegylatedcytokine, bone, cartilage, globulin, fibrin, thrombin,glutaraldehyde-crosslinked pericardium, hide powder, hyaluronic acid,hydroxylapatite, keratin, ligament, nitinol, nucleic acid polymers,polyethylene, polylethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol diacrylate,polyethylene terephthalate fiber, polyglycol, polylactate,polytetrafluoroethylene, polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid,polycaprolactone, PURAMATRIX™ self-assembly peptide hydrogel fibers,linear aliphatic polyester, tendon, fibrinogen, hyaluronate, chitin,chitosan, methylcellulose, alginate, hyaluronic acid, agarose,cellulose, polyaldehyde gluronate, Factor XIII, Factor XII, silk, nylon,collagen, silicone, polyurethane, ceramic powder, elastin, pectin, wax,glycosaminoglycan, poly(α-hydroxyacid), selectin, glutaraldehyde,hydrophobic non-glycosylated protein, hydrogel, peptide hydrogel, orgelatin.

In one embodiment 5350, the at least one biological remodeling agentincludes one or more of Type I collagen, Type II collagen, Type IIIcollagen, Type VII collagen, Type X collagen, elastin fibers, or solubleelastin.

As indicated in FIG. 54, a method 5400 comprises receiving 5410 one ormore signals that include information related to accepting inputassociated with at least one parameter of at least partiallyconstructing or at least partially reconstructing the at least onebiological tissue by administering one or more frozen particlecompositions (or frozen piercing implements); receiving 5420 one or moresignals that include information related to evaluating the at least onebiological tissue for one or more indicators of tissue formation orgrowth; and processing 5430 the information related to the inputassociated with at least one parameter of at least partiallyconstructing or at least partially reconstructing the at least onebiological tissue and the information related to the evaluating the atleast one biological tissue. In one embodiment 5440, the evaluating atleast one biological tissue for one or more indicators includesevaluating at least one of an assay, image, or gross assessment of theat least one biological tissue prior to, during, or subsequent to atleast one administration of one or more frozen particle compositions (orfrozen piercing implements).

In one embodiment 5450, the assay includes at least one technique thatincludes spectroscopy, microscopy, electrochemical detection,polynucleotide detection, histological examination, biopsy analysis,fluorescence resonance energy transfer, electron transfer, enzyme assay,electrical conductivity, isoelectric focusing, chromatography,immunoprecipitation, immunoseparation, aptamer binding, filtration,electrophoresis, immunoassay, or radioactive assay. In one embodiment5460, the image includes at least one image acquired by one or more ofoptical coherence tomography, computer-assisted tomography scan,computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, positron-emissiontomography scan, ultrasound, x-ray, x-ray crystallography, laser,holography, electrical-impedance monitoring, microscopy, spectrometry,flow cytommetry, radioisotope imaging, thermal imaging, multiphotoncalcium-imaging, photography, or in silico generation.

As indicated in FIG. 55, the one or more indicators 5510 of tissueformation or growth include at least one of: cell migration, cellattachment, cell retention, cell differentiation, cell proliferation,apoptosis, diffusion of materials, angiogenesis, nucleic acidexpression, protein translation, protein modification, carbohydrateproduction, carbohydrate secretion, fat production, fat secretion, orprotein secretion.

In one embodiment 5520, the input associated with at least one parameterof at least partially constructing or at least partially reconstructingthe at least one biological tissue includes one or more of constitutionof the one or more frozen particle compositions (or frozen piercingimplements), formulation of the one or more frozen particle compositions(or frozen piercing implements), size of the one or more frozen particlecompositions (or frozen piercing implements), shape of the one or morefrozen particle compositions (or frozen piercing implements), angle ofadministration of the one or more frozen particle compositions (orfrozen piercing implements), velocity of administration of the one ormore frozen particle compositions (or frozen piercing implements),quantity of frozen particle compositions (or frozen piercing implements)administered, rate of administration of more than one frozen particlecomposition(or frozen piercing implement), spatial location foradministration of one or more frozen particle compositions (or frozenpiercing implements), temporal location for administration of one ormore frozen particle compositions (or frozen piercing implements),method of administration of one or more frozen particle compositions (orfrozen piercing implements), timing of administration of one or morefrozen particle compositions (or frozen piercing implements), modulationof administration of one or more frozen particle compositions (or frozenpiercing implements), deposition of one or more frozen particlecompositions (or frozen piercing implements), or rate of deposition ofat least one agent.

In one embodiment 5530, the receiving one or more signals includesreceiving one or more signals associated with selection of one or morefrozen particle compositions (or frozen piercing implements) foradministration. In one embodiment 5540, the receiving one or moresignals includes receiving one or more signals associated with theselection of at least one of a biological remodeling agent, adhesiveagent, abrasive, therapeutic agent, reinforcement agent, or explosivematerial associated with the one or more frozen particle compositions(or frozen piercing implements).

As indicated in FIG. 56, in one embodiment 5610, the administering oneor more frozen particle compositions (or frozen piercing implements)includes administering the one or more frozen particle compositions (orfrozen piercing implements) to at least one substrate. In one embodiment5620, the at least one substrate includes one or more of a cell, tissue,organ, structure, or device. In one embodiment 5630, the one or morefrozen particle compositions (or frozen piercing implements) include oneor more frozen particles including at least one of hydrogen oxide,nitrogen, oxygen, air, helium, neon, argon, xenon, chlorine, bromine,carbon dioxide, acetone, ethyl acetate, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylformamide, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, acetronitrile, acetic acid,n-butanol, isopropanol, n-propanol, hexamethylphosphorotriamide,perfluorohydrocarbon, methanol, ethanol, tert-butyl alcohol, formicacid, hydrogen fluoride, ammonia, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, hexane,dichloromethane, methylene chloride, carboxylic acid, saline, standardsaline citrate, methane, toluene, chloroform, polyethylene glycol,acetic acid, Ringer's solution, lactated Ringer's solution, Hartmann'ssolution, acetated Ringer's solution, phosphate buffered solution,TRIS-buffered saline solution, Hank's balanced salt solution, Earle'sbalanced salt solution, standard saline citrate, HEPES-buffered saline,dextrose, glucose, methane, or diethyl ether.

In one embodiment 5640, the at least one agent includes one or more ofan adhesive agent, therapeutic agent, reinforcement agent, abrasive,explosive material, or biological remodeling agent. In one embodiment5650, the adhesive agent, therapeutic agent, reinforcement agent,abrasive, explosive material, or biological remodeling agent issubstantially in the form of at least one of an organic or inorganicsmall molecule, clathrate or caged compound, protocell, coacervate,microsphere, Janus particle, proteinoid, laminate, helical rod,liposome, macroscopic tube, niosome, sphingosome, toroid, vesiculartube, vesicle, small unilamellar vesicle, large unilamellar vesicle,large multilamellar vesicle, multivesicular vesicle, lipid layer, lipidbilayer, micelle, organelle, cell, membrane, nucleic acid, peptide,polypeptide, protein, oligosaccharide, polysaccharide, glycopeptide,glycolipid, sphingolipid, glycosphingolipid, glycoprotein,peptidoglycan, lipid, carbohydrate, metalloprotein, proteoglycan,chromosome, cell nucleus, acid, base, buffer, protic solvent, aproticsolvent, nitric oxide, nitric oxide synthase, nitrous oxide, amino acid,micelle, polymer, bone cement, copolymer, cell receptor, adhesionmolecule, cytokine, chemokine, immunoglobulin, antibody, antigen,platelet, extracellular matrix, blood, plasma, cell ligand, zwitterionicmaterial, cationic material, oligonucleotide, nanotube, or piloxymer.

As indicated in FIG. 57, the one or more explosive materials 5710include at least one of a carbonate, carbon dioxide, nitroglycerine,acid, base, epoxy, acrylic polymer or copolymer, acrylamide polymer orcopolymer, urethane, hypoxyapatite, or reactive metal. In one embodiment5720, the at least one adhesive agent includes one or more of an acrylicpolymer or copolymer, acrylamide polymer or copolymer polymer orcopolymer, acrylamide polymer or copolymer, polyacrylic acid, epoxy,urethane, gum arabic, polyester, polyhydroxyalkanoate, poly(L-lacticacid), polyglycolide, polylactic acid, polyether, polyol,polyvinylpyrrolidone, pyroxylin,polymethylacrylate-isobutene-monoisopropylmaleate, siloxane polymer,polylactic-co-glycolic-acid, poly-3-hydroxybutyrate,poly-4-hydroxybutyrate, polyhydroxyvalerate, polydydroxyhexanoate,polydyroxyoctanoate, polycaprolactone, poly (e-caprolactone), sialylLewis^(x), heme group, hemoglobin, healon, carboxymethylcellulose,hydroxyapatite, silicone, cadherin, integrin, hydroxyapatite,polyelectrolyte, maleic polyelectrolyte, cellulose, resilin,cyanoacrylate, isocyanate, 2-octyl cyanoacrylate,2-butyl-n-cyanoacrylate, n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate, butyl-2-cyanoacrylate,methyl 2-cyanoacrylate, polyisohexylcyanoacrylate, fibrin, thrombin,fibrinogen, hyaluronate, chitin, Factor XIII, Factor XII, silk, nylon,collagen, glycosaminoglycan, selectin, polyurethane, methacrylate, orpolysulfide, polyanhydride, polydioxanone, poly-p-dioxanone, silicone,albumin, glutaraldehyde, polyethylene glycol, or gelatin. In oneembodiment 5730, the one or more reinforcement agents include one ormore of polyaramid, vinylester matrix, metal, ceramic, fiberglass,cellulose, broad carbide, aromatic polyamide, nylon, silk, rayon,acetate, modacrylic, olefin, acrylic, polyester, aromatic polyester,poly-lactic acid, vinyon, saran, spandex, vinalon, aromatic nylon,vinylidene chloride, modal, polybenzimidazole, sulfur, lyocell, orlon,zylon, high-performance polyethylene, polypyridobenzimidazole, vectran,acrylonitrile rubber, glass, copper, iron, steel, sodium, potassium,calcium, zinc, manganese, carbon, magnesium, silicon, silica, frozenhydrogen oxide ice, plant matter, animal matter, or mineral matter.

In one embodiment 5740, the therapeutic agent includes at least one ofan anti-tumor agent, antimicrobial agent, anti-viral agent, analgesic,antiseptic, anesthetic, diagnostic agent, anti-inflammatory agent,vaccine, cell growth inhibitor, cell growth promoter, immunogen,antigen, radioactive agent, apoptosis promoting factor, enzymatic agent,angiogenic factor, anti-angiogenic factor, hormone, vitamin, mineral,nutraceutical, cytokine, chemokine, probiotic, coagulant,anti-coagulant, phage, prodrug, prebiotic, blood sugar stabilizer,smooth muscle cell activator, epinephrine, adrenaline, neurotoxin,neuro-muscular toxin, Botulinum toxin type A, microbial cell orcomponent thereof, or virus or component thereof.

In one embodiment 5810, the at least one biological remodeling agentincludes one or more of a blood cell, chondrocyte, endothelial cell,hepatocyte, keratinocyte, myocyte, osteoblast, osteoclast, osteocyte,mesenchymal cell, stem cell, progenitor cell, or fibroblast. In oneembodiment 5820, the at least one biological remodeling agent includesone or more of calcium phosphate, albumin, cytokine, pegylated cytokine,bone, cartilage, globulin, fibrin, thrombin, glutaraldehyde-crosslinkedpericardium, hide powder, hyaluronic acid, hydroxylapatite, keratin,ligament, nitinol, nucleic acid polymers, polyethylene, polylethyleneglycol, polyethylene glycol diacrylate, polyethylene terephthalatefiber, polyglycol, polylactate, polytetrafluoroethylene, polylacticacid, polyglycolic acid, polycaprolactone, PURAMATRIX™ self-assemblypeptide hydrogel fibers, linear aliphatic polyester, tendon, fibrinogen,hyaluronate, chitin, chitosan, methylcellulose, alginate, hyaluronicacid, agarose, cellulose, polyaldehyde gluronate, Factor XIII, FactorXII, silk, nylon, collagen, silicone, polyurethane, ceramic powder,elastin, pectin, wax, glycosaminoglycan, poly(α-hydroxyacid), selectin,glutaraldehyde, hydrophobic non-glycosylated protein, hydrogel, peptidehydrogel, or gelatin. In one embodiment 5830, the at least onebiological remodeling agent includes one or more of Type I collagen,Type II collagen, Type III collagen, Type VII collagen, Type X collagen,elastin fibers, or soluble elastin.

In one embodiment 5840, the at least one biological remodeling agent isincluded as part of a carrier that assists in synthesis or activation ofthe at least one biological remodeling agent.

As indicated in FIG. 59, a method 5900 comprises comparing information5910 regarding at least one parameter for at least partiallyconstructing or at least partially reconstructing at least onebiological tissue of a subject by administering one or more frozenparticle compositions (or frozen piercing implements) to the at leastone subject and information regarding at least one clinical outcomefollowing receipt by the at least one subject of one or more frozenparticle compositions (or frozen piercing implements); and providingoutput information 5920. In one embodiment 5930, the output informationis based on the comparison. In one embodiment 5940, the method furthercomprises determining at least one statistical correlation. In oneembodiment 5950, the method further comprises counting the occurrence ofat least one clinical outcome. In one embodiment 5960, the informationregarding at least one parameter of at least partially constructing orat least partially reconstructing at least one biological tissue of asubject includes information regarding quantity of cells or tissue atleast partially constructed or at least partially reconstructed. In oneembodiment 5970, the information regarding at least one parameter of atleast partially constructing or at least partially reconstructing atleast one biological tissue of a subject includes information regardingat least one cellular or tissue source. In one embodiment 5980, theinformation regarding at least one parameter of at least partiallyconstructing or at least partially reconstructing at least onebiological tissue of a subject includes information regarding at leastone abnormal cellular or tissue source. In one embodiment 5990, theinformation regarding at least one parameter of at least partiallyconstructing or at least partially reconstructing at least onebiological tissue of a subject includes information regarding at leastone type of cell or tissue.

As indicated in FIG. 60, the at least one agent 6010 includes at leastone agent including at least one adhesive agent, abrasive, reinforcementagent, therapeutic agent, biological remodeling agent, or explosivematerial. In one embodiment 6020, the information regarding at least oneparameter of at least partially constructing or at least partiallyreconstructing at least one biological tissue of a subject includesinformation regarding at least one dimension of at least one agentdeposited. In one embodiment 6030, the information regarding at leastone parameter of at least partially constructing or at least partiallyreconstructing at least one biological tissue of at least one subjectincludes information regarding at least one dimension of at least onedepth, width, or breadth of cellular, tissue, or other material removalor destruction. In one embodiment 6040, the information regarding atleast one clinical outcome following receipt by the at least one subjectof one or more frozen particle compositions (or frozen piercingimplements) includes information regarding two or more subjects with oneor more common attributes.

In one embodiment 6050, the one or more common attributes include one ormore of genetic attributes, mental attributes, proteomic attributes,phenotypic attributes, or psychological attributes. In one embodiment6060, the one or more common attributes include one or more of height,weight, medical diagnosis, familial background, results on one or moremedical tests, ethnic background, body mass index, age, presence orabsence of at least one disease or condition, species, ethnicity, race,allergies, gender, thickness of tissue, blood vessel condition, hair orfur condition, skin condition, tissue condition, muscle condition, organcondition, nerve condition, brain condition, presence or absence of atleast one biological, chemical, or therapeutic agent in the subject,pregnancy status, lactation status, genetic profile, proteomic profile,partial or whole genetic sequence, partial or whole proteomic sequence,medical condition, medical history, or blood condition.

As indicated in FIG. 61, the output information 6110 includes at leastone of a response signal, comparison code, comparison plot, diagnosticcode, treatment code, test code, code indicative of at least onetreatment received, code indicative of at least one prescribed treatmentstep, code indicative of at least one vaccination administered, codeindicative of at least one therapeutic agent administered, codeindicative of at least one diagnostic agent administered, codeindicative of at least one interaction of an administered agent and atleast one biological or chemical agent in the subject; a code indicativeof at least one dispertion or location of at least one administeredagent; code indicative of at least one detection material administered;code indicative of the depth of penetration of an administered agent,code indicative of the depth of deposition of an administered agent, ora code indicative of the condition of at least one location of anadministered frozen particle composition (or frozen piercing implement).

In one embodiment 6120, receipt by the at least one subject of one ormore frozen particle compositions (or frozen piercing implements) ispursuant to at least one clinical trial. In one embodiment 6130, themethod further comprises determining at least one correlation before theadministration of the one or more frozen particle compositions (orfrozen piercing implements) to the at least one subject.

In one embodiment 6140, the method further comprises creating at leastone inclusion criterion and at least one exclusion criterion for aclinical trial involving the one or more frozen particle compositions(or frozen piercing implements). In one embodiment 6150, the methodfurther comprises suggesting the inclusion of one or more of the atleast one subject in at least one clinical trial. In one embodiment6160, the method further comprises suggesting the exclusion of one ormore of the at least one subject in at least one clinical trial.

As indicated in FIG. 62, the method further comprising using one or moreof the at least one correlation 6210 to predict at least one clinicaloutcome regarding at least one second subject. In one embodiment 6220,the at least one second subject has not received the one or more frozenparticle compositions (or frozen piercing implements). In one embodiment6230, the method further comprises predicting at least one clinicaloutcome involving the at least one second subject, wherein the at leastone second subject is a plurality of people; and segregating subjectidentifiers associated with the plurality of people in reference to thepredicted at least one clinical outcome. In one embodiment 6240, themethod further comprises determining the eligibility of the at least onesecond subject for the at least one clinical trial.

In one embodiment 6250, the one or more frozen particle compositions (orfrozen piercing implements) include one or more frozen particlesincluding at least one of hydrogen oxide, nitrogen, oxygen, air, helium,neon, argon, xenon, chlorine, bromine, carbon dioxide, acetone, ethylacetate, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl formamide, dioxane,tetrahydrofuran, acetronitrile, acetic acid, n-butanol, isopropanol,n-propanol, hexamethylphosphorotriamide, perfluorohydrocarbon, methanol,ethanol, tert-butyl alcohol, formic acid, hydrogen fluoride, ammonia,benzene, carbon tetrachloride, hexane, dichloromethane, methylenechloride, carboxylic acid, saline, standard saline citrate, methane,toluene, chloroform, polyethylene glycol, acetic acid, Ringer'ssolution, lactated Ringer's solution, Hartmann's solution, acetatedRinger's solution, phosphate buffered solution, TRIS-buffered salinesolution, Hank's balanced salt solution, Earle's balanced salt solution,standard saline citrate, HEPES-buffered saline, dextrose, glucose,methane, or diethyl ether.

As indicated in FIG. 63, the at least one agent 6310 includes one ormore of an adhesive agent, therapeutic agent, reinforcement agent,abrasive, explosive material, or biological remodeling agent. In oneembodiment 6320, the adhesive agent, therapeutic agent, reinforcementagent, abrasive, explosive material, or biological remodeling agent issubstantially in the form of at least one of an organic or inorganicsmall molecule, clathrate or caged compound, protocell, coacervate,microsphere, Janus particle, proteinoid, laminate, helical rod,liposome, macroscopic tube, niosome, sphingosome, toroid, vesiculartube, vesicle, small unilamellar vesicle, large unilamellar vesicle,large multilamellar vesicle, multivesicular vesicle, lipid layer, lipidbilayer, micelle, organelle, cell, membrane, nucleic acid, peptide,polypeptide, protein, oligosaccharide, polysaccharide, glycopeptide,glycolipid, sphingolipid, glycosphingolipid, glycoprotein,peptidoglycan, lipid, carbohydrate, metalloprotein, proteoglycan,chromosome, cell nucleus, acid, base, buffer, protic solvent, aproticsolvent, nitric oxide, nitric oxide synthase, nitrous oxide, amino acid,micelle, polymer, bone cement, copolymer, cell receptor, adhesionmolecule, cytokine, chemokine, immunoglobulin, antibody, antigen,platelet, extracellular matrix, blood, plasma, cell ligand, zwitterionicmaterial, cationic material, oligonucleotide, nanotube, or piloxymer. Inone embodiment 6330, the one or more explosive materials include atleast one of a carbonate, carbon dioxide, nitroglycerine, acid, base,epoxy, acrylic polymer or copolymer, acrylamide polymer or copolymer,urethane, hypoxyapatite, or reactive metal. In one embodiment 6340, theat least one adhesive agent includes one or more of an acrylic polymeror copolymer, acrylamide polymer or copolymer polymer or copolymer,acrylamide polymer or copolymer, polyacrylic acid, epoxy, urethane, gumarabic, polyester, polyhydroxyalkanoate, poly(L-lactic acid),polyglycolide, polylactic acid, polyether, polyol, polyvinylpyrrolidone,pyroxylin, polymethylacrylate-isobutene-monoisopropylmaleate, siloxanepolymer, polylactic-co-glycolic-acid, poly-3-hydroxybutyrate,poly-4-hydroxybutyrate, polyhydroxyvalerate, polydydroxyhexanoate,polydyroxyoctanoate, polycaprolactone, poly (e-caprolactone), sialylLewis^(x), heme group, hemoglobin, healon, carboxymethylcellulose,hydroxyapatite, silicone, cadherin, integrin, hydroxyapatite,polyelectrolyte, maleic polyelectrolyte, cellulose, resilin,cyanoacrylate, isocyanate, 2-octyl cyanoacrylate,2-butyl-n-cyanoacrylate, n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate, butyl-2-cyanoacrylate,methyl 2-cyanoacrylate, polyisohexylcyanoacrylate, fibrin, thrombin,fibrinogen, hyaluronate, chitin, Factor XIII, Factor XII, silk, nylon,collagen, glycosaminoglycan, selectin, polyurethane, methacrylate, orpolysulfide, polyanhydride, polydioxanone, poly-p-dioxanone, silicone,albumin, glutaraldehyde, polyethylene glycol, or gelatin.

As indicated in FIG. 64, the one or more reinforcement agents 6410include one or more of polyaramid, vinylester matrix, metal, ceramic,fiberglass, cellulose, broad carbide, aromatic polyamide, nylon, silk,rayon, acetate, modacrylic, olefin, acrylic, polyester, aromaticpolyester, poly-lactic acid, vinyon, saran, spandex, vinalon, aromaticnylon, vinylidene chloride, modal, polybenzimidazole, sulfur, lyocell,orlon, zylon, high-performance polyethylene, polypyridobenzimidazole,vectran, acrylonitrile rubber, glass, copper, iron, steel, sodium,potassium, calcium, zinc, manganese, carbon, magnesium, silicon, silica,frozen hydrogen oxide ice, plant matter, animal matter, or mineralmatter.

In one embodiment 6420, the therapeutic agent includes at least one ofan anti-tumor agent, antimicrobial agent, anti-viral agent, analgesic,antiseptic, anesthetic, diagnostic agent, anti-inflammatory agent,vaccine, cell growth inhibitor, cell growth promoter, immunogen,antigen, radioactive agent, apoptosis promoting factor, enzymatic agent,angiogenic factor, anti-angiogenic factor, hormone, vitamin, mineral,nutraceutical, cytokine, chemokine, probiotic, coagulant,anti-coagulant, phage, prodrug, prebiotic, blood sugar stabilizer,smooth muscle cell activator, epinephrine, adrenaline, neurotoxin,neuro-muscular toxin, Botulinum toxin type A, microbial cell orcomponent thereof, or virus or component thereof. In one embodiment6430, the at least one biological remodeling agent includes one or moreof a blood cell, chondrocyte, endothelial cell, hepatocyte,keratinocyte, myocyte, osteoblast, osteoclast, osteocyte, mesenchymalcell, stem cell, progenitor cell, or fibroblast.

As indicated in FIG. 65, the at least one biological remodeling agent6510 includes one or more of calcium phosphate, albumin, cytokine,pegylated cytokine, bone, cartilage, globulin, fibrin, thrombin,glutaraldehyde-crosslinked pericardium, hide powder, hyaluronic acid,hydroxylapatite, keratin, ligament, nitinol, nucleic acid polymers,polyethylene, polylethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol diacrylate,polyethylene terephthalate fiber, polyglycol, polylactate,polytetrafluoroethylene, polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid,polycaprolactone, PURAMATRIX™ self-assembly peptide hydrogel fibers,linear aliphatic polyester, tendon, fibrinogen, hyaluronate, chitin,chitosan, methylcellulose, alginate, hyaluronic acid, agarose,cellulose, polyaldehyde gluronate, Factor XIII, Factor XII, silk, nylon,collagen, silicone, polyurethane, ceramic powder, elastin, pectin, wax,glycosaminoglycan, poly(α-hydroxyacid), selectin, glutaraldehyde,hydrophobic non-glycosylated protein, hydrogel, peptide hydrogel, orgelatin. In one embodiment 6520, the at least one biological remodelingagent includes one or more of Type I collagen, Type II collagen, TypeIII collagen, Type VII collagen, Type X collagen, elastin fibers, orsoluble elastin. In one embodiment 6530, the at least one biologicalremodeling agent is included as part of a carrier that assists insynthesis or activation of the at least one biological remodeling agent.

As indicated in FIG. 66, a method 6600 of predicting a clinical outcomeof one or more frozen particle composition (or frozen piercingimplement) treatments for at least one first subject, comprisesdetermining 6610 a similarity or a dissimilarity in informationregarding at least one parameter for at least partially constructing orat least partially reconstructing at least one biological tissue of atleast one first subject by administering one or more frozen particlecompositions (or frozen piercing implements) to the at least one firstsubject with information regarding at least one parameter of at leastpartially constructing or at least partially reconstructing at least onebiological tissue of at least one second subject, wherein the at leastone second subject 6620 attained a clinical outcome following receipt ofone or more frozen particle compositions (or frozen piercingimplements); and providing output information 6630.

In one embodiment 6640, providing output information is based on thedetermination. In one embodiment 6650, the information regarding atleast one parameter of at least partially constructing or at leastpartially reconstructing at least one biological tissue of at leastsecond subject includes information regarding quantity of cells ortissue at least partially constructed or at least partiallyreconstructed. In one embodiment 6660, the information regarding atleast one parameter of at least partially constructing or at leastpartially reconstructing at least one biological tissue of at least onefirst subject includes information regarding at least one cellular ortissue source. In one embodiment 6670, the information regarding atleast one parameter of at least partially constructing or at leastpartially reconstructing at least one biological tissue of at least onefirst subject includes information regarding at least one abnormalcellular or tissue source.

As indicated in FIG. 67, the information 6710 regarding at least oneparameter of at least partially constructing or at least partiallyreconstructing at least one biological tissue of at least one firstsubject includes information regarding at least one type of cell ortissue. In one embodiment 6720, the information regarding at least oneparameter of at least partially constructing or at least partiallyreconstructing at least one biological tissue of at least one secondsubject includes information regarding at least one type of cell ortissue. In one embodiment 6730, the at least one agent includes one ormore of an adhesive agent, abrasive, reinforcement agent, therapeuticagent, biological remodeling agent, or explosive material. In oneembodiment 6740, the information regarding at least one parameter of atleast partially constructing or at least partially reconstructing atleast one biological tissue of at least one first subject includesinformation regarding at least one dimension of at least one agentdeposited.

In one embodiment 6750, the information regarding at least one parameterof at least partially constructing or at least partially reconstructingat least one biological tissue of at least one second subject includesinformation regarding at least one dimension of at least one agentdeposited. In one embodiment 6760, the information regarding at leastone parameter of at least partially constructing or at least partiallyreconstructing at least one biological tissue of at least one secondsubject includes information regarding at least one dimension of atleast one depth, width, or breadth of cellular, tissue, or othermaterial removal or destruction. In one embodiment 6770, the informationregarding at least one parameter of at least partially constructing orat least partially reconstructing at least one biological tissue of atleast one first subject includes information regarding at least onedimension of at least one depth, width, or breadth of cellular, tissue,or other material removal or destruction.

As indicated in FIG. 68, the information 6810 regarding at least oneclinical outcome following receipt by the at least one second subject ofone or more frozen particle compositions (or frozen piercing implements)includes information regarding two or more subjects with one or morecommon attributes. In one embodiment 6820, the one or more commonattributes include one or more of genetic attributes, mental attributes,proteomic attributes, phenotypic attributes, or psychologicalattributes. In one embodiment 6830, the one or more common attributesinclude one or more of height, weight, medical diagnosis, familialbackground, results on one or more medical tests, ethnic background,body mass index, age, presence or absence of at least one disease orcondition, species, ethnicity, race, allergies, gender, thickness oftissue, blood vessel condition, hair or fur condition, skin condition,tissue condition, muscle condition, organ condition, nerve condition,brain condition, presence or absence of at least one biological,chemical, or therapeutic agent in the subject, pregnancy status,lactation status, genetic profile, proteomic profile, partial or wholegenetic sequence, partial or whole proteomic sequence, medicalcondition, medical history, or blood condition. In one embodiment 6840,the output information includes at least one of a response signal,comparison code, comparison plot, diagnostic code, treatment code, testcode, code indicative of at least one treatment received, codeindicative of at least one prescribed treatment step, code indicative ofat least one vaccination administered, code indicative of at least onetherapeutic agent administered, code indicative of at least onediagnostic agent administered, code indicative of at least oneinteraction of an administered agent and at least one biological orchemical agent in the subject; a code indicative of at least onedispersion or location of at least one administered agent; codeindicative of at least one detection material administered; codeindicative of the depth of penetration of an administered agent, codeindicative of the depth of deposition of an administered agent, or acode indicative of the condition of at least one location of anadministered frozen particle composition (or frozen piercing implement).

As indicated in FIG. 69, in one embodiment 6910, receipt by the at leastone second subject of one or more frozen particle compositions (orfrozen piercing implements) is pursuant to at least one clinical trial.In one embodiment 6920, the method further comprises determining atleast one correlation before the administration of the one or morefrozen particle compositions (or frozen piercing implements) to the atleast one first subject. In one embodiment 6930, the method furthercomprises creating at least one inclusion criterion and at least oneexclusion criterion for a clinical trial involving the one or morefrozen particle compositions (or frozen piercing implements). In oneembodiment 6940, the method further comprises suggesting the inclusionof one or more of the at least one first subject in at least oneclinical trial. In one embodiment 6950, the method further comprisessuggesting the exclusion of one or more of the at least one firstsubject in at least one clinical trial.

In one embodiment 6960, the method further comprises using one or moreof the at least one correlation to predict at least one clinical outcomeregarding at least one second subject. In one embodiment 6970, the atleast one second subject has not received the one or more frozenparticle compositions (or frozen piercing implements). In one embodiment6980, the method further comprises predicting at least one clinicaloutcome involving the at least one second subject, wherein the at leastone second subject is a plurality of people; and segregating subjectidentifiers associated with the plurality of people in reference to thepredicted at least one clinical outcome.

As indicated in FIG. 70, in one embodiment 7010, the one or more frozenparticle compositions (or frozen piercing implements) include one ormore frozen particles including at least one of hydrogen oxide,nitrogen, oxygen, air, helium, neon, argon, xenon, chlorine, bromine,carbon dioxide, acetone, ethyl acetate, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylformamide, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, acetronitrile, acetic acid,n-butanol, isopropanol, n-propanol, hexamethylphosphorotriamide,perfluorohydrocarbon, methanol, ethanol, tert-butyl alcohol, formicacid, hydrogen fluoride, ammonia, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, hexane,dichloromethane, methylene chloride, carboxylic acid, saline, standardsaline citrate, methane, toluene, chloroform, polyethylene glycol,acetic acid, Ringer's solution, lactated Ringer's solution, Hartmann'ssolution, acetated Ringer's solution, phosphate buffered solution,TRIS-buffered saline solution, Hank's balanced salt solution, Earle'sbalanced salt solution, standard saline citrate, HEPES-buffered saline,dextrose, glucose, or diethyl ether.

In one embodiment 7020, the one or more frozen particle compositions (orfrozen piercing implements) include one or more of an adhesive agent,therapeutic agent, reinforcement agent, abrasive, explosive material, orbiological remodeling agent. In one embodiment 7030, the adhesive agent,therapeutic agent, reinforcement agent, abrasive, explosive material, orbiological remodeling agent is substantially in the form of at least oneof an organic or inorganic small molecule, clathrate or caged compound,protocell, coacervate, microsphere, Janus particle, proteinoid,laminate, helical rod, liposome, macroscopic tube, niosome, sphingosome,toroid, vesicular tube, vesicle, small unilamellar vesicle, largeunilamellar vesicle, large multilamellar vesicle, multivesicularvesicle, lipid layer, lipid bilayer, micelle, organelle, cell, membrane,nucleic acid, peptide, polypeptide, protein, oligosaccharide,polysaccharide, glycopeptide, glycolipid, sphingolipid,glycosphingolipid, glycoprotein, peptidoglycan, lipid, carbohydrate,metalloprotein, proteoglycan, chromosome, cell nucleus, acid, base,buffer, protic solvent, aprotic solvent, nitric oxide, nitric oxidesynthase, nitrous oxide, amino acid, micelle, polymer, bone cement,copolymer, cell receptor, adhesion molecule, cytokine, chemokine,immunoglobulin, antibody, antigen, platelet, extracellular matrix,blood, plasma, cell ligand, zwitterionic material, cationic material,oligonucleotide, nanotube, or piloxymer.

In one embodiment 7040, the one or more explosive materials include atleast one of a carbonate, carbon dioxide, nitroglycerine, acid, base,epoxy, acrylic polymer or copolymer, acrylamide polymer or copolymer,urethane, hypoxyapatite, or reactive metal.

As indicated in FIG. 71, the at least one adhesive agent 7110 includesone or more of an acrylic polymer or copolymer, acrylamide polymer orcopolymer polymer or copolymer, acrylamide polymer or copolymer,polyacrylic acid, epoxy, urethane, gum arabic, polyester,polyhydroxyalkanoate, poly(L-lactic acid), polyglycolide, polylacticacid, polyether, polyol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, pyroxylin,polymethylacrylate-isobutene-monoisopropylmaleate, siloxane polymer,polylactic-co-glycolic-acid, poly-3-hydroxybutyrate,poly-4-hydroxybutyrate, polyhydroxyvalerate, polydydroxyhexanoate,polydyroxyoctanoate, polycaprolactone, poly (e-caprolactone), sialylLewis^(x), heme group, hemoglobin, healon, carboxymethylcellulose,hydroxyapatite, silicone, cadherin, integrin, hydroxyapatite,polyelectrolyte, maleic polyelectrolyte, cellulose, resilin,cyanoacrylate, isocyanate, 2-octyl cyanoacrylate,2-butyl-n-cyanoacrylate, n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate, butyl-2-cyanoacrylate,methyl 2-cyanoacrylate, polyisohexylcyanoacrylate, fibrin, thrombin,fibrinogen, hyaluronate, chitin, Factor XIII, Factor XII, silk, nylon,collagen, glycosaminoglycan, selectin, polyurethane, methacrylate, orpolysulfide, polyanhydride, polydioxanone, poly-p-dioxanone, silicone,albumin, glutaraldehyde, polyethylene glycol, or gelatin.

In one embodiment 7120, the one or more reinforcement agents include oneor more of polyaramid, vinylester matrix, metal, ceramic, fiberglass,cellulose, broad carbide, aromatic polyamide, nylon, silk, rayon,acetate, modacrylic, olefin, acrylic, polyester, aromatic polyester,poly-lactic acid, vinyon, saran, spandex, vinalon, aromatic nylon,vinylidene chloride, modal, polybenzimidazole, sulfur, lyocell, orlon,zylon, high-performance polyethylene, polypyridobenzimidazole, vectran,acrylonitrile rubber, glass, copper, iron, steel, sodium, potassium,calcium, zinc, manganese, carbon, magnesium, silicon, silica, frozenhydrogen oxide ice, plant matter, animal matter, or mineral matter.

In one embodiment 7130, the therapeutic agent includes at least one ofan anti-tumor agent, antimicrobial agent, anti-viral agent, analgesic,antiseptic, anesthetic, diagnostic agent, anti-inflammatory agent,vaccine, cell growth inhibitor, cell growth promoter, immunogen,antigen, radioactive agent, apoptosis promoting factor, enzymatic agent,angiogenic factor, anti-angiogenic factor, hormone, vitamin, mineral,nutraceutical, cytokine, chemokine, probiotic, coagulant,anti-coagulant, phage, prodrug, prebiotic, blood sugar stabilizer,smooth muscle cell activator, epinephrine, adrenaline, neurotoxin,neuro-muscular toxin, Botulinum toxin type A, microbial cell orcomponent thereof, or virus or component thereof.

As indicated in FIG. 72, the at least one biological remodeling agent7210 includes one or more of a blood cell, chondrocyte, endothelialcell, hepatocyte, keratinocyte, myocyte, osteoblast, osteoclast,osteocyte, mesenchymal cell, stem cell, progenitor cell, or fibroblast.In one embodiment 7220, the at least one biological remodeling agentincludes one or more of calcium phosphate, albumin, cytokine, pegylatedcytokine, bone, cartilage, globulin, fibrin, thrombin,glutaraldehyde-crosslinked pericardium, hide powder, hyaluronic acid,hydroxylapatite, keratin, ligament, nitinol, nucleic acid polymers,polyethylene, polylethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol diacrylate,polyethylene terephthalate fiber, polyglycol, polylactate,polytetrafluoroethylene, polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid,polycaprolactone, PURAMATRIX™ self-assembly peptide hydrogel fibers,linear aliphatic polyester, tendon, fibrinogen, hyaluronate, chitin,chitosan, methylcellulose, alginate, hyaluronic acid, agarose,cellulose, polyaldehyde gluronate, Factor XIII, Factor XII, silk, nylon,collagen, silicone, polyurethane, ceramic powder, elastin, pectin, wax,glycosaminoglycan, poly(α-hydroxyacid), selectin, glutaraldehyde,hydrophobic non-glycosylated protein, hydrogel, peptide hydrogel, orgelatin. In one embodiment 7230, the at least one biological remodelingagent includes one or more of Type I collagen, Type II collagen, TypeIII collagen, Type VII collagen, Type X collagen, elastin fibers, orsoluble elastin. In one embodiment 7240, the at least one biologicalremodeling agent is included as part of a carrier that assists insynthesis or activation of the at least one biological remodeling agent.

As indicated in FIG. 73, a system 7300 comprises at least one computingdevice 7310; one or more instructions 7340 that when executed on the atleast one computing device cause the at least one computing device toreceive a first input associated with a first possible dataset, thefirst possible dataset including data representative of one or moreparameters for administering one or more frozen particle compositions(or frozen piercing implements). In one embodiment 7350, the systemfurther comprises one or more instructions that when executed on the atleast one computing device cause the at least one computing device tocompare a value associated with the first possible dataset with a seconddataset including values of at least one predictive parameter foradministering one or more frozen particle compositions (or frozenpiercing implements).

In one embodiment 7320, the at least one computing device includes oneor more of a desktop computer, workstation computer, or computingsystem. In one embodiment 7330, the at least one computing systemincludes one or more of a cluster of processors, a networked computer, atablet personal computer, a laptop computer, a mobile device, a mobiletelephone, or a personal digital assistant computer.

As indicated in FIG. 74, the system further comprises one or moreinstructions 7460 that when executed on the at least one computingdevice cause the at least one computing device to determine a graphicalillustration of the second possible dataset.

In one embodiment 7410, the system further comprises one or moreinstructions that when executed on the at least one computing devicecause the at least one computing device to determine from the comparisonat least one parameter for administering one or more frozen particlecompositions (or frozen piercing implements). In one embodiment 7420,the system further comprises one or more instructions that when executedon the at least one computing device cause the at least one computingdevice to generate at least one response based on the determination. Inone embodiment 7430, the system further comprises one or moreinstructions that when executed on the at least one computing devicecause the at least one computing device to access the first possibledataset in response to the first input.

In one embodiment 7440, the system further comprises one or moreinstructions that when executed on the at least one computing devicecause the at least one computing device to generate the first possibledataset in response to the first input.

In one embodiment 7450, the system further comprises one or moreinstructions that when executed on the at least one computing devicecause the at least one computing device to determine a graphicalillustration of the first possible dataset.

As indicated in FIG. 75, a system 7510 comprises at least one computingdevice 7520; one or more instructions 7560 that when executed on the atleast one computing device cause the at least one computing device toreceive a first input associated with a first possible dataset, thefirst possible dataset including data representative of one or morecharacteristics of at least one biological tissue or organ to be atleast partially constructed or at least partially reconstructed byadministering one or more frozen particle compositions (or frozenpiercing implements). In one embodiment 7570, the system furthercomprises one or more instructions that when executed on the at leastone computing device cause the at least one computing device to comparea value associated with the first possible dataset with a second datasetincluding values of at least one predictive characteristic of at leastone biological tissue or organ to be at least partially constructed orat least partially reconstructed by administering one or more frozenparticle compositions (or frozen piercing implements).

In one embodiment 7530, the at least one computing device includes oneor more of a desktop computer, workstation computer, or computingsystem. In one embodiment 7540, the at least one computing systemincludes one or more of a cluster of processors, a networked computer, atablet personal computer, a laptop computer, a mobile device, a mobiletelephone, or a personal digital assistant computer. In one embodiment7550, the at least one computing device is configured to communicatewith at least one apparatus for selecting or generating one or morefrozen particle compositions (or frozen piercing implements).

As indicated in FIG. 76, the system further comprises one or moreinstructions 7610, that when executed on the at least one computingdevice cause the at least one computing device to determine a graphicalillustration of the second possible dataset. In one embodiment 7620, thesystem further comprises one or more instructions that when executed onthe at least one computing device cause the at least one computingdevice to determine from the comparison at least one characteristic ofthe at least one biological tissue or organ to be at least partiallyconstructed or at least partially reconstructed by administering one ormore frozen particle compositions (or frozen piercing implements). Inone embodiment 7630, the system further comprises one or moreinstructions that when executed on the at least one computing devicecause the at least one computing device to generate at least oneresponse based on the determination.

In one embodiment 7640, the system further comprises one or moreinstructions that when executed on the at least one computing devicecause the at least one computing device to access the first possibledataset in response to the first input. In one embodiment 7650, thesystem further comprises one or more instructions that when executed onthe at least one computing device cause the at least one computingdevice to generate the first possible dataset in response to the firstinput. In one embodiment 7660, the system further comprises one or moreinstructions that when executed on the at least one computing devicecause the at least one computing device to determine a graphicalillustration of the first possible dataset.

As indicated in FIG. 77, a system 7700 comprises a signal-bearing medium7710 bearing one or more instructions 7720 for accepting a first inputassociated with at least one characteristic of at least one biologicaltissue to be at least partially constructed or at least partiallyreconstructed by administering one or more frozen particle compositions(or frozen piercing implements); one or more instructions 7730 foraccepting a second input associated with at least one characteristic ofat least one parameter of at least partially constructing or at leastpartially reconstructing the at least one biological tissue byadministering one or more frozen particle compositions (or frozenpiercing implements) that include at least one agent; and one or moreinstructions 7740 for processing results of the first input and thesecond input. In one embodiment 7750, the system further comprising oneor more instructions for displaying results of the processing.

In one embodiment 7760, the system further comprises one or moreinstructions for transmitting one or more signals that includeinformation related to the processing results of the first input and thesecond input. In one embodiment 7770, the system further comprises oneor more instructions for administering one or more frozen particlecompositions (or frozen piercing implements) that include at least oneagent including: biological remodeling agent, therapeutic agent,adhesive agent, abrasive, reinforcement agent, or explosive material. Inone embodiment, the system 7780 further comprises one or moreinstructions for evaluating the at least one biological tissue for oneor more indicators relating to one or more of: deposition of at leastone agent, tissue formation, or tissue growth.

In one embodiment 7790, the signal-bearing medium includes acomputer-readable medium. In one embodiment 7795, the signal-bearingmedium includes a recordable medium. In one embodiment 7797, thesignal-bearing medium includes a communications medium.

As indicated in FIG. 78, a computer program product 7800 comprises asignal-bearing medium 7810 bearing one or more instructions 7820 foraccepting a first input associated with at least one characteristic ofat least one biological tissue to be at least partially constructed orat least partially reconstructed by administering one or more frozenparticle compositions (or frozen piercing implements); one or moreinstructions 7830 for accepting a second input associated with at leastone characteristic of at least one parameter of at least partiallyconstructing or at least partially reconstructing the at least onebiological tissue by administering one or more frozen particlecompositions (or frozen piercing implements) that include at least oneagent; and one or more instructions 7840 for processing results of thefirst input and the second input.

In one embodiment 7850, the computer program product further comprisesone or more instructions for displaying results of the processing. Inone embodiment 7860, the computer program product further comprises oneor more instructions for transmitting one or more signals that includeinformation related to the processing results of the first input and thesecond input. In one embodiment 7870, the computer program productfurther comprises one or more instructions for administering one or morefrozen particle compositions (or frozen piercing implements) thatinclude at least one agent including biological remodeling agent,therapeutic agent, adhesive agent, abrasive, reinforcement agent, orexplosive material.

In one embodiment 7880, the computer program product further comprisesone or more instructions for evaluating the at least one biologicaltissue for one or more indicators relating to one or more of depositionof at least one agent, tissue formation, or tissue growth.

In one embodiment 7890, the signal-bearing medium includes acomputer-readable medium. In one embodiment 7895, the signal-bearingmedium includes a recordable medium. In one embodiment 7897, thesignal-bearing medium includes a communications medium.

As indicated in FIG. 79, a system 7900 comprises circuitry 7910 foraccepting a first input associated with at least one characteristic ofat least one biological tissue to be at least partially constructed orat least partially reconstructed by administering one or more frozenparticle compositions (or frozen piercing implements); circuitry 7920for accepting a second input associated with at least one characteristicof at least one parameter of at least partially constructing or at leastpartially reconstructing the at least one biological tissue byadministering one or more frozen particle compositions (or frozenpiercing implements) that include at least one agent; and circuitry 7930for processing results of the first input and the second input. In oneembodiment 7940, the system further comprises circuitry for displayingresults of the processing. In one embodiment 7950, the system furthercomprises circuitry for transmitting one or more signals that includeinformation related to the processing results of the first input and thesecond input. In one embodiment 7960, the system further comprisescircuitry for administering one or more frozen particle compositions (orfrozen piercing implements) that include at least one agent including atleast one biological remodeling agent, therapeutic agent, adhesiveagent, abrasive, reinforcement agent, or explosive material. In oneembodiment 7970, the system further comprises circuitry for evaluatingthe at least one biological tissue for one or more indicators relatingto one or more of deposition of at least one agent, tissue formation, ortissue growth.

As indicated in FIG. 80, a system 8000 comprises at least at least onecomputer program 8010, configured with a computer-readable medium, foruse with at least one computer system and wherein the computer programincludes a plurality of instructions including but not limited to: oneor more instructions 8020 for accepting a first input associated with atleast one characteristic of at least one biological tissue to be atleast partially constructed or at least partially reconstructed byadministering one or more frozen particle compositions (or frozenpiercing implements); one or more instructions 8030 for accepting asecond input associated with at least one characteristic of at least oneparameter of at least partially constructing or at least partiallyreconstructing the at least one biological tissue by administering oneor more frozen particle compositions (or frozen piercing implements)that include at least one agent; and one or more instructions 8040 forprocessing results of the first input and the second input.

In one embodiment 8050, the system further comprises one or moreinstructions for displaying results of the processing. In one embodiment8060, the system further comprises one or more instructions fortransmitting one or more signals that include information related to theprocessing results of the first input and the second input.

In one embodiment 8070, the system further comprises one or moreinstructions for administering one or more frozen particle compositions(or frozen piercing implements) that include at least one agentincluding biological remodeling agent, therapeutic agent, adhesiveagent, abrasive, reinforcement agent, or explosive material.

In one embodiment 8080, the system further comprises one or moreinstructions for evaluating the at least one biological tissue for oneor more indicators relating to one or more of deposition of at least oneagent, tissue formation, or tissue growth.

As indicated in FIG. 81, the system further comprises at least onecomputing device 8110. In one embodiment 8120, the at least onecomputing device is configured to communicate with at least one printingdevice, at least one imaging device, or at least one input device.

As indicated in FIG. 82, a system 8200 comprises means 8210 foraccepting a first input associated with at least one characteristic ofat least one biological tissue to be at least partially constructed orat least partially reconstructed; means 8220 for accepting a secondinput associated with at least one parameter of at least partiallyconstructing or at least partially reconstructing the at least onebiological tissue by administering one or more frozen particlecompositions (or frozen piercing implements) including at least oneagent; and means 8260 for processing results of the first input and thesecond input. In one embodiment 8230 the at least one agent includes oneor more of a therapeutic agent, adhesive agent, abrasive, reinforcementagent, explosive material, or biological remodeling agent. In oneembodiment 8240 the administering one or more frozen particlecompositions (or frozen piercing implements) includes administering theone or more frozen particle compositions (or frozen piercing implements)to at least one substrate. In one embodiment 8250 the at least onesubstrate includes one or more of a cell, tissue, organ, structure, ordevice. In one embodiment 8270 means for processing results of the firstinput and the second input include means for electronically processingresults of the first input and the second input. In one embodiment 8280means for electronically processing results of the first input and thesecond input by utilizing one or more of Gaussian smoothing, scaling,homorphic filtering, parametric estimation techniques, Booleanoperations, Monte Carlo simulations, wavelet based techniques,mirroring, smoothing, gradient weighted partial differential equationsmoothing, NURBS, polygonal modeling, splines and patches modeling,algorithmic execution, logical decision-making, result prediction,Finite Element Analysis, or modification of a CAD design.

As indicated in FIG. 83, the first input 8310 includes one or morevalues related to the at least one characteristic of at least onebiological tissue. In one embodiment 8320, the first input includes oneor more spatial addresses associated with the at least onecharacteristic of at least one biological tissue. In one embodiment8330, the first input includes one or more of x, y, or z coordinatesassociated with the at least one characteristic of at least onebiological tissue.

In one embodiment, the at least one characteristic 8340 of at least onebiological tissue to be at least partially constructed or at leastpartially reconstructed includes one or more of: morphological feature,anatomical feature, histological feature, tissue hierarchical level,scaffold feature, vascular structure feature, heterogenous tissuefeature, mechanical feature, volumetric feature, geometric feature,volumetric representation, mechanical feature, deformation, kinematicfeature, surface contour feature, cytometric feature, cell aggregation,cell growth, cell-cell interaction, cell-tissue interaction, biomimeticdesign, cell pattern, cell deposition, organ hierarchical level, tissuemicrostructure, cellular microstructure, cell junction feature, tissuejunction feature, cell-tissue classification, hard tissueclassification, soft tissue classification, tumor diagnosis, or otherfeature.

In one embodiment, the at least one characteristic 8350 of at least onebiological tissue includes one or more of cellular type, cellularfunction, cellular size, cellular constitution, cellular architecture,cellular durability, cellular source, tissue type, tissue constitution,tissue size, tissue shape, tissue function, tissue architecture, tissuesource, tissue durability, organ type, organ constitution, organ size,organ shape, organ function, organ architecture, organ source, or organdurability. In one embodiment, the first input 8360 includes one or moretemporal addresses associated with the at least one characteristic of atleast one biological tissue.

As indicated in FIG. 84, in one embodiment 8410, the first inputincludes one or more values derived from at least one image of the atleast one biological tissue. In one embodiment 8420, the at least oneimage includes one or more images acquired by one or more of opticalcoherence tomography, computer-assisted tomography scan, computedtomography, magnetic resonance imaging, positron-emission tomographyscan, ultrasound, x-ray, laser, holography, x-ray crystallography,electrical-impedance monitoring, microscopy, spectrometry, flowcytommetry, radioisotope imaging, thermal imaging, multiphotoncalcium-imaging, photography, or in silico generation.

In one embodiment 8430, the at least one biological tissue is located inat least one of in situ, in vitro, in vivo, in utero, in planta, insilico, or ex vivo. In one embodiment 8440, the at least one biologicaltissue is at least partially located in at least one subject. In oneembodiment 8450, the system further comprises means for accepting athird input associated with at least one feature of the at least onesubject. In one embodiment 8460, the at least one feature of the atleast one subject includes one or more of age, gender, genotype,phenotype, proteomic profile, or health condition.

As indicated in FIGS. 85-86, in one embodiment 8510 the means forprocessing results of the first input and the second input include meansfor determining at least one parameter of at least partiallyconstructing or at least partially reconstructing the at least onebiological tissue with one or more frozen particle compositions (orfrozen piercing implements) from one or more values derived from atleast one image of the at least one biological tissue. In one embodiment8520, the second input includes one or more values related to the atleast one parameter of at least partially constructing or at leastpartially reconstructing the at least one biological tissue byadministering one or more frozen particle compositions (or frozenpiercing implements) to the at least one substrate. In one embodiment8530, the one or more values related to the at least one parameter ofconstructing or reconstructing the at least one biological tissueincludes one or more predictive values.

In one embodiment 8540, the at least one parameter of at least partiallyconstructing or at least partially reconstructing the at least onebiological tissue includes one or more of porosity of the at least onesubstrate, pore size of the at least one substrate, interconnectivity ofthe pores of the at least one substrate, transport properties of the atleast one substrate, cell-tissue formation of the at least onesubstrate, mechanical strength of the at least one substrate, abilityfor attachment or distribution of the at least one agent included in theone or more frozen particle compositions (or frozen piercing implements)to the at least one substrate, ability for attachment or distribution ofone or more cells or tissues to the at least one substrate, facilitationof at least one nutrient, or tissue formation or tissue growthassociated with the at least one substrate.

In one embodiment 8610, the at least one parameter of at least partiallyconstructing or at least partially reconstructing the at least onebiological tissue by administering one or more frozen particlecompositions (or frozen piercing implements) includes one or more of:design of plot or model for administration of one or more frozenparticle compositions (or frozen piercing implements), constitution ofthe one or more frozen particle compositions (or frozen piercingimplements), formulation of the one or more frozen particle compositions(or frozen piercing implements), size of the one or more frozen particlecompositions (or frozen piercing implements), shape of the one or morefrozen particle compositions (or frozen piercing implements), angle ofadministration of the one or more frozen particle compositions (orfrozen piercing implements), velocity of administration of the one ormore frozen particle compositions (or frozen piercing implements),quantity of frozen particle compositions (or frozen piercing implements)administered, rate of administration of more than one frozen particlecomposition (or frozen piercing implement), spatial location foradministration of one or more frozen particle compositions (or frozenpiercing implements), temporal location for administration of one ormore frozen particle compositions (or frozen piercing implements),method of administration of one or more frozen particle compositions (orfrozen piercing implements), timing of administration of one or morefrozen particle compositions (or frozen piercing implements), modulationof administration of one or more frozen particle compositions (or frozenpiercing implements), deposition of one or more frozen particlecompositions (or frozen piercing implements), or rate of deposition ofat least one agent.

In one embodiment 8620, the at least one parameter of at least partiallyconstructing or at least partially reconstructing the at least onebiological tissue by administering one or more frozen particlecompositions (or frozen piercing implements) includes at least oneparameter relating to at least partially ablating or at least partiallyabrading one or more surfaces of the at least one biological tissue withthe one or more frozen particle compositions (or frozen piercingimplements).

In one embodiment 8630, the at least one parameter of at least partiallyconstructing or at least partially reconstructing the at least onebiological tissue by administering one or more frozen particlecompositions (or frozen piercing implements) includes at least oneparameter relating to administering at least one of a therapeutic agent,adhesive agent, biological remodeling agent, reinforcement agent,abrasive, or explosive material with the one or more frozen particlecompositions (or frozen piercing implements).

In one embodiment 8640, the spatial location for administration of oneor more frozen particle compositions (or frozen piercing implements)includes one or more of x, y, or z coordinates. In one embodiment 8650,the means for processing results include means for comparing at leastone value related to the first input associated with the at least onecharacteristic of at least one biological tissue to be at leastpartially constructed or at least partially reconstructed with at leastone value related to at least one image of a target biological tissue.In one embodiment 8660, the image of a target biological tissue includesan image of a similar biological tissue, or an image of a dissimilarbiological tissue.

As indicated in FIG. 87, the means 8710 for processing results includemeans for comparing at least one value related to the second inputassociated with the at least one parameter of at least partiallyconstructing or at least partially reconstructing the at least onebiological tissue with at least one value related to anotheradministration of one or more frozen particle compositions (or frozenpiercing implements). In one embodiment 8720, the means for processingresults include means for determining one or more differences in atleast one value related to the first input and at least one valuerelated to at least one image of the at least one biological tissue or asimilar biological tissue. In one embodiment 8730, the means forprocessing results include means for determining one or more differencesin at least one value related to the second input associated with the atleast one parameter of at least partially constructing or at leastpartially reconstructing the at least one biological tissue and at leastone value related to another administration of one or more frozenparticle compositions (or frozen piercing implements) to the at leastone substrate.

In one embodiment 8740, the means for processing results include meansfor generating one or more protocols for administering the one or morefrozen particle compositions (or frozen piercing implements). In oneembodiment 8750, the means for processing results include generating oneor more blueprints for administering the one or more frozen particlecompositions (or frozen piercing implements). In one embodiment 8760,the one or more blueprints include at least one of a two-dimensionalplot or a three-dimensional model. In one embodiment 8770, the one ormore blueprints include at least one representation of at least one oforgan anatomy, morphology, tissue heterogeneity, scale of vascularsystem, geometry, internal architecture of an organ or tissue, internalor external boundary distinction of a tissue or organ, topology, ortomography.

As indicated in FIG. 88, the means for processing results include: meansfor comparing one or more values related to the one or morecharacteristics of the at least one biological tissue that aredetermined at two or more different times to obtain one or morecharacteristic comparisons; means for comparing one or more valuesrelated to the at least one parameter of at least partially constructingor at least partially reconstructing the at least one biological tissueat two or more different times to obtain one or more parametercomparisons; means for comparing the one or more characteristiccomparisons with the one or more parameter comparisons to obtain one ormore characteristic-characteristic/parameter-parameter comparisons; andmeans for comparing the one or morecharacteristic-characteristic/parameter-parameter comparisons to one ormore substantially similar results obtained for one or more other atleast partially constructed or at least partially reconstructedbiological tissues. In one embodiment 8820, the administering one ormore frozen particle compositions (or frozen piercing implements)includes depositing the at least one agent on the at least onesubstrate.

As indicated in FIG. 89, the system further comprises means 8910 fordisplaying results of the processing. In one embodiment 8920, the meansfor displaying the results of the processing include means fordisplaying the results on one or more active displays. In one embodiment8930, the means for displaying results of the processing include meansfor displaying the results on one or more passive displays. In oneembodiment 8940, the means for displaying results of the processingincludes means for displaying the results of the processing in at leastone of numeric format, graphical format, or audio format.

In one embodiment 8950, the means for displaying results of theprocessing include means for displaying a comparison of at least onebiological tissue that has been at least partially constructed or atleast partially reconstructed. In one embodiment 8960, the means fordisplaying results of the processing include means for displaying acomparison of at least one subject with one or more other subjects. Inone embodiment 8970, the means for displaying results of the processinginclude means for displaying one or more differences in the comparisonof at least one value related to the first input and at least one valuerelated to at least one image of a biological tissue. In one embodiment8980, the means for displaying results of the processing include meansfor displaying one or more differences in the comparison of at least onevalue related to the second input and at least one value related toanother administration of one or more frozen particle compositions (orfrozen piercing implements).

As indicated in FIG. 90, the system further comprises means 9010 fortransmitting one or more signals that include information related to theprocessing results of the first input and the second input. In oneembodiment 9020, the means for transmitting one or more signals includemeans for transmitting one or more signals associated with selection ofone or more frozen particle compositions (or frozen piercing implements)for administration. In one embodiment 9030, the means for transmittingone or more signals include means for transmitting one or more signalsassociated with selection of one or more of a biological remodelingagent, adhesive agent, abrasive, therapeutic agent, reinforcement agent,or explosive material associated with the one or more frozen particlecompositions (or frozen piercing implements). In one embodiment 9040,the means for transmitting one or more signals include means fortransmitting one or more signals associated with comparing theinformation related to the processing results of the first input and thesecond input.

As indicated in FIG. 91, the one or more frozen particle compositions(or frozen piercing implements) 9110 include one or more frozenparticles including at least one of: hydrogen oxide, nitrogen, oxygen,air, helium, neon, argon, xenon, chlorine, bromine, carbon dioxide,acetone, ethyl acetate, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl formamide, dioxane,tetrahydrofuran, acetronitrile, acetic acid, n-butanol, isopropanol,n-propanol, hexamethylphosphorotriamide, perfluorohydrocarbon, methanol,ethanol, tert-butyl alcohol, formic acid, hydrogen fluoride, ammonia,benzene, carbon tetrachloride, hexane, dichloromethane, methylenechloride, carboxylic acid, saline, standard saline citrate, methane,toluene, chloroform, polyethylene glycol, acetic acid, Ringer'ssolution, lactated Ringer's solution, Hartmann's solution, acetatedRinger's solution, phosphate buffered solution, TRIS-buffered salinesolution, Hank's balanced salt solution, Earle's balanced salt solution,standard saline citrate, HEPES-buffered saline, dextrose, glucose, ordiethyl ether.

In one embodiment 9120, the at least one agent includes one or more ofan adhesive agent, therapeutic agent, reinforcement agent, abrasive,explosive material, or biological remodeling agent. In one embodiment9130, at least one of the adhesive agent, therapeutic agent,reinforcement agent, abrasive, explosive material, or biologicalremodeling agent is substantially in the form of at least one of anorganic or inorganic small molecule, clathrate or caged compound,protocell, coacervate, microsphere, Janus particle, proteinoid,laminate, helical rod, liposome, macroscopic tube, niosome, sphingosome,toroid, vesicular tube, vesicle, small unilamellar vesicle, largeunilamellar vesicle, large multilamellar vesicle, multivesicularvesicle, lipid layer, lipid bilayer, micelle, organelle, cell, membrane,nucleic acid, peptide, polypeptide, protein, oligosaccharide,polysaccharide, glycopeptide, glycolipid, sphingolipid,glycosphingolipid, glycoprotein, peptidoglycan, lipid, carbohydrate,metalloprotein, proteoglycan, chromosome, cell nucleus, acid, base,buffer, protic solvent, aprotic solvent, nitric oxide, nitric oxidesynthase, nitrous oxide, amino acid, micelle, polymer, bone cement,copolymer, cell receptor, adhesion molecule, cytokine, chemokine,immunoglobulin, antibody, antigen, platelet, extracellular matrix,blood, plasma, cell ligand, zwitterionic material, cationic material,oligonucleotide, nanotube, or piloxymer.

As indicated in FIG. 92, the one or more explosive materials 9210include at least one of a carbonate, carbon dioxide, nitroglycerine,acid, base, epoxy, acrylic polymer or copolymer, acrylamide polymer orcopolymer, urethane, hypoxyapatite, or reactive metal. In one embodiment9220, the at least one adhesive agent includes one or more of an acrylicpolymer or copolymer, acrylamide polymer or copolymer polymer orcopolymer, acrylamide polymer or copolymer, polyacrylic acid, epoxy,urethane, gum arabic, polyester, polyhydroxyalkanoate, poly(L-lacticacid), polyglycolide, polylactic acid, polyether, polyol,polyvinylpyrrolidone, pyroxylin,polymethylacrylate-isobutene-monoisopropylmaleate, siloxane polymer,polylactic-co-glycolic-acid, poly-3-hydroxybutyrate,poly-4-hydroxybutyrate, polyhydroxyvalerate, polydydroxyhexanoate,polydyroxyoctanoate, polycaprolactone, poly (e-caprolactone), sialylLewis^(x), heme group, hemoglobin, healon, carboxymethylcellulose,hydroxyapatite, silicone, cadherin, integrin, hydroxyapatite,polyelectrolyte, maleic polyelectrolyte, cellulose, resilin,cyanoacrylate, isocyanate, 2-octyl cyanoacrylate,2-butyl-n-cyanoacrylate, n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate, butyl-2-cyanoacrylate,methyl 2-cyanoacrylate, polyisohexylcyanoacrylate, fibrin, thrombin,fibrinogen, hyaluronate, chitin, Factor XIII, Factor XII, silk, nylon,collagen, glycosaminoglycan, selectin, polyurethane, methacrylate, orpolysulfide, polyanhydride, polydioxanone, poly-p-dioxanone, silicone,albumin, glutaraldehyde, polyethylene glycol, or gelatin.

In at least one embodiment 9230, the one or more reinforcement agentsinclude one or more of polyaramid, vinylester matrix, metal, ceramic,fiberglass, cellulose, broad carbide, aromatic polyamide, nylon, silk,rayon, acetate, modacrylic, olefin, acrylic, polyester, aromaticpolyester, poly-lactic acid, vinyon, saran, spandex, vinalon, aromaticnylon, vinylidene chloride, modal, polybenzimidazole, sulfur, lyocell,orlon, zylon, high-performance polyethylene, polypyridobenzimidazole,vectran, acrylonitrile rubber, glass, copper, iron, steel, sodium,potassium, calcium, zinc, manganese, carbon, magnesium, silicon, silica,frozen hydrogen oxide ice, plant matter, animal matter, or mineralmatter.

As indicated in FIG. 93, the therapeutic agent 9310 includes at leastone of an anti-tumor agent, antimicrobial agent, anti-viral agent,analgesic, antiseptic, anesthetic, diagnostic agent, anti-inflammatoryagent, vaccine, cell growth inhibitor, cell growth promoter, immunogen,antigen, radioactive agent, apoptosis promoting factor, enzymatic agent,angiogenic factor, anti-angiogenic factor, hormone, vitamin, mineral,nutraceutical, cytokine, chemokine, probiotic, coagulant,anti-coagulant, phage, prodrug, prebiotic, blood sugar stabilizer,smooth muscle cell activator, epinephrine, adrenaline, neurotoxin,neuro-muscular toxin, Botulinum toxin type A, microbial cell orcomponent thereof, or virus or component thereof.

In one embodiment 9320 the at least one biological remodeling agentincludes one or more of a blood cell, chondrocyte, endothelial cell,hepatocyte, keratinocyte, myocyte, osteoblast, osteoclast, osteocyte,mesenchymal cell, stem cell, progenitor cell, or fibroblast. In oneembodiment 9330, the at least one biological remodeling agent includesone or more of calcium phosphate, albumin, cytokine, pegylated cytokine,bone, cartilage, globulin, fibrin, thrombin, glutaraldehyde-crosslinkedpericardium, hide powder, hyaluronic acid, hydroxylapatite, keratin,ligament, nitinol, nucleic acid polymers, polyethylene, polylethyleneglycol, polyethylene glycol diacrylate, polyethylene terephthalatefiber, polyglycol, polylactate, polytetrafluoroethylene, polylacticacid, polyglycolic acid, polycaprolactone, PURAMATRIX™ self-assemblypeptide hydrogel fibers, linear aliphatic polyester, tendon, fibrinogen,hyaluronate, chitin, chitosan, methylcellulose, alginate, hyaluronicacid, agarose, cellulose, polyaldehyde gluronate, Factor XIII, FactorXII, silk, nylon, collagen, silicone, polyurethane, ceramic powder,elastin, pectin, wax, glycosaminoglycan, poly(α-hydroxyacid), selectin,glutaraldehyde, hydrophobic non-glycosylated protein, hydrogel, peptidehydrogel, or gelatin. In one embodiment 9340, the at least onebiological remodeling agent includes one or more of Type I collagen,Type II collagen, Type III collagen, Type VII collagen, Type X collagen,elastin fibers, or soluble elastin. In one embodiment 9350, the at leastone biological remodeling agent is included as part of a carrier thatassists in synthesis or activation of the at least one biologicalremodeling agent.

As indicated in FIGS. 94-96, a system 9400 comprises means 9410 foraccepting input associated with at least one parameter of at leastpartially constructing or at least partially reconstructing at least onebiological tissue by administering one or more frozen particlecompositions (or frozen piercing implements); means 9420 foradministering one or more frozen particle compositions (or frozenpiercing implements) including at least one agent; wherein 9430 the atleast one agent includes one or more of a biological remodeling agent,therapeutic agent, reinforcement agent, explosive material, abrasive, oradhesive agent; means 9440 for evaluating the at least one biologicaltissue for one or more indicators related to deposition of at least oneagent, tissue formation, or tissue growth; and means 9610 fortransmitting one or more signals that include information related to theaccepting input and information related to the evaluating the at leastone biological tissue.

In one embodiment 9450, the means for evaluating at least one biologicaltissue for one or more indicators includes evaluating at least one of anassay, image, or gross assessment of the at least one biological tissueprior to, during, or subsequent to at least one administration of theone or more frozen particle compositions (or frozen piercingimplements). In one embodiment 9460, the assay includes at least onetechnique that includes spectroscopy, microscopy, electrochemicaldetection, polynucleotide detection, histological examination, biopsyanalysis, fluorescence resonance energy transfer, electron transfer,enzyme assay, electrical conductivity, isoelectric focusing,chromatography, immunoprecipitation, immunoseparation, aptamer binding,filtration, electrophoresis, immunoassay, or radioactive assay.

In one embodiment 9520, the image includes at least one image acquiredby one or more of optical coherence tomography, computer-assistedtomography scan, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging,positron-emission tomography scan, ultrasound, x-ray, x-raycrystallography, laser, holography, electrical-impedance monitoring,microscopy, spectrometry, flow cytommetry, radioisotope imaging, thermalimaging, multiphoton calcium-imaging, photography, or in silicogeneration. In one embodiment 9530, the one or more indicators of tissueformation or growth include at least one of cell migration, cellattachment, cell retention, cell differentiation, cell proliferation,apoptosis, diffusion of materials, angiogenesis, nucleic acidexpression, protein translation, protein modification, carbohydrateproduction, carbohydrate secretion, fat production, fat secretion, orprotein secretion.

In one embodiment 9540, the input associated with at least one parameterof at least partially constructing or at least partially reconstructingthe at least one biological tissue by administering one or more frozenparticle compositions (or frozen piercing implements) includes one ormore of: constitution of the one or more frozen particle compositions(or frozen piercing implements), formulation of the one or more frozenparticle compositions (or frozen piercing implements), size of the oneor more frozen particle compositions (or frozen piercing implements),shape of the one or more frozen particle compositions (or frozenpiercing implements), angle of administration of the one or more frozenparticle compositions (or frozen piercing implements), velocity ofadministration of the one or more frozen particle compositions (orfrozen piercing implements), quantity of frozen particle compositions(or frozen piercing implements) administered, rate of administration ofmore than one frozen particle composition (or frozen piercingimplement), spatial location for administration of one or more frozenparticle compositions (or frozen piercing implements), temporal locationfor administration of one or more frozen particle compositions (orfrozen piercing implements), method of administration of one or morefrozen particle compositions (or frozen piercing implements), timing ofadministration of one or more frozen particle compositions (or frozenpiercing implements), modulation of administration of one or more frozenparticle compositions (or frozen piercing implements), deposition of oneor more frozen particle compositions (or frozen piercing implements), orrate of deposition of at least one agent.

In one embodiment 9620, the means for transmitting one or more signalsinclude means for transmitting one or more signals associated withselection of one or more frozen particle compositions foradministration. In one embodiment 9630, the means for transmitting oneor more signals include means for transmitting one or more signalsassociated with selection of one or more of a biological remodelingagent, adhesive agent, abrasive, therapeutic agent, reinforcement agent,or explosive material associated with the one or more frozen particlecompositions(or frozen piercing implements). In one embodiment 9640, themeans for administering one or more frozen particle compositions (orfrozen piercing implements) include means for administering the one ormore frozen particle compositions (or frozen piercing implements) to atleast one substrate. In one embodiment 9650, the at least one substrateincludes one or more of a cell, tissue, organ, structure, or device. Inone embodiment 9660, the one or more frozen particle compositions (orfrozen piercing implements) include one or more frozen particlesincluding at least one of hydrogen oxide, nitrogen, oxygen, air, helium,neon, argon, xenon, chlorine, bromine, carbon dioxide, acetone, ethylacetate, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl formamide, dioxane,tetrahydrofuran, acetronitrile, acetic acid, n-butanol, isopropanol,n-propanol, hexamethylphosphorotriamide, perfluorohydrocarbon, methanol,ethanol, tert-butyl alcohol, formic acid, hydrogen fluoride, ammonia,benzene, carbon tetrachloride, hexane, dichloromethane, methylenechloride, carboxylic acid, saline, standard saline citrate, methane,toluene, chloroform, polyethylene glycol, acetic acid, Ringer'ssolution, lactated Ringer's solution, Hartmann's solution, acetatedRinger's solution, phosphate buffered solution, TRIS-buffered salinesolution, Hank's balanced salt solution, Earle's balanced salt solution,standard saline citrate, HEPES-buffered saline, dextrose, glucose, ordiethyl ether.

As indicated in FIG. 97, the at least one agent 9710 includes one ormore of an adhesive agent, therapeutic agent, reinforcement agent,abrasive, explosive material, or biological remodeling agent. In oneembodiment 9720, the adhesive agent, therapeutic agent, reinforcementagent, abrasive, explosive material, or biological remodeling agent issubstantially in the form of at least one of an organic or inorganicsmall molecule, clathrate or caged compound, protocell, coacervate,microsphere, Janus particle, proteinoid, laminate, helical rod,liposome, macroscopic tube, niosome, sphingosome, toroid, vesiculartube, vesicle, small unilamellar vesicle, large unilamellar vesicle,large multilamellar vesicle, multivesicular vesicle, lipid layer, lipidbilayer, micelle, organelle, cell, membrane, nucleic acid, peptide,polypeptide, protein, oligosaccharide, polysaccharide, glycopeptide,glycolipid, sphingolipid, glycosphingolipid, glycoprotein,peptidoglycan, lipid, carbohydrate, metalloprotein, proteoglycan,chromosome, cell nucleus, acid, base, buffer, protic solvent, aproticsolvent, nitric oxide, nitric oxide synthase, nitrous oxide, amino acid,micelle, polymer, bone cement, copolymer, cell receptor, adhesionmolecule, cytokine, chemokine, immunoglobulin, antibody, antigen,platelet, extracellular matrix, blood, plasma, cell ligand, zwitterionicmaterial, cationic material, oligonucleotide, nanotube, or piloxymer.

In one embodiment 9730, the one or more explosive materials include atleast one of a carbonate, carbon dioxide, nitroglycerine, acid, base,epoxy, acrylic polymer or copolymer, acrylamide polymer or copolymer,urethane, hypoxyapatite, or reactive metal. In one embodiment 9740, theat least one adhesive agent includes one or more of an acrylic polymeror copolymer, acrylamide polymer or copolymer polymer or copolymer,acrylamide polymer or copolymer, polyacrylic acid, epoxy, urethane, gumarabic, polyester, polyhydroxyalkanoate, poly(L-lactic acid),polyglycolide, polylactic acid, polyether, polyol, polyvinylpyrrolidone,pyroxylin, polymethylacrylate-isobutene-monoisopropylmaleate, siloxanepolymer, polylactic-co-glycolic-acid, poly-3-hydroxybutyrate,poly-4-hydroxybutyrate, polyhydroxyvalerate, polydydroxyhexanoate,polydyroxyoctanoate, polycaprolactone, poly (e-caprolactone), sialylLewis^(x), heme group, hemoglobin, healon, carboxymethylcellulose,hydroxyapatite, silicone, cadherin, integrin, hydroxyapatite,polyelectrolyte, maleic polyelectrolyte, cellulose, resilin,cyanoacrylate, isocyanate, 2-octyl cyanoacrylate,2-butyl-n-cyanoacrylate, n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate, butyl-2-cyanoacrylate,methyl 2-cyanoacrylate, polyisohexylcyanoacrylate, fibrin, thrombin,fibrinogen, hyaluronate, chitin, Factor XIII, Factor XII, silk, nylon,collagen, glycosaminoglycan, selectin, polyurethane, methacrylate, orpolysulfide, polyanhydride, polydioxanone, poly-p-dioxanone, silicone,albumin, glutaraldehyde, polyethylene glycol, or gelatin.

As indicated in FIG. 98, the one or more reinforcement agents 9810include one or more of polyaramid, vinylester matrix, metal, ceramic,fiberglass, cellulose, broad carbide, aromatic polyamide, nylon, silk,rayon, acetate, modacrylic, olefin, acrylic, polyester, aromaticpolyester, poly-lactic acid, vinyon, saran, spandex, vinalon, aromaticnylon, vinylidene chloride, modal, polybenzimidazole, sulfur, lyocell,orlon, zylon, high-performance polyethylene, polypyridobenzimidazole,vectran, acrylonitrile rubber, glass, copper, iron, steel, sodium,potassium, calcium, zinc, manganese, carbon, magnesium, silicon, silica,frozen hydrogen oxide ice, plant matter, animal matter, or mineralmatter.

In one embodiment 9820, the therapeutic agent includes at least one ofan anti-tumor agent, antimicrobial agent, anti-viral agent, analgesic,antiseptic, anesthetic, diagnostic agent, anti-inflammatory agent,vaccine, cell growth inhibitor, cell growth promoter, immunogen,antigen, radioactive agent, apoptosis promoting factor, enzymatic agent,angiogenic factor, anti-angiogenic factor, hormone, vitamin, mineral,nutraceutical, cytokine, chemokine, probiotic, coagulant,anti-coagulant, phage, prodrug, prebiotic, blood sugar stabilizer,smooth muscle cell activator, epinephrine, adrenaline, neurotoxin,neuro-muscular toxin, Botulinum toxin type A, microbial cell orcomponent thereof, or virus or component thereof. In one embodiment9830, the at least one biological remodeling agent includes one or moreof a blood cell, chondrocyte, endothelial cell, hepatocyte,keratinocyte, myocyte, osteoblast, osteoclast, osteocyte, mesenchymalcell, stem cell, progenitor cell, or fibroblast.

In one embodiment 9840, the at least one biological remodeling agentincludes one or more of calcium phosphate, albumin, cytokine, pegylatedcytokine, bone, cartilage, globulin, fibrin, thrombin,glutaraldehyde-crosslinked pericardium, hide powder, hyaluronic acid,hydroxylapatite, keratin, ligament, nitinol, nucleic acid polymers,polyethylene, polylethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol diacrylate,polyethylene terephthalate fiber, polyglycol, polylactate,polytetrafluoroethylene, polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid,polycaprolactone, PURAMATRIX™ self-assembly peptide hydrogel fibers,linear aliphatic polyester, tendon, fibrinogen, hyaluronate, chitin,chitosan, methylcellulose, alginate, hyaluronic acid, agarose,cellulose, polyaldehyde gluronate, Factor XIII, Factor XII, silk, nylon,collagen, silicone, polyurethane, ceramic powder, elastin, pectin, wax,glycosaminoglycan, poly(α-hydroxyacid), selectin, glutaraldehyde,hydrophobic non-glycosylated protein, hydrogel, peptide hydrogel, orgelatin.

In one embodiment 9850, the at least one biological remodeling agentincludes one or more of Type I collagen, Type II collagen, Type IIIcollagen, Type VII collagen, Type X collagen, elastin fibers, or solubleelastin.

As indicated in FIG. 99, a system 9900 comprises means 9910 forreceiving one or more signals that include information related toaccepting input associated with at least one parameter of at leastpartially constructing or at least partially reconstructing the at leastone biological tissue by administering one or more frozen particlecompositions (or frozen piercing implements); means 9920 for receivingone or more signals that include information related to evaluating theat least one biological tissue for one or more indicators of tissueformation or growth; and means for 9930 processing the informationrelated to the input associated with at least one parameter of at leastpartially constructing or at least partially reconstructing the at leastone biological tissue and the information related to the evaluating theat least one biological tissue. In one embodiment 9940, the evaluatingat least one biological tissue for one or more indicators includesevaluating at least one of an assay, image, or gross assessment of theat least one biological tissue prior to, during, or subsequent to atleast one administration of one or more frozen particle compositions (orfrozen piercing implements).

In one embodiment 9950, the assay includes at least one technique thatincludes spectroscopy, microscopy, electrochemical detection,polynucleotide detection, histological examination, biopsy analysis,fluorescence resonance energy transfer, electron transfer, enzyme assay,electrical conductivity, isoelectric focusing, chromatography,immunoprecipitation, immunoseparation, aptamer binding, filtration,electrophoresis, immunoassay, or radioactive assay. In one embodiment9960, the image includes at least one image acquired by one or more ofoptical coherence tomography, computer-assisted tomography scan,computed tomography, laser, holography, x-ray crystallography, magneticresonance imaging, positron-emission tomography scan, ultrasound, x-ray,electrical-impedance monitoring, microscopy, spectrometry, flowcytommetry, radioisotope imaging, thermal imaging, multiphotoncalcium-imaging, photography, or in silico generation.

As indicated in FIG. 100, the one or more indicators 10010 of tissueformation or growth include at least one of: cell migration, cellattachment, cell retention, cell differentiation, cell proliferation,apoptosis, diffusion of materials, angiogenesis, nucleic acidexpression, protein translation, protein modification, carbohydrateproduction, carbohydrate secretion, fat production, fat secretion, orprotein secretion.

In one embodiment 10020, the input associated with at least oneparameter of at least partially constructing or at least partiallyreconstructing the at least one biological tissue includes one or moreof: constitution of the one or more frozen particle compositions (orfrozen piercing implements), formulation of the one or more frozenparticle compositions (or frozen piercing implements), size of the oneor more frozen particle compositions (or frozen piercing implements),shape of the one or more frozen particle compositions (or frozenpiercing implements), angle of administration of the one or more frozenparticle compositions (or frozen piercing implements), velocity ofadministration of the one or more frozen particle compositions (orfrozen piercing implements), quantity of frozen particle compositions(or frozen piercing implements) administered, rate of administration ofmore than one frozen particle composition (or frozen piercingimplement), spatial location for administration of one or more frozenparticle compositions (or frozen piercing implements), temporal locationfor administration of one or more frozen particle compositions (orfrozen piercing implements), method of administration of one or morefrozen particle compositions (or frozen piercing implements), timing ofadministration of one or more frozen particle compositions (or frozenpiercing implements), modulation of administration of one or more frozenparticle compositions (or frozen piercing implements), deposition of oneor more frozen particle compositions (or frozen piercing implements), orrate of deposition of at least one agent.

In one embodiment 10030, the means for receiving one or more signalsinclude means for receiving one or more signals associated withselection of one or more frozen particle compositions (or frozenpiercing implements) for administration. In one embodiment 10040, themeans for receiving one or more signals include means for receiving oneor more signals associated with the selection of at least one of abiological remodeling agent, adhesive agent, abrasive, therapeuticagent, reinforcement agent, or explosive material associated with theone or more frozen particle compositions (or frozen piercingimplements).

As indicated in FIG. 101, in one embodiment 10110, the means foradministering one or more frozen particle compositions (or frozenpiercing implements) include means for administering the one or morefrozen particle compositions (or frozen piercing implements) to at leastone substrate. In one embodiment 10120, the at least one substrateincludes one or more of a cell, tissue, organ, structure, or device. Inone embodiment 10130, the one or more frozen particle compositions (orfrozen piercing implements) include one or more frozen particlesincluding at least one of hydrogen oxide, nitrogen, oxygen, air, helium,neon, argon, xenon, chlorine, bromine, carbon dioxide, acetone, ethylacetate, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl formamide, dioxane,tetrahydrofuran, acetronitrile, acetic acid, n-butanol, isopropanol,n-propanol, hexamethylphosphorotriamide, perfluorohydrocarbon, methanol,ethanol, tert-butyl alcohol, formic acid, hydrogen fluoride, ammonia,benzene, carbon tetrachloride, hexane, dichloromethane, methylenechloride, carboxylic acid, saline, standard saline citrate, methane,toluene, chloroform, polyethylene glycol, acetic acid, Ringer'ssolution, lactated Ringer's solution, Hartmann's solution, acetatedRinger's solution, phosphate buffered solution, TRIS-buffered salinesolution, Hank's balanced salt solution, Earle's balanced salt solution,standard saline citrate, HEPES-buffered saline, dextrose, glucose, ordiethyl ether.

In one embodiment 10140, the at least one agent includes one or more ofan adhesive agent, therapeutic agent, reinforcement agent, abrasive,explosive material, or biological remodeling agent. In one embodiment10150, the adhesive agent, therapeutic agent, reinforcement agent,abrasive, explosive material, or biological remodeling agent issubstantially in the form of at least one of an organic or inorganicsmall molecule, clathrate or caged compound, protocell, coacervate,microsphere, Janus particle, proteinoid, laminate, helical rod,liposome, macroscopic tube, niosome, sphingosome, toroid, vesiculartube, vesicle, small unilamellar vesicle, large unilamellar vesicle,large multilamellar vesicle, multivesicular vesicle, lipid layer, lipidbilayer, micelle, organelle, cell, membrane, nucleic acid, peptide,polypeptide, protein, oligosaccharide, polysaccharide, glycopeptide,glycolipid, sphingolipid, glycosphingolipid, glycoprotein,peptidoglycan, lipid, carbohydrate, metalloprotein, proteoglycan,chromosome, cell nucleus, acid, base, buffer, protic solvent, aproticsolvent, nitric oxide, nitric oxide synthase, nitrous oxide, amino acid,micelle, polymer, bone cement, copolymer, cell receptor, adhesionmolecule, cytokine, chemokine, immunoglobulin, antibody, antigen,platelet, extracellular matrix, blood, plasma, cell ligand, zwitterionicmaterial, cationic material, oligonucleotide, nanotube, or piloxymer.

As indicated in FIG. 102, the one or more explosive materials 10210include at least one of a carbonate, carbon dioxide, nitroglycerine,acid, base, epoxy, acrylic polymer or copolymer, acrylamide polymer orcopolymer, urethane, hypoxyapatite, or reactive metal. In one embodiment10220, the at least one adhesive agent includes one or more of anacrylic polymer or copolymer, acrylamide polymer or copolymer polymer orcopolymer, acrylamide polymer or copolymer, polyacrylic acid, epoxy,urethane, gum arabic, polyester, polyhydroxyalkanoate, poly(L-lacticacid), polyglycolide, polylactic acid, polyether, polyol,polyvinylpyrrolidone, pyroxylin,polymethylacrylate-isobutene-monoisopropylmaleate, siloxane polymer,polylactic-co-glycolic-acid, poly-3-hydroxybutyrate,poly-4-hydroxybutyrate, polyhydroxyvalerate, polydydroxyhexanoate,polydyroxyoctanoate, polycaprolactone, poly (e-caprolactone), sialylLewis^(x), heme group, hemoglobin, healon, carboxymethylcellulose,hydroxyapatite, silicone, cadherin, integrin, hydroxyapatite,polyelectrolyte, maleic polyelectrolyte, cellulose, resilin,cyanoacrylate, isocyanate, 2-octyl cyanoacrylate,2-butyl-n-cyanoacrylate, n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate, butyl-2-cyanoacrylate,methyl 2-cyanoacrylate, polyisohexylcyanoacrylate, fibrin, thrombin,fibrinogen, hyaluronate, chitin, Factor XIII, Factor XII, silk, nylon,collagen, glycosaminoglycan, selectin, polyurethane, methacrylate, orpolysulfide, polyanhydride, polydioxanone, poly-p-dioxanone, silicone,albumin, glutaraldehyde, polyethylene glycol, or gelatin. In oneembodiment 10230, the one or more reinforcement agents include one ormore of polyaramid, vinylester matrix, metal, ceramic, fiberglass,cellulose, broad carbide, aromatic polyamide, nylon, silk, rayon,acetate, modacrylic, olefin, acrylic, polyester, aromatic polyester,poly-lactic acid, vinyon, saran, spandex, vinalon, aromatic nylon,vinylidene chloride, modal, polybenzimidazole, sulfur, lyocell, orlon,zylon, high-performance polyethylene, polypyridobenzimidazole, vectran,acrylonitrile rubber, glass, copper, iron, steel, sodium, potassium,calcium, zinc, manganese, carbon, magnesium, silicon, silica, frozenhydrogen oxide ice, plant matter, animal matter, or mineral matter.

In one embodiment 10240, the therapeutic agent includes at least one ofan anti-tumor agent, antimicrobial agent, anti-viral agent, analgesic,antiseptic, anesthetic, diagnostic agent, anti-inflammatory agent,vaccine, cell growth inhibitor, cell growth promoter, immunogen,antigen, radioactive agent, apoptosis promoting factor, enzymatic agent,angiogenic factor, anti-angiogenic factor, hormone, vitamin, mineral,nutraceutical, cytokine, chemokine, probiotic, coagulant,anti-coagulant, phage, prodrug, prebiotic, blood sugar stabilizer,smooth muscle cell activator, epinephrine, adrenaline, neurotoxin,neuro-muscular toxin, Botulinum toxin type A, microbial cell orcomponent thereof, or virus or component thereof.

As indicated in FIG. 103, in one embodiment 10310, the at least onebiological remodeling agent includes one or more of a blood cell,chondrocyte, endothelial cell, hepatocyte, keratinocyte, myocyte,osteoblast, osteoclast, osteocyte, mesenchymal cell, stem cell,progenitor cell, or fibroblast. In one embodiment 10320, the at leastone biological remodeling agent includes one or more of calciumphosphate, albumin, cytokine, pegylated cytokine, bone, cartilage,globulin, fibrin, thrombin, glutaraldehyde-crosslinked pericardium, hidepowder, hyaluronic acid, hydroxylapatite, keratin, ligament, nitinol,nucleic acid polymers, polyethylene, polylethylene glycol, polyethyleneglycol diacrylate, polyethylene terephthalate fiber, polyglycol,polylactate, polytetrafluoroethylene, polylactic acid, polyglycolicacid, polycaprolactone, PURAMATRIX™ self-assembly peptide hydrogelfibers, linear aliphatic polyester, tendon, fibrinogen, hyaluronate,chitin, chitosan, methylcellulose, alginate, hyaluronic acid, agarose,cellulose, polyaldehyde gluronate, Factor XIII, Factor XII, silk, nylon,collagen, silicone, polyurethane, ceramic powder, elastin, pectin, wax,glycosaminoglycan, poly(α-hydroxyacid), selectin, glutaraldehyde,hydrophobic non-glycosylated protein, hydrogel, peptide hydrogel, orgelatin. In one embodiment 10330, the at least one biological remodelingagent includes one or more of Type I collagen, Type II collagen, TypeIII collagen, Type VII collagen, Type X collagen, elastin fibers, orsoluble elastin.

In one embodiment 10340, the at least one biological remodeling agent isincluded as part of a carrier that assists in synthesis or activation ofthe at least one biological remodeling agent.

As indicated in FIG. 104, a system 10400 comprises means for comparinginformation 10410 regarding at least one parameter for at leastpartially constructing or at least partially reconstructing at least onebiological tissue of a subject by administering one or more frozenparticle compositions (or frozen piercing implements) to the at leastone subject and information regarding at least one clinical outcomefollowing receipt by the at least one subject of one or more frozenparticle compositions (or frozen piercing implements); and means forproviding output information 10420. In one embodiment 10430, the outputinformation is based on the comparison. In one embodiment 10440, thesystem further comprises means for determining at least one statisticalcorrelation. In one embodiment 10450, the system further comprises meansfor counting the occurrence of at least one clinical outcome. In oneembodiment 10460, the information regarding at least one parameter of atleast partially constructing or at least partially reconstructing atleast one biological tissue of a subject includes information regardingquantity of cells or tissue at least partially constructed or at leastpartially reconstructed. In one embodiment 10470, the informationregarding at least one parameter of at least partially constructing orat least partially reconstructing at least one biological tissue of asubject includes information regarding at least one cellular or tissuesource. In one embodiment 10480, the information regarding at least oneparameter of at least partially constructing or at least partiallyreconstructing at least one biological tissue of a subject includesinformation regarding at least one abnormal cellular or tissue source.In one embodiment 10490, the information regarding at least oneparameter of at least partially constructing or at least partiallyreconstructing at least one biological tissue of a subject includesinformation regarding at least one type of cell or tissue.

As indicated in FIG. 105, the at least one agent 10510 includes at leastone agent including at least one adhesive agent, abrasive, reinforcementagent, therapeutic agent, biological remodeling agent, or explosivematerial. In one embodiment 10520, the information regarding at leastone parameter of at least partially constructing or at least partiallyreconstructing at least one biological tissue of a subject includesinformation regarding at least one dimension of at least one agentdeposited. In one embodiment 10530, the information regarding at leastone parameter of at least partially constructing or at least partiallyreconstructing at least one biological tissue of at least one subjectincludes information regarding at least one dimension of at least onedepth, width, or breadth of cellular, tissue, or other material removalor destruction. In one embodiment 10540, the information regarding atleast one clinical outcome following receipt by the at least one subjectof one or more frozen particle compositions (or frozen piercingimplements) includes information regarding two or more subjects with oneor more common attributes.

In one embodiment 10550, the one or more common attributes include oneor more of genetic attributes, mental attributes, proteomic attributes,phenotypic attributes, or psychological attributes. In one embodiment10560, the one or more common attributes include one or more of height,weight, medical diagnosis, familial background, results on one or moremedical tests, ethnic background, body mass index, age, presence orabsence of at least one disease or condition, species, ethnicity, race,allergies, gender, thickness of tissue, blood vessel condition, hair orfur condition, skin condition, tissue condition, muscle condition, organcondition, nerve condition, brain condition, presence or absence of atleast one biological, chemical, or therapeutic agent in the subject,pregnancy status, lactation status, genetic profile, proteomic profile,partial or whole genetic sequence, partial or whole proteomic sequence,medical condition, medical history, or blood condition.

As indicated in FIG. 106, the output information 10610 includes at leastone of a response signal, comparison code, comparison plot, diagnosticcode, treatment code, test code, code indicative of at least onetreatment received, code indicative of at least one prescribed treatmentstep, code indicative of at least one vaccination administered, codeindicative of at least one therapeutic agent administered, codeindicative of at least one diagnostic agent administered, codeindicative of at least one interaction of an administered agent and atleast one biological or chemical agent in the subject; a code indicativeof at least one dispertion or location of at least one administeredagent; code indicative of at least one detection material administered;code indicative of the depth of penetration of an administered agent,code indicative of the depth of deposition of an administered agent, ora code indicative of the condition of at least one location of anadministered frozen particle composition (or frozen piercing implement).

In one embodiment 10620, receipt by the at least one subject of one ormore frozen particle compositions (or frozen piercing implements) ispursuant to at least one clinical trial. In one embodiment 10630, themethod further comprises determining at least one correlation before theadministration of the one or more frozen particle compositions (orfrozen piercing implements) to the at least one subject.

In one embodiment 10640, the method further comprises creating at leastone inclusion criterion and at least one exclusion criterion for aclinical trial involving the one or more frozen particle compositions(or frozen piercing implements). In one embodiment 10650, the methodfurther comprises suggesting the inclusion of one or more of the atleast one subject in at least one clinical trial. In one embodiment10660, the method further comprises suggesting the exclusion of one ormore of the at least one subject in at least one clinical trial.

As indicated in FIG. 107, the system further comprises means for usingone or more of the at least one correlation 10710 to predict at leastone clinical outcome regarding at least one second subject. In oneembodiment 10720, the at least one second subject has not received theone or more frozen particle compositions (or frozen piercingimplements). In one embodiment 10730, the system further comprises meansfor predicting at least one clinical outcome involving the at least onesecond subject, wherein the at least one second subject is a pluralityof people; and means for segregating subject identifiers associated withthe plurality of people in reference to the predicted at least oneclinical outcome. In one embodiment 10740, the system further comprisesmeans for determining the eligibility of the at least one second subjectfor the at least one clinical trial.

In one embodiment 10750, the one or more frozen particle compositions(or frozen piercing implements) include one or more frozen particlesincluding at least one of hydrogen oxide, nitrogen, oxygen, air, helium,neon, argon, xenon, chlorine, bromine, carbon dioxide, acetone, ethylacetate, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl formamide, dioxane,tetrahydrofuran, acetronitrile, acetic acid, n-butanol, isopropanol,n-propanol, hexamethylphosphorotriamide, perfluorohydrocarbon, methanol,ethanol, tert-butyl alcohol, formic acid, hydrogen fluoride, ammonia,benzene, carbon tetrachloride, hexane, dichloromethane, methylenechloride, carboxylic acid, saline, standard saline citrate, methane,toluene, chloroform, polyethylene glycol, acetic acid, Ringer'ssolution, lactated Ringer's solution, Hartmann's solution, acetatedRinger's solution, phosphate buffered solution, TRIS-buffered salinesolution, Hank's balanced salt solution, Earle's balanced salt solution,standard saline citrate, HEPES-buffered saline, dextrose, glucose, ordiethyl ether.

As indicated in FIG. 108, the at least one agent 10810 includes one ormore of an adhesive agent, therapeutic agent, reinforcement agent,abrasive, explosive material, or biological remodeling agent. In oneembodiment 10820, the adhesive agent, therapeutic agent, reinforcementagent, abrasive, explosive material, or biological remodeling agent issubstantially in the form of at least one of an organic or inorganicsmall molecule, clathrate or caged compound, protocell, coacervate,microsphere, Janus particle, proteinoid, laminate, helical rod,liposome, macroscopic tube, niosome, sphingosome, toroid, vesiculartube, vesicle, small unilamellar vesicle, large unilamellar vesicle,large multilamellar vesicle, multivesicular vesicle, lipid layer, lipidbilayer, micelle, organelle, cell, membrane, nucleic acid, peptide,polypeptide, protein, oligosaccharide, polysaccharide, glycopeptide,glycolipid, sphingolipid, glycosphingolipid, glycoprotein,peptidoglycan, lipid, carbohydrate, metalloprotein, proteoglycan,chromosome, cell nucleus, acid, base, buffer, protic solvent, aproticsolvent, nitric oxide, nitric oxide synthase, nitrous oxide, amino acid,micelle, polymer, bone cement, copolymer, cell receptor, adhesionmolecule, cytokine, chemokine, immunoglobulin, antibody, antigen,platelet, extracellular matrix, blood, plasma, cell ligand, zwitterionicmaterial, cationic material, oligonucleotide, nanotube, or piloxymer. Inone embodiment 10830, the one or more explosive materials include atleast one of a carbonate, carbon dioxide, nitroglycerine, acid, base,epoxy, acrylic polymer or copolymer, acrylamide polymer or copolymer,urethane, hypoxyapatite, or reactive metal. In one embodiment 10840, theat least one adhesive agent includes one or more of an acrylic polymeror copolymer, acrylamide polymer or copolymer polymer or copolymer,acrylamide polymer or copolymer, polyacrylic acid, epoxy, urethane, gumarabic, polyester, polyhydroxyalkanoate, poly(L-lactic acid),polyglycolide, polylactic acid, polyether, polyol, polyvinylpyrrolidone,pyroxylin, polymethylacrylate-isobutene-monoisopropylmaleate, siloxanepolymer, polylactic-co-glycolic-acid, poly-3-hydroxybutyrate,poly-4-hydroxybutyrate, polyhydroxyvalerate, polydydroxyhexanoate,polydyroxyoctanoate, polycaprolactone, poly (e-caprolactone), sialylLewis^(x), heme group, hemoglobin, healon, carboxymethylcellulose,hydroxyapatite, silicone, cadherin, integrin, hydroxyapatite,polyelectrolyte, maleic polyelectrolyte, cellulose, resilin,cyanoacrylate, isocyanate, 2-octyl cyanoacrylate,2-butyl-n-cyanoacrylate, n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate, butyl-2-cyanoacrylate,methyl 2-cyanoacrylate, polyisohexylcyanoacrylate, fibrin, thrombin,fibrinogen, hyaluronate, chitin, Factor XIII, Factor XII, silk, nylon,collagen, glycosaminoglycan, selectin, polyurethane, methacrylate, orpolysulfide, polyanhydride, polydioxanone, poly-p-dioxanone, silicone,albumin, glutaraldehyde, polyethylene glycol, or gelatin.

As indicated in FIG. 109, the one or more reinforcement agents 10910include one or more of polyaramid, vinylester matrix, metal, ceramic,fiberglass, cellulose, broad carbide, aromatic polyamide, nylon, silk,rayon, acetate, modacrylic, olefin, acrylic, polyester, aromaticpolyester, poly-lactic acid, vinyon, saran, spandex, vinalon, aromaticnylon, vinylidene chloride, modal, polybenzimidazole, sulfur, lyocell,orlon, zylon, high-performance polyethylene, polypyridobenzimidazole,vectran, acrylonitrile rubber, glass, copper, iron, steel, sodium,potassium, calcium, zinc, manganese, carbon, magnesium, silicon, silica,frozen hydrogen oxide ice, plant matter, animal matter, or mineralmatter.

In one embodiment 10920, the therapeutic agent includes at least one ofan anti-tumor agent, antimicrobial agent, anti-viral agent, analgesic,antiseptic, anesthetic, diagnostic agent, anti-inflammatory agent,vaccine, cell growth inhibitor, cell growth promoter, immunogen,antigen, radioactive agent, apoptosis promoting factor, enzymatic agent,angiogenic factor, anti-angiogenic factor, hormone, vitamin, mineral,nutraceutical, cytokine, chemokine, probiotic, coagulant,anti-coagulant, phage, prodrug, prebiotic, blood sugar stabilizer,smooth muscle cell activator, epinephrine, adrenaline, neurotoxin,neuro-muscular toxin, Botulinum toxin type A, microbial cell orcomponent thereof, or virus or component thereof. In one embodiment10930, the at least one biological remodeling agent includes one or moreof a blood cell, chondrocyte, endothelial cell, hepatocyte,keratinocyte, myocyte, osteoblast, osteoclast, osteocyte, mesenchymalcell, stem cell, progenitor cell, or fibroblast.

As indicated in FIG. 110, the at least one biological remodeling agent11010 includes one or more of calcium phosphate, albumin, cytokine,pegylated cytokine, bone, cartilage, globulin, fibrin, thrombin,glutaraldehyde-crosslinked pericardium, hide powder, hyaluronic acid,hydroxylapatite, keratin, ligament, nitinol, nucleic acid polymers,polyethylene, polylethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol diacrylate,polyethylene terephthalate fiber, polyglycol, polylactate,polytetrafluoroethylene, polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid,polycaprolactone, PURAMATRIX™ self-assembly peptide hydrogel fibers,linear aliphatic polyester, tendon, fibrinogen, hyaluronate, chitin,chitosan, methylcellulose, alginate, hyaluronic acid, agarose,cellulose, polyaldehyde gluronate, Factor XIII, Factor XII, silk, nylon,collagen, silicone, polyurethane, ceramic powder, elastin, pectin, wax,glycosaminoglycan, poly(α-hydroxyacid), selectin, glutaraldehyde,hydrophobic non-glycosylated protein, hydrogel, peptide hydrogel, orgelatin. In one embodiment 11020, the at least one biological remodelingagent includes one or more of Type I collagen, Type II collagen, TypeIII collagen, Type VII collagen, Type X collagen, elastin fibers, orsoluble elastin. In one embodiment 11030, the at least one biologicalremodeling agent is included as part of a carrier that assists insynthesis or activation of the at least one biological remodeling agent.

As indicated in FIGS. 111-113, one embodiment relates to a system 11100comprising means for predicting a clinical outcome of one or more frozenparticle composition (or frozen piercing implement) treatments for atleast one first subject, including means 11120 for determining asimilarity or a dissimilarity in information regarding at least oneparameter for at least partially constructing or at least partiallyreconstructing at least one biological tissue of at least one firstsubject by administering one or more frozen particle compositions (orfrozen piercing implements) to the at least one first subject withinformation regarding at least one parameter of at least partiallyconstructing or at least partially reconstructing at least onebiological tissue of at least one second subject; wherein 11130 the atleast one second subject attained a clinical outcome following receiptof the one or more frozen particle compositions (or frozen piercingimplements); and 11140 means for providing output information. In oneembodiment 11150, the output information is based on the determination.

In one embodiment 11160, the information regarding at least oneparameter of at least partially constructing or at least partiallyreconstructing at least one biological tissue of at least one secondsubject includes information regarding quantity of cells or tissue atleast partially constructed or at least partially reconstructed. In oneembodiment 11170, the information regarding at least one parameter of atleast partially constructing or at least partially reconstructing atleast one biological tissue of at least one first subject includesinformation regarding at least one cellular or tissue source. In oneembodiment 11180, the information regarding at least one parameter of atleast partially constructing or at least partially reconstructing atleast one biological tissue of at least one first subject includesinformation regarding at least one abnormal cellular or tissue source.

As indicated in FIG. 112, in one embodiment 11210, the informationregarding at least one parameter of at least partially constructing orat least partially reconstructing at least one biological tissue of atleast one first subject includes information regarding at least one typeof cell or tissue. In one embodiment 11220 the information regarding atleast one parameter of at least partially constructing or at leastpartially reconstructing at least one biological tissue of at least onesecond subject includes information regarding at least one type of cellor tissue. In one embodiment 11230 the at least one agent includes oneor more of an adhesive agent, abrasive, reinforcement agent, therapeuticagent, biological remodeling agent, or explosive material. In oneembodiment 11240 the information regarding at least one parameter of atleast partially constructing or at least partially reconstructing atleast one biological tissue of at least one first subject includesinformation regarding at least one dimension of at least one agentdeposited. In one embodiment 11250 the information regarding at leastone parameter of at least partially constructing or at least partiallyreconstructing at least one biological tissue of at least one secondsubject includes information regarding at least one dimension of atleast one agent deposited. In one embodiment 11260, the informationregarding at least one parameter of at least partially constructing orat least partially reconstructing at least one biological tissue of atleast one second subject includes information regarding at least onedimension of at least one depth, width, or breadth of cellular, tissue,or other material removal or destruction. In one embodiment 11270, theinformation regarding at least one parameter of at least partiallyconstructing or at least partially reconstructing at least onebiological tissue of at least one first subject includes informationregarding at least one dimension of at least one depth, width, orbreadth of cellular, tissue, or other material removal or destruction.

As indicated in FIG. 113, in one embodiment 11310, the informationregarding at least one clinical outcome following receipt by the atleast one second subject of one or more frozen particle compositions (orfrozen piercing implements) includes information regarding two or moresubjects with one or more common attributes. In one embodiment 11320,the one or more common attributes include but are not limited to geneticattributes, mental attributes, proteomic attributes, phenotypicattributes, or psychological attributes. In one embodiment 11330, theone or more common attributes include at least one of height; weight;medical diagnosis; familial background; results on one or more medicaltests; ethnic background; body mass index; age; presence or absence ofat least one disease or condition; species; ethnicity; race; allergies;gender; thickness of epidermis; thickness of dermis; thickness ofstratum corneum; keratin deposition; collagen deposition; blood vesselcondition; skin condition; hair or fur condition; muscle condition;tissue condition; organ condition; nerve condition; brain condition;presence or absence of at least one biological, chemical, or therapeuticagent in the subject; pregnancy status; lactation status; medicalhistory; genetic profile; proteomic profile; partial or whole geneticsequence; partial or whole proteomic sequence; lymph condition, medicalhistory, or blood condition.

In one embodiment 11340, the output information includes at least one ofa response signal, a comparison code, a comparison plot, a diagnosticcode, a treatment code, a test code, a code indicative of at least onetreatment received, a code indicative of at least one prescribedtreatment step, a code indicative of at least one vaccination delivered;a code indicative of at least one therapeutic agent delivered; a codeindicative of at least one diagnostic agent delivered; a code indicativeof at least one interaction of a delivered agent and at least onebiological or chemical agent in the subject; a code indicative of atleast one dispersion or location of at least one delivered agent; a codeindicative of at least one detection material delivered; a codeindicative of the depth of penetration of a delivered agent; or a codeindicative of the condition of at least one location of a delivered oradministered frozen particle composition (or frozen piercing implement)2700.

As indicated in FIG. 114, in one embodiment 11410, receipt by the atleast one second subject of one or more frozen particle compositions (orfrozen piercing implements) is pursuant to at least one clinical trial.In one embodiment 11420, the system further comprises means fordetermining at least one correlation before the administration of theone or more frozen particle compositions (or frozen piercing implements)to the at least one first subject. In one embodiment 11430, the systemfurther comprises means for creating at least one inclusion criterionand at least one exclusion criterion for a clinical trial involving theone or more frozen particle compositions (or frozen piercingimplements). In one embodiment 11440, the system further comprises meansfor suggesting the inclusion of one or more of the at least one firstsubject in at least one clinical trial.

In one embodiment 11450, the system further comprises means forsuggesting the exclusion of one or more of the at least one firstsubject in at least one clinical trial. In one embodiment 11460, thesystem further comprises means for using one or more of the at least onefirst subject in at least one clinical trial. In one embodiment 11470,the at least one second subject has not received the one or more frozenparticle compositions (or frozen piercing implements). In one embodiment11480, the system further comprises means for predicting at least oneclinical outcome involving the at least one second subject, wherein theat least one second subject is a plurality of people; and means forsegregating subject identifiers associated with the plurality of peoplein reference to the predicted at least one clinical outcome.

As indicated in FIG. 115, in one embodiment 11510, the one or morefrozen particle compositions (or frozen piercing implements) include atleast one of hydrogen oxide, nitrogen, oxygen, air, helium, neon, argon,xenon, chlorine, bromine, carbon dioxide, acetone, ethyl acetate,dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl formamide, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran,acetronitrile, acetic acid, n-butanol, isopropanol, n-propanol,hexamethylphosphorotriamide, perfluorohydrocarbon, methanol, ethanol,tert-butyl alcohol, formic acid, hydrogen fluoride, ammonia, benzene,carbon tetrachloride, hexane, dichloromethane, methylene chloride,carboxylic acid, saline, standard saline citrate, methane, toluene,chloroform, polyethylene glycol, acetic acid, Ringer's solution,lactated Ringer's solution, Hartmann's solution, acetated Ringer'ssolution, phosphate buffered solution, TRIS-buffered saline solution,Hank's balanced salt solution, Earle's balanced salt solution, standardsaline citrate, HEPES-buffered saline, dextrose, glucose, or diethylether.

In one embodiment 11520, the one or more frozen particle compositions(or frozen piercing implements) include one or more of an adhesiveagent, therapeutic agent, reinforcement agent, abrasive, explosivematerial, or biological remodeling agent.

In one embodiment 11530, the adhesive agent, therapeutic agent,reinforcement agent, abrasive, explosive material, or biologicalremodeling agent includes at least one of an organic or inorganic smallmolecule, clathrate or caged compound, protocell, coacervate,microsphere, Janus particle, proteinoid, laminate, helical rod,liposome, macroscopic tube, niosome, sphingosome, toroid, vesiculartube, vesicle, small unilamellar vesicle, large unilamellar vesicle,large multilamellar vesicle, multivesicular vesicle, lipid layer, lipidbilayer, micelle, organelle, cell, membrane, nucleic acid, peptide,polypeptide, protein, oligosaccharide, polysaccharide, glycopeptide,glycolipid, sphingolipid, glycosphingolipid, glycoprotein,peptidoglycan, lipid, carbohydrate, metalloprotein, proteoglycan,chromosome, cell nucleus, acid, base, buffer, protic solvent, aproticsolvent, nitric oxide, nitric oxide synthase, nitrous oxide, amino acid,micelle, polymer, bone cement, copolymer, cell receptor, adhesionmolecule, cytokine, chemokine, immunoglobulin, antibody, antigen,platelet, extracellular matrix, blood, plasma, cell ligand, zwitterionicmaterial, cationic material, oligonucleotide, nanotube, or piloxymer.

In one embodiment 11540, the one or more explosive materials include atleast one of a carbonate, carbon dioxide, nitroglycerine, acid, base,epoxy, acrylic polymer or copolymer, acrylamide polymer or copolymer,urethane, hypoxyapatite, or reactive metal.

In one embodiment 11610, the at least one adhesive agent includes one ormore of an acrylic polymer or copolymer, acrylamide polymer or copolymerpolymer or copolymer, acrylamide polymer or copolymer, polyacrylic acid,epoxy, urethane, gum arabic, polyester, polyhydroxyalkanoate,poly(L-lactic acid), polyglycolide, polylactic acid, polyether, polyol,polyvinylpyrrolidone, pyroxylin,polymethylacrylate-isobutene-monoisopropylmaleate, siloxane polymer,polylactic-co-glycolic-acid, poly-3-hydroxybutyrate,poly-4-hydroxybutyrate, polyhydroxyvalerate, polydydroxyhexanoate,polydyroxyoctanoate, polycaprolactone, poly (e-caprolactone), sialylLewis^(x), heme group, hemoglobin, healon, carboxymethylcellulose,hydroxyapatite, silicone, cadherin, integrin, hydroxyapatite,polyelectrolyte, maleic polyelectrolyte, cellulose, resilin,cyanoacrylate, isocyanate, 2-octyl cyanoacrylate,2-butyl-n-cyanoacrylate, n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate, butyl-2-cyanoacrylate,methyl 2-cyanoacrylate, polyisohexylcyanoacrylate, fibrin, thrombin,fibrinogen, hyaluronate, chitin, Factor XIII, Factor XII, silk, nylon,collagen, glycosaminoglycan, selectin, polyurethane, methacrylate, orpolysulfide, polyanhydride, polydioxanone, poly-p-dioxanone, silicone,albumin, glutaraldehyde, polyethylene glycol, or gelatin.

In one embodiment 11620, the one or more reinforcement agents includeone or more of polyaramid, vinylester matrix, metal, ceramic,fiberglass, cellulose, broad carbide, aromatic polyamide, nylon, silk,rayon, acetate, modacrylic, olefin, acrylic, polyester, aromaticpolyester, poly-lactic acid, vinyon, saran, spandex, vinalon, aromaticnylon, vinylidene chloride, modal, polybenzimidazole, sulfur, lyocell,orlon, zylon, high-performance polyethylene, polypyridobenzimidazole,vectran, acrylonitrile rubber, glass, copper, iron, steel, sodium,potassium, calcium, zinc, manganese, carbon, magnesium, silicon, silica,frozen hydrogen oxide ice, plant matter, animal matter, or mineralmatter 11630 wherein the therapeutic agent includes at least one of ananti-tumor agent, antimicrobial agent, anti-viral agent, analgesic,antiseptic, anesthetic, diagnostic agent, anti-inflammatory agent,vaccine, cell growth inhibitor, cell growth promoter, immunogen,antigen, radioactive agent, apoptosis promoting factor, enzymatic agent,angiogenic factor, anti-angiogenic factor, hormone, vitamin, mineral,nutraceutical, cytokine, chemokine, probiotic, coagulant,anti-coagulant, phage, prodrug, prebiotic, blood sugar stabilizer,smooth muscle cell activator, epinephrine, adrenaline, neurotoxin,neuro-muscular toxin, Botulinum toxin type A, microbial cell orcomponent thereof, or virus or component thereof.

In one embodiment 11710, the at least one biological remodeling agentincludes one or more of a blood cell, chondrocyte, endothelial cell,hepatocyte, keratinocyte, myocyte, osteoblast, osteoclast, osteocyte,mesenchymal cell, stem cell, progenitor cell, or fibroblast.

In one embodiment 11720, the at least one biological remodeling agentincludes one or more of calcium phosphate, albumin, cytokine, pegylatedcytokine, bone, cartilage, globulin, fibrin, thrombin,glutaraldehyde-crosslinked pericardium, hide powder, hyaluronic acid,hydroxylapatite, keratin, ligament, nitinol, nucleic acid polymers,polyethylene, polylethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol diacrylate,polyethylene terephthalate fiber, polyglycol, polylactate,polytetrafluoroethylene, polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid,polycaprolactone, PURAMATRIX™ self-assembly peptide hydrogel fibers,linear aliphatic polyester, tendon, fibrinogen, hyaluronate, chitin,chitosan, methylcellulose, alginate, hyaluronic acid, agarose,cellulose, polyaldehyde gluronate, Factor XIII, Factor XII, silk, nylon,collagen, silicone, polyurethane, ceramic powder, elastin, pectin, wax,glycosaminoglycan, poly(α-hydroxyacid), selectin, glutaraldehyde,hydrophobic non-glycosylated protein, hydrogel, peptide hydrogel, orgelatin.

In one embodiment 11730, the at least one biological remodeling agentincludes one or more of Type I collagen, Type II collagen, Type IIIcollagen, Type VII collagen, Type X collagen, elastin fibers, or solubleelastin.

In one embodiment 11740, the at least one biological remodeling agent isincluded as part of a carrier that assists in synthesis or activation ofthe at least one biological remodeling agent.

As illustrated in FIG. 118, a cross-section of animal skin (e.g., humanskin, as shown) has multiple layers, including but not limited to thestratum corneum (approximately 10-15 microns thick) as part of theepidermis (approximately 100-150 microns thick). In one embodiment, atleast one frozen particle composition, at least one frozen piercingimplement, or at least one frozen piercing implement device isadministered to a substrate, such as skin, and is configured topenetrate the stratum corneum or entire epidermis, without reaching theunderlying nerves (e.g., “sensory nerve ending for touch,” of FIG. 118).In one embodiment, at least one agent (e.g., an anesthetic) is includedin the at least one frozen particle composition, at least one frozenpiercing implement, or at least one frozen piercing implement devicethat at least partially disrupts nerve function in such a manner thateven if further frozen particle compositions, frozen piercingimplements, or frozen piercing implement devices are administered, painis reduced or eliminated regardless of the depth of penetration.

As illustrated in FIG. 119, in one embodiment, at least one frozenparticle composition, frozen piercing implement, or frozen piercingimplement device is administered by propelling under a rapid expansionforce (e.g., by way of at least one outlet) which may be the result ofat least one explosion. In one embodiment, the explosion includesflash-boiling the at least one cooling liquid. In one embodiment, theexplosion includes a boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE) ofthe at least one cooling liquid.

The BLEVE of the cooling liquid can be calculated according to standardtechniques. For example, in FIG. 119, a diagram of the relationshipbetween the pressure for a substance in various phases of liquid andgas, and the volume occupied by that substance. See, for example, theworldwide web at: criticalprocesses.com/BLEVE.htm, the subject matter ofwhich is incorporated herein by reference. The line from point A to Bindicates the substance is in liquid form and as the volume thesubstance occupies expands, the pressure falls until it reaches thevapor pressure of the liquid (B) for a particular temperature. Id. Theliquid then evaporates to become a liquid-gas mixture, and the pressurestays constant at the vapor pressure. Eventually the substance reachespoint C, where the liquid has been converted to gas phase, and thepressure drops with further expansion. Id.

If the pressure falls suddenly, the substance can become unstable liquidalong the line from point B to point S. Id. S is known as a spinodalpoint, and the slope of the line at this point is zero

( i . e . ( ∂ p ∂ V ) = 0 ) .

Id. The dotted line connects spinodal points at different temperatures,forming the spinodal curve, and ending at the critical point. Id. Duringa BLEVE, density variations develop spontaneously and homogenously intoliquid and gas regions. Id. The rise in pressure on the vapor pressureline from point B to C occurs rapidly, and a BLEVE results. Id.

As illustrated in FIG. 120, for carbon dioxide, conditions for inducinga BLEVE can be calculated for a particular substance since the entropyof the system remains constant. Id. Thus, conditions that induce a BLEVEfor any particular substance are found along the spinodal curve for thatsubstance, between 1 bar and the critical point where the curve ends.Id.

As illustrated in FIG. 121, various embodiments of frozen particlecompositions or frozen piercing implements (alone, or as part of adevice), include different sizes, shapes, or configurations. In oneembodiment (as depicted in FIG. 121A), the frozen particle compositionor frozen piercing implement includes a tip (or distal end), a shaft,and a base (or proximal end). As indicated in FIG. 121A, the height,width, or breadth can vary according to particular parameters for makingor administering the at least one frozen particle composition or frozenpiercing implement. In one embodiment, multiple different frozenparticle compositions or frozen piercing implements are included in adevice, wherein multiple different parameters (including but not limitedto size, shape, density, height, width, breadth, or configuration) areincluded.

In one embodiment, FIG. 121B includes a frozen particle composition orfrozen piercing implement with at least one cavity. As disclosed herein,in one embodiment, the at least one cavity includes at least one solid,liquid, gas, or other form of substance. In one embodiment, the at leastone cavity includes at least one agent. Various non-limiting examples ofagents are described herein. In one embodiment, the at least one frozenparticle composition or frozen piercing implement includes at least onechannel. In one embodiment, as indicated in FIG. 121B, the at least onefrozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement includesmultiple cavities. As illustrated in FIG. 121C, in one embodiment, theat least one frozen particle composition or frozen piercing implementincludes at least one of a tapered, mushroom shaped, beveled, serated,or other configuration (respectively from left to right in the figure).

As illustrated in FIG. 122, strength of frozen piercing implements isindicated by a sudden drop in force at the point of failure. See, forexample, Park et al., Ibid. The maximum force just prior to the suddendrop defines the force of the piercing implement failure. As shown inFIG. 122, according to the published study, microneedles containingpolylactic acid with a height of approximately 800 μm and a basediameter of approximately 200 μm display a failure force ofapproximately 0.50 Newtons/needle, which is approximately three timesgreater than the force needed for insertion into skin. See, for example,Park et al, J. Contr. Rel., vol. 104, pp. 51-66 (2005), which isincorporated herein by reference.

As illustrated in FIG. 123, in one embodiment, at least one frozenparticle composition, frozen piercing implement, or frozen piercingimplement device includes at least one shape or configurationillustrated. In one embodiment, the at least one frozen particlecomposition, or frozen piercing implement includes at least one cavityor channel. For example, FIG. 123A illustrates a conical shape, FIG.123B illustrates a cylindrical and conical hybrid, FIG. 123C indicatesanother conical shape, FIG. 123D illustrates a pyramidal shape, FIG.123E illustrates a cuboidal and pyramidal hybrid, FIG. 123F illustratesa cylindrical shape, FIG. 123G illustrates several planar rectangularshapes attached to a support structure (e.g., for a frozen piercingimplement device), and FIG. 123H illustrates several planar triangularshapes attached to a support structure (e.g., for a frozen piercingimplement device).

As illustrated in FIG. 124, in one embodiment at least one frozenpiercing implement device 12400 includes multiple frozen piercingimplements contacting a support structure. In one embodiment, at leastone frozen piercing implement is made by contacting at least one fluid12420 with at least one frame 12430 defining at least one projection,raising the at least one frame approximately vertically from the atleast one fluid, such that the surface tension of the at least one fluidis maintained, forming at least one fluid extension 12420 (FIGS.124D-G); exposing the at least one fluid extension to conditions for atime sufficient to solidify the at least one fluid'extension 12420(FIGS. 124D-G) in the form of at least one frozen particle compositionor frozen piercing implement. In one embodiment, the fluid 12420 islocated on at least one support structure 12410. Subsequent to makingthe at least one frozen piercing implement from the fluid extension, theimplement can remain on the support structure, or be removed.

As illustrated in FIG. 125, at least one frozen piercing implementincludes at least one functionalized surface 12560. In one embodiment(FIG. 125 A) at least one inner surface 12550 of the at least one frozenpiercing implement 12590 is functionalized. For example, the innersurface may include at least one carboxylic group 12510, capable ofproviding a surface tending toward a hydrophilic, or anionic surface. Inone embodiment (FIG. 125 B) at least one outer surface 12560 of the atleast one frozen piercing implement is functionalized. For example, theouter surface may include at least one lipid group 12540, capable ofproviding a surface tending toward a hydrophobic, or lipophilic surface.In one embodiment (FIGS. 125 C and 125 D) at least one inner surface ofthe at least one frozen piercing implement is functionalized. Forexample, the inner surface may include at least one amino group 12585,capable of providing a surface tending toward a hydrophilic, cationicsurface. In one embodiment (FIG. 125 E) at least one surface of thefrozen piercing implement includes at least one silane group 12595. Forexample, the surface may be modified to include at least onealkoxysilane of Formula I: (R²)Si(R¹)₃ (Formula I), wherein R¹ includesat least one of a chlorine, acetoxy, or alkoxy, and R² includes at leastone of an organofunctional group (e.g. methyl, phenyl, isobutyl, octyl,—NH(CH₂)₃NH₂, epoxy, methacryl, etc.), alkyl, aryl, amino, methacryloxy,or epoxy. In one embodiment, the Formula I silanized surface may becapable of imparting at least one property of nonpolar, hydrophilic,hydrophobic, organophilic, lipophilic, lipophobic, acidic, basic,neutral, increased or decreased permeability, or combinations thereof.See, for example, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2008/0078376,which is incorporated herein by reference.

In one embodiment, the inner surface 12550 is functionalized with acharged group 12575. In one embodiment, the underside of the supportstructure 12580 is in fluid communication with at least one compartment(not shown). In one embodiment, the topside of the support structure12530 can also be functionalized 12570.

In one embodiment, the at least one functionalized surface 12560includes one or more functionalities including one or more of chargefunctionality, hydrophobic functionality, hydrophilic functionality,chemically reactive functionality, organo functionality, or wetability.In one embodiment, the at least one functionalized surface 12560includes one or more functional groups including at least one of anagent, alcohol, hydroxyl, amine, aldehyde, dye, ketone, carbonyl, thiol,alkoxysilane, phosphate, carboxyl, carboxylic acid, carboxylate, nucleicacid, amino acid, polypeptide, protein, lipid, carbohydrate, metal, —NH₃⁺, —COOH, —COO—, —SO₃, CH₂N⁺(CH₃)₃, —(CH₂)_(x)CH₃, —C((CH₂)_(x)CF₃)₃,—CH₂N(C₂H₅)₂, —NH₂, —(CH₂)_(x)COOH, —(OCH₂CH₂)_(x)CH₃, —SiOH, or —OH.

In one embodiment, the at least one functionalized surface 12560includes at least part of an outer surface. In one embodiment, the atleast one functionalized surface includes at least part of an innersurface 12550.

As illustrated in FIG. 126, in one embodiment, at least one frozenparticle composition, frozen piercing implement, or component of afrozen piercing implement device 12600 includes at least one distal end,or tip, 12810, and a proximal end, or base end, 12820. In oneembodiment, the frozen particle composition or frozen piercing implementincludes at least one channel 12800. In one embodiment, the at least onechannel includes at least one inner surface 12830 and at least one outersurface 12860. In one embodiment, the frozen particle composition orfrozen piercing implement are substantially solid in form. As indicatedby FIGS. 126A through 126G, the frozen particle compositions or frozenpiercing implements can take a variety of forms, shapes, orconfigurations. For example, FIGS. 126C-126D illustrate at least onefrozen piercing implement including at least one beveled end. In anotherexample, FIG. 126G illustrates at least one frozen piercing implementincluding at least one jagged end. In another example, FIG. 126Dincludes at least one frozen piercing implement including at least oneblunt or substantially flattened end. In another example, FIGS. 126A,126B, and 126F illustrate at least one frozen piercing implementincluding at least one tapered end.

As illustrated in FIG. 127 A, in one embodiment, an array devicecomprises a body portion 12720, including a support structure having asurface 12725; and a plurality of piercing implements 12750 extendingsubstantially outward from the support structure 12725. In oneembodiment, the plurality of piercing implements 12750 includes at leastone frozen piercing implement 12755. In one embodiment, the deviceincludes at least one compartment 12700 configured to hold at least oneagent to be administered to the at least one substrate, or at least onematerial extracted from the at least one substrate. In one embodiment,at least one piercing implement 12755 is in fluid communication with theat least one compartment 12700, and includes a distal end opening (e.g.,a port) 12740 from which at least one agent can be administered to theat least one substrate, or at least one material can be extracted fromthe at least one substrate. In one embodiment, the device includes atleast one backing member 12710, which can be a portion of the overallsupport structure 12725, and can function as an outer portion of thesupport structure (e.g., in at least one embodiment, the compartment isdisposable and the backing member and/or remaining support structure isrecyclable or reusable). In one embodiment, the backing member is anouter shell. In one embodiment, the backing member is multi-layered(e.g., polymeric or paper-based materials). In one embodiment, afastening mechanism (e.g., adhesive, VELCRO®, etc.) 12730 is included toattach the device to the at least one substrate (e.g., the surface of asubject or device, etc.). In one embodiment, the fastening mechanism12730 is at least temporarily covered by a device cover 12760.

In one embodiment, the plurality of sterile frozen piercing implements12750 have at least one major dimension of approximately one centimeteror less, approximately one millimeter or less, approximately onemicrometer or less, approximately one nanometer, or any valuetherebetween.

In one embodiment, the plurality of sterile frozen piercing implements12750 extends substantially perpendicular to the support structure. Inone embodiment, the plurality of sterile frozen piercing implements12750 extends through the surface of the support structure 12725. In oneembodiment, the plurality of sterile frozen piercing implements 12750extends from the surface of the support structure 12725. In oneembodiment, the support structure 12725 includes at least one frozencomposition. In one embodiment, the support structure 12725 includes atleast one frozen composition also included in at least one frozenpiercing implement 12755. In one embodiment, the support structure 12725is at least partially frozen. In one embodiment, the support structure12725 and at least one frozen piercing implement 12755 of the pluralityof frozen piercing implements 12750 include at least one commonconstituent. In one embodiment, the plurality of frozen piercingimplements 12750 are positioned substantially parallel to each other.

In one embodiment, the plurality of frozen piercing implements 12750 arepositioned substantially in a predetermined spatial pattern. In oneembodiment, the predetermined spatial pattern is at least partiallyperiodic. See FIG. 131 for various non-limiting examples of spatialpatterns for array devices, including at least partially periodicpatterns.

In one embodiment, the plurality of frozen piercing implements 12750includes an area density of implements greater than or approximatelyequal to 1 μm, greater than or approximately equal to 10 μm, greaterthan or approximately equal to 50 μm, greater than or approximatelyequal to 100 μm, greater than or approximately equal to 500 μm, greaterthan or approximately equal to 1 mm, greater than or approximately equalto 10 mm, greater than or approximately equal to 50 mm, greater than orapproximately equal to 100 mm, greater than or approximately equal to500 mm, greater than or approximately equal to 1 cm, or any value therebetween. In one embodiment, the plurality of frozen piercing implements12750 includes approximately the same length.

In one embodiment, the length of a frozen piercing implement isassociated with the position or location of the frozen piercingimplement in the array device. For some non-limiting examples, longer ortaller implements may be in the center, while shorter implements arearound the periphery; longer or taller implements may be in a particularpattern within the spatial pattern of the array device, while shorterimplements are in a different particular pattern; implements in thecenter may include different agents that extend their length (e.g.reinforcement agents); or implements along one particular side may belonger than implements along another particular side. In one embodiment,the length of a frozen piercing implement is actuatable, orcontrollable.

In one embodiment, the at least one frozen piercing implement isconfigured to be deactivated. In one embodiment, the at least one frozenpiercing implement is configured to be deactivated by at least onecomponent of the array device or the frozen piercing implement. In oneembodiment, the at least one frozen piercing implement configured to bedeactivated by thermal transfer to the at least one frozen piercingimplement.

In one embodiment, the plurality of frozen piercing implements 12750 ispositioned as at least a portion of a fluidic or injection device. SeeFIGS. 127B, 129, and 130, for various non-limiting examples of devices.

As illustrated in FIG. 127, in one embodiment, the plurality of frozenpiercing implements 12750 is positioned in fluid communication with atleast one compartment 12700 configured to be mechanically regulated. Inone embodiment, the plurality of frozen piercing implements 12750 ispositioned on at least one surface 12725.

In one embodiment, a fluidic device comprises a support structure 12725at least partially defining at least one compartment 12700, and at leastone frozen piercing implement 12755 in fluid communication with the atleast one compartment 12700.

In one embodiment, at least one frozen piercing implement of theplurality of frozen piercing implements includes one or more of hydrogenoxide, nitrogen, oxygen, air, helium, neon, argon, xenon, chlorine,bromine, carbon dioxide, acetone, ethyl acetate, dimethyl sulfoxide,dimethyl formamide, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile, acetic acid,n-butanol, isopropanol, n-propanol, hexamethylphosphorotriamide,perfluorohydrocarbon, methanol, ethanol, tert-butyl alcohol, formicacid, hydrogen fluoride, ammonia, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, hexane,dichloromethane, methylene chloride, carboxylic acid, saline, standardsaline citrate, methane, toluene, chloroform, polyethylene glycol,acetic acid, Ringer's solution, lactated Ringer's solution, Hartmann'ssolution, acetated Ringer's solution, phosphate buffered solution,TRIS-buffered saline solution, Hank's balanced salt solution, Earle'sbalanced salt solution, standard saline citrate, HEPES-buffered saline,dextrose, glucose, or diethyl ether.

In one embodiment, at least one frozen piercing implement 12755 of theplurality of frozen piercing implements 12750 is configured to deliverat least one agent, and further comprises at least one agent. In oneembodiment, the at least one major dimension includes at least one ofthe radius, diameter, length, width, height, or perimeter.

In one embodiment, each frozen piercing implement 12755 of the plurality12750 includes at least one agent different than the agent of everyother frozen piercing implement of the plurality 12750. In oneembodiment, at least one frozen piercing implement 12755 of theplurality 12750 includes at least two different agents. In oneembodiment, the device includes at least two different agents. In oneembodiment, the at least one agent includes at least one antigen. In oneembodiment, each frozen piercing implement 12755 of the plurality 12750includes at least one antigen. In one embodiment, the at least oneantigen includes at least one allergen. In one embodiment, the frozenpiercing implement 12755 is configured for delivering the at least oneagent. Various non-limiting examples of agents are described herein. Inone embodiment, the at least one agent includes at least one of anontoxic, biocompatible, bioresorbable, or biodegradable agent. In oneembodiment, at least two frozen piercing implements of the plurality offrozen piercing implements have at least one agent in common. In oneembodiment, each frozen piercing implement 12755 of the plurality offrozen piercing implements 12750 has at least one agent in common. Inone embodiment, each frozen piercing implement 12755 of the plurality offrozen piercing implements 12750 is different from every other piercingimplement by varying one or more of: size of implement, shape ofimplement, or constitution of implement.

In one embodiment, at least two frozen piercing implements of theplurality 12750 of frozen piercing implement differ in one or more of:size of implement, shape of implement, or constitution of implement. Inone embodiment, at least one frozen piercing implement of the pluralityof frozen piercing implements 12750 includes hydrogen oxide in one ormore phases including at least one of amorphous solid water, low densityamorphous ice, high density amorphous ice, very high density amorphousice, clathrate ice, hyperquenched glassy water, ice Ic, ice II, ice III,ice IV, ice V, ice VI, ice VII, ice VIII, ice IX, ice X, ice XI, iceXII, ice XIII, ice XIV, or ice XV. In one embodiment, at least one ofthe plurality of frozen piercing implements is substantially solid atapproximately 0° C., approximately −10° C., approximately −20° C.,approximately −30° C., approximately −40° C., approximately −50° C.,approximately −60° C., approximately −70° C., approximately −75° C.,approximately −80° C., approximately −85° C., approximately −90° C.,approximately −95° C., approximately −100° C., approximately −120° C.,approximately −150° C., approximately −180° C., approximately −200° C.,approximately −220° C., approximately −250° C., or any value less thanor therebetween. In one embodiment, the array device has at least onemajor dimension of approximately one centimeter or less, approximatelyone millimeter or less, approximately one micrometer or less,approximately one nanometer, or any value therebetween.

In one embodiment, the plurality of frozen piercing implements 12750includes a two dimensional array, or a three dimensional array. In oneembodiment, the plurality of frozen piercing implements are arranged inat least one configuration including a regular or irregular shape. Seefor example, FIG. 130 for various non-limiting examples of array deviceshapes. In one embodiment, the plurality of frozen piercing implementsare arranged in at least one configuration including at least one of arectangle, square, circle, triangle, or polygon. See for example, FIG.130.

In one embodiment, at least one frozen piercing implement of theplurality 12750 of frozen piercing implements includes at least onefunctionalized surface. See, for example, FIG. 125, for variousnon-limiting examples of functionalized surfaces.

In one embodiment, the array device includes at least one attachmentcomponent 12730 configured to secure the array device to at least onesubstrate. In one embodiment, the at least one attachment component12730 includes at least one adhesive material. In one embodiment, thedevice is configured to substantially form a patch. In one embodiment,the array device further comprising at least one compartment 12700. Inone embodiment, the at least one compartment includes, for example, atleast one syringe or valve. See, for example, FIG. 130 for variousnon-limiting examples of a syringe and valve. In one embodiment, the atleast one compartment 12700 is configured to hold at least one materialextracted from at least one substrate. In one embodiment, the at leastone compartment 12700 is in fluid communication with at least one frozenpiercing implement of the plurality of frozen piercing implements. Inone embodiment, the at least one compartment 12700 is configured forholding at least one agent. In one embodiment, the at least onecompartment 12700 is configured for holding at least one cryogenicsubstance.

In one embodiment, the frozen piercing implement is configured to pierceat least one substrate to a depth of approximately 1 μm, approximately 5μm, approximately 10 μm, approximately 15 μm, approximately 20 μm,approximately 50 μm, approximately 100 μm, approximately 120 μm,approximately 150 μm, approximately 200 μm, approximately 250 μm,approximately 300 μm, approximately 350 μm, approximately 400 μm,approximately 450 μm, approximately 500 μm, approximately 600 μm,approximately 700 μm, approximately 800 μm, approximately 900 μm,approximately 1 mm, approximately 2 mm, approximately 3 mm,approximately 4 mm, approximately 5 mm, or any value therebetween. Inone embodiment, the at least one frozen piercing implement is configuredto abrade or ablate at least one substrate surface 12895. In oneembodiment, the plurality of frozen piercing implements 12750 ispositioned such that each frozen piercing implement of the array devicecontacts a single cell of at least one biological tissue. In oneembodiment, at least one implement of the plurality of frozen piercingimplements includes at least one sensor.

In one embodiment, at least one implement of the plurality of frozenpiercing implements 127500 is configured for extracting at least onematerial from at least one substrate 12895. Specific non-limitingexamples of materials that are capable of being sensed or extracted fromat least one substrate are provided herein.

In one embodiment, at least one implement of the plurality of frozenpiercing implements further includes at least one of an organic orinorganic small molecule, clathrate or caged compound, protocell,coacervate, microsphere, Janus particle, proteinoid, laminate, helicalrod, liposome, macroscopic tube, niosome, sphingosome, toroid, vesiculartube, vesicle, small unilamellar vesicle, large unilamellar vesicle,large multilamellar vesicle, multivesicular vesicle, lipid layer, lipidbilayer, micelle, organelle, cell, membrane, nucleic acid, peptide,polypeptide, protein, glycopeptide, glycolipid, lipoprotein,sphingolipid, glycosphingolipid, glycoprotein, peptidoglycan, lipid,carbohydrate, metalloprotein, proteoglycan, chromosome, nucleus, acid,support structure, buffer, protic solvent, aprotic solvent, nitricoxide, nitrous oxide, nitric oxide synthase, amino acid, micelle,polymer, copolymer, monomer, prepolymer, cell receptor, adhesionmolecule, cytokine, chemokine, immunoglobulin, antibody, antigen,platelet, extracellular matrix, blood, plasma, cell ligand, zwitterionicmaterial, cationic material, oligonucleotide, nanotube, piloxymer,transfersome, gas, element, contaminant, radioactive particle, hormone,microorganism, bacteria, virus, quantum dot, contrast agent, or any partthereof.

In one embodiment, the plurality of frozen piercing implements 12750includes at least approximately 2 implements, approximately 5implements, approximately 10 implements, approximately 20 implements,approximately 50 implements, approximately 100 implements, approximately200 implements, approximately 300 implements, approximately 400implements, approximately 500 implements, approximately 600 implements,approximately 700 implements, approximately 800 implements,approximately 900 implements, approximately 1000 implements,approximately 5000 implements, approximately 10000 implements, or anyvalue therebetween or greater.

In one embodiment, the spacing between two or more frozen piercingimplements includes at least approximately 1 nm, approximately 5 nm,approximately 10 nm, approximately 20 nm, approximately 50 nm,approximately 80 nm, approximately 100 nm, approximately 200 nm,approximately 300 nm, approximately 400 nm, approximately 500 nm,approximately 600 nm, approximately 700 nm, approximately 800 nm,approximately 900 nm, approximately 1 μm, approximately 5 μm,approximately 10 μm, approximately 15 μm, approximately 20 μm,approximately 50 μm, approximately 100 μm, approximately 120 μm,approximately 150 μm, approximately 200 μm, approximately 500 μm,approximately 1 mm, approximately 5 mm, approximately 10 mm,approximately 100 mm, approximately 500 mm, approximately 1 cm,approximately 5 cm, approximately 10 cm, or any value therebetween orgreater.

As illustrated in FIG. 127 B, in on embodiment, the frozen piercingimplement includes at least one distal end 12775, at least one frozenpiercing implement shaft 12735, which may include at least one channel12755, or port (e.g., outlet or inlet ports at the distal end 12765 orproximal end 12705). In one embodiment, the device includes at least onesensor, valve, gate, transducer, actuator, detector, heater, circuit,on-chip electronics, or other features 12745 are located in the body ofthe device 12725. In one embodiment, at least one electrode contact site12715 serves as an outside connection to at least one resistor 12785,which may be utilized to form a thermally driven, cascaded bubble pumpor heater. In one embodiment, the device includes at least onecompartment 12705 configured to hold at least one agent or at least onematerial extracted from at least one substrate. Such devices may includea micro- or nano-scale, as well as larger scales.

In one embodiment, the at least one frozen piercing implement includesat least one port (e.g., 12765, 12705). The at least one port can be aninlet port, or an outlet port, and may vary according to the relativeuse of the device. For example, in one embodiment, a first port 12705functions as an inlet port when administering at least one agent to atleast one substrate by way of a second port 12765 functioning as anoutlet port. In another example, in one embodiment a first port 12765functions as an inlet port when extracting at least one material from atleast one substrate. In one embodiment, the at least one material isanalyzed or manipulated while still in the device (according to at leastone feature 12745), or the at least one material exits the device by wayof at least one port 12705 functioning as an outlet port. In oneembodiment, at least one outlet port is in fluid communication with atleast one inlet port.

As illustrated in FIG. 128, in one embodiment, the plurality ofimplements is included in an array positioned on a support structure12865 that has a surface 12880. In one embodiment, the at least onefrozen piercing implement 12840 includes at least one channel 12850 thatincludes at least one inner surface 12830 and at least one outer surface12860. In one embodiment, the frozen piercing implement includes adistal end 12810 and a proximal end 12820. In one embodiment, the frozenpiercing implement 12840 includes a channel 12850 that includes at leastone opening 12800. In one embodiment, the at least one channel 12850 isin fluid communication with at least one fluidics device (FIGS.128C-128D).

In one embodiment, the array device includes at least one channel 12890.In one embodiment, the at least one channel 12890 includes at least onecross-coupling flow channel 12890. In one embodiment, the array deviceincludes at least one compartment 12870. In one embodiment, the at leastone compartment 12870 is in fluid communication with the at least onechannel 12890. In one embodiment, the array device includes at least oneagent. In one embodiment, the agent is included in the at least onecompartment 12870. In one embodiment, the at least one compartment isconfigured to hold at least one agent, or at least one materialextracted from at least one substrate 12895.

In one embodiment, at least one frozen piercing implement of theplurality of frozen piercing implements includes at least one inlet port12800A or 12800B. In one embodiment, the at least one inlet port 12800Aor 12800B is in fluid communication with at least one channel 12890 ofat least one frozen piercing implement. In one embodiment, the at leastone inlet port 12800A or 12800B is in fluid communication with at leastone channel 12890 of the array device. In one embodiment, at least onefrozen piercing implement of the plurality of frozen piercing implementsincludes a plurality of inlet ports. In one embodiment, at least onefrozen piercing implement of the plurality of frozen piercing implementsincludes at least one outlet port 12800B or 12800A. In one embodiment,the at least one outlet port 12800B or 12800A is in fluid communicationwith at least one channel 12890 of at least one frozen piercingimplement. In one embodiment, the at least one outlet port 12800B or12800A is in fluid communication with at least one channel 12890 of thearray device. In one embodiment, at least one frozen piercing implementof the plurality of frozen piercing implements includes a plurality ofoutlet ports 12800B or 12800A.

In one embodiment, the array device further comprises at least one of ananoparticle, microparticle, sensor, valve, gate, channel, transducer,actuator, detector, heater, circuit, or detection material. The locationof these features may vary according to the device (e.g., the distal end12810, the proximal end 12820, any location along the shaft or channelof the implement 12800, 12830). See, for particular non-limitingexamples, FIGS. 128, and 129.

As illustrated in FIG. 129, in one embodiment, the frozen piercingimplement device includes at least one actuator structure 12910,optionally integral with the at least one support structure 12925 of thefrozen piercing implement(s). In one embodiment, a fluidic devicecomprises at least one frozen piercing implement, and at least oneactuator 12910 configured to actuate the at least one frozen piercingimplement 12800.

In one embodiment, the at least one actuator 12910 includes at least oneof a piezoelectric actuator, electrostatic actuator, thermal actuator,shape-memory alloy actuator, bioactuator, or magnetic actuator. In oneembodiment, the actuator includes a microactuator or a nanoactuator. Inone embodiment, at least one feature 12940 or 12930 (e.g., channel,pump, sensor, injector, actuator, heater, detector, controller,transducer, receiver, cooler, transmitter, circuit, lens, tunablelens,valve, gate, nanoparticle, microparticle, power source, or detectionmaterial, etc.) is located in the body 12900 of the device. In oneembodiment, the valve includes at least one of a one-way valve, orpressure settable valve.

In one embodiment, the at least compartment 12920 is configured to holdat least one material extracted from at least one substrate 12970. Inone embodiment, the fluidic device includes at least one means fordrawing up the at least one material from the at least one substrate12970. In one embodiment, at least one piercing implement 12800 is influid communication with at least one compartment 12920. In oneembodiment, the sensor is configured to respond to at least one materialcollected in the at least one compartment 12920. In one embodiment, theat least one compartment 12920 is configured for displacement of atleast one fluid as the at least one material is extracted from the atleast one substrate 12970. In at least one embodiment, the at least onecompartment 12920 is substantially rigid. See, FIG. 130 for othernon-limiting examples of compartments. In one embodiment, the at leastone compartment 12920 is substantially deformable. See FIGS. 133-134 forother non-limiting examples of compartments. In one embodiment, thefluidic device includes at least one cantilever 12955. In oneembodiment, the at least one cantilever 12955 is integral with the atleast one actuator 12910. In one embodiment, the at least one cantilever12955 is supported by the body 12900, or other structures within thebody 12900 of the device.

As described herein for other embodiments of frozen piercing implementsor frozen piercing implement devices, in one embodiment, the at leastone frozen piercing implement or device includes at least one agent.Various non-limiting examples of agents are provided herein. Inparticular, in one embodiment, the agent includes at least one of anantimicrobial, citrate, EDTA, anticoagulant, or other agent.

As described herein for other embodiments of frozen piercing implementsor frozen piercing implement devices, in one embodiment, the at leastone frozen piercing implement is configured to transform to anotherphase state upon the occurrence of at least one inducible event. In oneembodiment, the at least one inducible event includes one or more of:administration of the device to at least one substrate, contacting theat least one frozen piercing implement with at least one substrate,increasing the temperature of the at least one frozen piercingimplement, increasing the temperature of the at least one substrate,increasing the pressure on the at least one frozen piercing implement,increasing the pressure on the at least one substrate, altering amagnetic field on the at least one frozen piercing implement, altering amagnetic field on the at least one substrate, administering at least oneadditional agent to the at least one frozen piercing implement,administering at least one additional agent to the substrate,administering at least one electric field to the at least one frozenpiercing implement, administering at least one electric field to the atleast one substrate, administering ultrasound to the at least one frozenpiercing implement, administering ultrasound to the at least onesubstrate.

As illustrated in FIG. 129, in one embodiment, the fluidic deviceincluding at least one frozen piercing implement 12800, includes atleast one actuator 12910. In one embodiment, at least one controller12960 is configured to control the at least one actuator 12910. Thecontroller 12960 may include, for example, a mechanical or electricalcontroller. In one embodiment, the controller 12960 includes a wirelesscontroller. In one embodiment, the device includes at least one sensor12950 configured to sense at least one material extracted from the atleast one substrate 12970 (e.g., the material passes through the atleast one piercing implement 12800 or is extracted by force from the atleast one piercing implement changing phase and retreating). In oneembodiment, the at least one frozen piercing implement 12800 is integralwith the at least one actuator 12910. In one embodiment, the at leastone sensor is configured to detect at least one material from the atleast one substrate 12970. Several non-limiting examples of materialscapable of being sensed are disclosed herein.

In various embodiments disclosed herein, the support structure (e.g.,12880, 12925, 13030, etc.) includes at least one frozen composition. Inone embodiment, the support structure (12900) includes at least one of ametal, ceramic, polymer, organic or inorganic compound, semiconductor,other material, or composite thereof.

In one embodiment, the at least one compartment 12920 expands as atleast one material is extracted. See FIG. 134 for other non-limitingexamples of compartments. In one embodiment, the at least onecompartment 12920 is substantially fabricated from one or more of apolymer, metal, ceramic, semiconductor, frozen composition, othermaterial, or composite thereof.

In one embodiment, the at least one actuator 12910 includes at least oneof a piezoelectric actuator, electrostatic actuator, thermal actuator,shape-memory alloy actuator, bioactuator, or magnetic actuator. In oneembodiment, the at least one frozen piercing implement is integral withone or more of the at least one of a channel, pump, sensor, injector,actuator, heater, detector, controller, transducer, receiver,transmitter, circuit, lens, cooler, tunablelens, valve, gate, channel,nanoparticle, microparticle, power source, or detection material. See,for example, FIGS. 127-131 for various non-limiting examples ofparticular embodiments.

As illustrated in FIG. 130, in one embodiment, a frozen piercingimplement device includes at least one injection or fluidic device13000. In one embodiment, the injection device 13000 includes at leastone auto-injection device. In one embodiment, a plurality of piercingimplements 13040, including at least one frozen piercing implement, isemployed in the injection device. In one embodiment, a single frozenpiercing implement is employed (not shown). In one embodiment, theplurality of piercing implements 13040 are positioned on at least onesupport structure 13030. In one embodiment, the piercing implement(s)13040 are in fluid communication with at least one compartment 13010configured to hold at least one agent for administration to at least onesubstrate, or at least one material extracted from at least onesubstrate. In one embodiment, the piercing implement(s) 13040 can becontracted (FIG. 130A) or extended (FIG. 130B). In one embodiment, amechanical controller (e.g., plunger) 13020 is configured to control atleast one of the position of the piercing implement(s) 13040, or thelevel of contents of the at least one compartment 13010.

In one embodiment, at least one first implement of the plurality ofimplements 13040 is configured to deliver at least one agent, and atleast one second implement of the plurliaty of implements 13040 isconfigured to sense or extract at least one material from the at leastone substrate 13050. In one embodiment, the at least one first implementis configured to deliver an agent that is different than the at leastone second implement.

In one embodiment, the fluidic device includes at least one of achannel, pump, sensor, injector, actuatory, heater, detector,controller, transducer, receiver, cooler, transmitter, circuit, lens,tunablelens, valve, gate, nanoparticle, microparticle, power source, ordetection material (e.g., in the compartment, in the support structure,in at least one frozen piercing implement, etc.). The location of thesevarious features can vary, depending on the particular embodiment. Forexample, such features may be found in the at least one compartment13010, in or near the mechanical controller 13020, near the proximal ordistal end of the at least one compartment 13010, in or near the atleast one support structure 13030, or in or near the at least one frozenpiercing implement 13040. See FIG. 129 for other non-limiting examplesof particular embodiments.

As illustrated in FIG. 131, a frozen piercing implement device includinga plurality of piercing implements, including at least one frozenpiercing implement 12600, includes at least one topside of a supportstructure 13180, and at least one underside of the at least one supportstructure 13190. In one embodiment, the frozen piercing implement devicecan be fabricated into various shapes (13100, 13120, 13140, 13160) orconfigurations (13110, 13130, 13150, 13170).

As illustrated in FIG. 132, a frozen piercing implement device 13205 isincluded in at least one system 13200 for administration to at least onesubstrate 13250, or extraction of at least one material from at leastone substrate 13250. In one embodiment, the device includes at least twoelectrode assemblies (13210, 13212) and an integrated power source13220. In one embodiment, the device includes at least one frozenpiercing implement 13230, and at least one support structure 13240.

As illustrated in FIGS. 133-134, in one embodiment, the array deviceincludes a plurality of compartments 13370 in fluid communication withat least one frozen piercing implement 13360 of the plurality of frozenpiercing implements 13380. In one embodiment, the plurality ofcompartments 13370 includes at least one first compartment (e.g.,13370A) configured to hold at least one different substance from atleast one second compartment (e.g., 13370B or 13370C).

In one embodiment, the plurality of compartments 13370 includes at leastone first compartment (e.g., 13370A) configured to hold at least onefirst agent, wherein the at least one first agent is different from atleast one other agent located in at least one second compartment (e.g.,13370B or 13370C). In one embodiment, the plurality of compartments13370 includes at least one first compartment configured to hold atleast one first agent, and at least one second compartment configured tohold a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.

In one embodiment, two or more compartments (e.g., 13370A, 13370B, or13370C) are configured to interact with at least one means forintermixing the contents of the two or more compartments prior to orduring administration of the array device to at least one substrate. Inone embodiment, the at least one means for intermixing includesmechanical disruption of at least one compartment, altering porosity ofat least one compartment, electrochemical degradation of at least onecompartment, valve opening of at least one compartment, chemicaldegradation of at least one compartment, or altering magnetic field ofat least one compartment. In one embodiment, the contents of the two ormore compartments are intermixed during administration by way of contactof the one or more piercing implements 13380 with the at least onesubstrate.

In one embodiment, the array device is in electronic communication withat least one computing device.

In one embodiment, a composition comprises a plurality of piercingimplement array devices joined together, the piercing implement arraydevices including at least one frozen piercing implement. See, forexample, FIGS. 131-132 for various non-limiting examples of arrays thatcan be joined together in particular embodiments.

As illustrated in FIG. 133, in one embodiment, the frozen piercingimplement device 13300, includes at least one frozen piercing implement13360. In one embodiment, the at least one frozen piercing implement13360 includes at least one channel 13310. In one embodiment, the atleast one channel 13310 is in fluid communication with at least onecompartment 13320, or plurality of compartments 13370. In oneembodiment, the at least one compartment is configured to hold at leastone agent to be administered to the at least one substrate, or at leastone material extracted from the at least one substrate. In oneembodiment, the plurality of compartments can include multiplecompartments for administration or extraction. In one embodiment, thesame compartment can be utilized for both administration of at least oneagent, and for collection of extracted material from the at least onesubstrate. In one embodiment, the at least one frozen piercing implement13360 is positioned on at least one support structure 13330. In oneembodiment, the at least one support structure includes at least onefrozen fluid or frozen composition. In one embodiment, the at least onecompartment 13320 is configured to at least partially deflate (therebyexpelling any contents) or at least partially inflate (therebyextracting or collecting at least one material from at least onesubstrate) by way of a separate component 13340, including an expandablecomponent. In one embodiment, the frozen piercing implement deviceincludes at least one backing member, such as a rim or shell 13350 ofthe support structure configured to secure the at least one component13340 or at least one compartment 13320. In one embodiment, the at leastone compartment 13320 is configured to at least partially deflate orinflate by way of direct pressure on the compartment.

In one embodiment, a composition comprises a support means for an arraydevice, wherein the array device includes one or more frozen piercingimplements. See, for example, FIGS. 132-134 for various non-limitingexamples of support means for various array device embodiments (e.g.,13330). In one embodiment, the support means 13330 is seperable from theone or more frozen piercing implements. In one embodiment, at least partof the support means 13330 is at least partially frozen. In oneembodiment, the at least partially frozen support means 13330 and theone or more frozen piercing implements include at least one frozenconstituent in common. In one embodiment, the one or more frozenpiercing implements have at least one major dimension of approximatelyone centimeter or less, approximately one millimeter or less,approximately one micrometer or less, approximately one nanometer, orany value therebetween.

In one embodiment, a method of administering at least one array deviceto at least one substrate comprises contacting at least one array deviceto at least one substrate, wherein the array device includes at leastone frozen piercing implement.

In one embodiment, a method of vaccinating a subject comprisesadministering to a subject at least one frozen piercing implement arraydevice; wherein the at least one frozen piercing implement array deviceincludes at least one frozen piercing implement including at least onevaccine.

As illustrated in FIG. 140, in one embodiment, the frozen piercingimplement device (FIGS. 140A-C), includes at least one frozen piercingimplement 14090. In one embodiment, the device includes at least onevalve 14070. In one embodiment, the valve maintains a sealed compartment14060. In one embodiment, the valve maintains air pressure equilibriumbetween the at least one compartment 14060 and the surrounding areaduring actuation of the bridge 14000.

In one embodiment, the device includes at least one compartment 14060configured to hold at least one agent to be administered to at least onesubstrate 14080, or configured to hold at least one material extractedor collected from at least one substrate 14080. In one embodiment, thedevice includes at least one actuator bridge 14000 supported by at leastone support structure 14010. In one embodiment, the device includes atleast one sensor 14020 located in the at least one compartment 14060, orsidewall 14030. In one embodiment, the device includes at least onefastening or adhesive mechanism 14040 for adhering the device to the atleast one substrate 14080. In one embodiment, the actuator bridge 14000is configured to cause the at least one frozen piercing implement 14090to contact the at least one substrate 14080 when at least one verticalforce 14050 is placed on the bridge of the actuator 14000.

In one embodiment, the actuator is driven by at least one of mechanical,magnetic, electric, or electromagnetic force. See, for example, Zhao, etal., Abstract, Information Acquisition, 2005 IEEE Int'l Conf, Jun.27-Jul. 3, 2005, which is incorporated herein by reference.

In on embodiment, the amount of force needed to pierce the at least onesubstrate is approximately 1 mN, approximately 10 mN, approximately 20mN, approximately 30 mN, approximately 40 mN, approximately 50 mN,approximately 60 mN, approximately 70 mN, approximately 80 mN,approximately 90 mN, approximately 100 mN, approximately 150 mN,approximately 200 mN, approximately 250 mN, approximately 300 mN,approximately 350 mN, approximately 400 mN, approximately 450 mN,approximately 500 mN, approximately 550 mN, approximately 600 mN,approximately 650 mN, approximately 700 mN, approximately 750 mN,approxiatmely 800 mN, approximately 850 mN, approximately 900 mN,approximately 1 N, approximately 2 N, approximately 3 N, approximately 4N, approximately 5 N, or any value less than or therebetween. In oneembodiment, the amount of force needed to pierce the at least onesubstrate includes at least one predetermined value. In one embodiment,the amount of force needed to pierce the at least one substrate iscalculated based on at least one characteristic or property of thesubstrate. In one embodiment, the amount of force needed to pierce theat least one substrate depends on at least one characteristic orproperty of the frozen piercing implement, or frozen piercing implementdevice. Examples of such properties are disclosed herein.

For example, the vertical force F, which is required to penetrate thesubstrate, can be calculated by multiplying the lateral force F₁ on thebridge upon deflection, with the sine of the deflection angle a relativeto resting. In one embodiment, by increasing the horizontal width wincreases the actuation force at the tip of the cantilever bridge.Likewise, in one embodiment, an electrical voltage can be applied toactuate the cantilever-tip.

In one embodiment, the frozen piercing implement device includes atleast one sensor. In one non-limiting example, the sensor includes anelectrochemical transducer in which current is converted from chemicalto electrical energy through oxidation or reduction at the electrodesurface. See, for example, U.S. Patent Application Publication No.20050228313, which is incorporated herein by reference. In oneembodiment, the at least one sensor includes at least one sensor tomonitor at least one material in the at least one substrate (e.g.,glucose, insulin, etc.). Some non-limiting examples of materials thatcan be detected or analyzed are disclosed herein.

In one embodiment, the transducer includes a small metal electrode thatis insulated except at a particular location where the chemical reactionoccurs. At the reaction location, several electrochemical analytical andsynthetic systems are implemented. The type of electrode sensor utilizedwith the device can be varied according to the electrical parameterbeing measured. For example, in the case of glucose measurement,potentiometric and emperometric sensors can be utilized. Id. The outputsignal from the at least one sensor can be displayed, for example, on anactive or passive display. In one embodiment, the frozen piercingimplement device includes at least one power source for operation of,for example, the actuator, sensor, corresponding transceiver orelectronics. As described herein, in one embodiment, the power sourceincludes, for example, a battery, fuel cell, capacitor, or DC powersupply.

As illustrated in FIGS. 135-139, a computer-implemented method 13500,comprises: 13510 receiving one or more signals that include informationrelated to accepting input associated with at least one parameter formaking or administering at least one frozen particle composition, frozenpiercing implement, or frozen piercing implement device to at least onesubstrate; 13520 wherein the at least one frozen particle composition orfrozen piercing implement includes at least one agent; 13530 receivingone or more signals that include information related to evaluating theat least one substrate for one or more indicators of administration ofthe at least one frozen particle composition, frozen piercing implement,or frozen piercing implement device; 13540 processing the informationrelated to the input associated with at least one parameter for makingor administering the at least one frozen particle composition, frozenpiercing implement, or frozen piercing implement device to at least onesubstrate and the information related to the evaluating the at least onesubstrate; and 13550 generating an output to a user readable display. Inone embodiment 13560, evaluating at least one substrate for one or moreindicators includes evaluating at least one of an assay, image, or grossassessment of the at least one substrate prior to, during, or subsequentto at least one administration of at least one frozen particlecomposition, frozen piercing implement, or frozen piercing implementdevice. In one embodiment 13570, the assay includes at least onetechnique that includes spectroscopy, microscopy, electrochemicaldetection, polynucleotide detection, histological examination, biopsyanalysis, fluorescence resonance energy transfer, electron transfer,enzyme assay, electrical conductivity, isoelectric focusing,chromatography, immunoprecipitation, immunoseparation, aptamer binding,filtration, electrophoresis, immunoassay, or radioactive assay.

In one embodiment 13610, the image includes at least one image acquiredby one or more of x-ray crystallography, laser, holography, opticalcoherence tomography, computer-assisted tomography scan, computedtomography, magnetic resonance imaging, positron-emission tomographyscan, ultrasound, x-ray, electrical-impedance monitoring, microscopy,spectrometry, flow cytommetry, radioisotope imaging, thermal imaging,infrared visualization, multiphoton calcium-imaging, photography, or insilico generation. In one embodiment 13620 receiving one or more signalsincludes receiving one or more signals associated with selection of atleast one parameter for making or administering the at least one frozenparticle composition, frozen piercing implement, or frozen piercingimplement device.

In one embodiment 13630, wherein the at least one parameter for makingthe at least one frozen piercing implement device includes one or moreof: constitution of the at least one frozen piercing implement of thefrozen piercing implement device, constitution of the at least onefrozen piercing implement device, formulation of the at least one frozenpiercing implement of the frozen piercing implement device, formulationof the at least one frozen piercing implement device, size of the atleast one frozen piercing implement of the frozen piercing implementdevice, size of the at least one frozen piercing implement device, shapeof the at least one frozen piercing implement of the frozen piercingimplement device, shape of the at least one frozen piercing implementdevice, physical structure of the at least one frozen piercing implementof the frozen piercing implement device, physical structure of the atleast one frozen piercing implement device, physical or chemicalintegrity of the at least one frozen piercing implement of the frozenpiercing implement device, physical or chemical integrity of the atleast one frozen piercing implement device, or presence or absence of atleast one microparticle, nanoparticle, lens, tunable lens, sensor,transducer, actuator, detector, heater, valve, gate, channel, detectionmaterial, pump, energy source, injector, controller, receiver,transmitter, or circuit, in the at least one frozen piercing implementor frozen piercing implement device.

In one embodiment 13710, at least one parameter for administering the atleast one frozen particle composition or frozen piercing implementincludes one or more of: substrate type; substrate function; substratesize; substrate constitution; substrate architecture; substratedurability; substrate temperature; temperature of administrationconditions; depth of administration of the at least one frozen particlecomposition or frozen piercing implement; substrate source; one or moretemporal coordinates; one or more spatial coordinates; presence orabsence of at least one agent; presence or absence of at least onemicroparticle, nanoparticle, lens, tunablelens, sensor, transducer,actuator, detector, heater, valve, gate, channel, detection material,pump, power source, injector, controller, receiver, transmitter, orcircuit; angle of administration of the at least one frozen piercingimplement device; force of administration of the at least one frozenpiercing implement device; velocity of administration of the at leastone frozen piercing implement device; quantity of frozen piercingimplements of the device; quantity of frozen piercing implement devicesadministered; rate of administration of more than one frozen piercingimplement devices; method of administration of at least one frozenpiercing implement device; timing of administration of at least onefrozen piercing implement; or rate of delivery of at least one agent ofthe device.

In one embodiment 13720, the input associated with at least oneparameter for making the at least one frozen particle composition orfrozen piercing implement includes one or more property including:constitution of the at least one frozen particle composition or frozenpiercing implement, configuration of the at least one frozen particlecomposition or frozen piercing implement, formulation of the at leastone frozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement, size ofthe at least one frozen particle composition or frozen piercingimplement, density of the at least one frozen particle composition orfrozen piercing implement, shape of the at least one frozen particlecomposition or frozen piercing implement, physical structure of the atleast one frozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement,physical or chemical integrity of the at least one frozen particlecomposition or frozen piercing implement.

In one embodiment 13730, the at least one agent includes one or more ofan adhesive agent, therapeutic agent, reinforcement agent, abrasive,explosive material, or biological remodeling agent.

In one embodiment 13810, the input associated with at least oneparameter for administering at least one frozen particle composition orfrozen piercing implement to at least one substrate includes one or moreof: substrate type; substrate function; substrate size; substrateconstitution; substrate architecture; substrate durability; substratetemperature; temperature of administration conditions; depth ofadministration of the at least one frozen particle composition or frozenpiercing implement; substrate source; one or more temporal coordinates;one or more spatial coordinates; presence or absence of at least oneagent; presence or absence of at least one microparticle, nanoparticle,lens, tunablelens, sensor, transducer, actuator, detector, heater,valve, gate, channel, detection material, pump, power source, injector,controller, receiver, transmitter, or circuit; angle of administrationof the at least one frozen particle composition or frozen piercingimplement; force of administration of the at least one frozen particlecomposition or frozen piercing implement; velocity of administration ofthe at least one frozen particle composition or frozen piercingimplement; quantity of frozen particle compositions or frozen piercingimplements administered; rate of administration of more than one frozenparticle compositions or frozen piercing implements; method ofadministration of at least one frozen particle composition or frozenpiercing implement; timing of administration of at least one frozenparticle composition or frozen piercing implement; or rate of deliveryof at least one agent.

In one embodiment 13820, the at least one substrate includes one or moreof a cell, tissue, organ, structure, device, or food product. In oneembodiment 13830, the at least one frozen particle composition, frozenpiercing implement, or frozen piercing implement device includes one ormore of hydrogen oxide, nitrogen, oxygen, air, helium, neon, argon,xenon, chlorine, bromine, carbon dioxide, acetone, ethyl acetate,dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl formamide, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran,acetonitrile, acetic acid, n-butanol, isopropanol, n-propanol,hexamethylphosphorotriamide, perfluorohydrocarbon, methanol, ethanol,tert-butyl alcohol, formic acid, hydrogen fluoride, ammonia, benzene,carbon tetrachloride, hexane, dichloromethane, methylene chloride,carboxylic acid, saline, methane, toluene, chloroform, polyethyleneglycol, acetic acid, Ringer's solution, lactated Ringer's solution,Hartmann's solution, acetated Ringer's solution, phosphate bufferedsolution, TRIS-buffered saline solution, Hank's balanced salt solution,Earle's balanced salt solution, standard saline citrate, HEPES-bufferedsaline, dextrose, glucose, or diethyl ether.

In one embodiment 13910, the output includes one or more instructionsfor making the at least one frozen particle composition, frozen piercingimplement, or frozen piercing implement device. In one embodiment 13920,the output includes at least one graphical description of the at leastone frozen particle composition, frozen piercing implement, or frozenpiercing implement device. In one embodiment 13930, the user includes atleast one entity. In one embodiment 13940, the entity includes at leastone person, or computer. In one embodiment 13950, the user readabledisplay includes a human readable display. In one embodiment 13960, theuser readable display includes one or more active displays. In oneembodiment 13970, the user readable display includes one or more passivedisplays. In one embodiment 13980, the user readable display includesone or more of a numeric format, graphical format, or audio format. Inone embodiment 13990, the user readable display includes one or more ofa display of one or more differences in the comparison of at least onevalue related to the first input and at least one value related to atleast one property of the at least one frozen particle composition,frozen piercing implement, or frozen piercing implement device. In oneembodiment 13995, the user readable display includes one or more of adisplay of one or more differences in the comparison of at least onevalue related to the second input and at least one value related to atleast one parameter for administration of the at least one frozenparticle composition, frozen piercing implement, or frozen piercingimplement device.

As illustrated in FIGS. 141-147, a computer-implemented method 14100comprises 14110 accepting a first input associated with at least oneparameter for making at least one frozen particle composition or frozenpiercing implement; 14120 accepting a second input associated with atleast one parameter for administering the at least one frozen particlecomposition or frozen piercing implement to at least one substrate; and14160 processing results of the first input and the second input. In oneembodiment, 14130 wherein the at least one frozen particle compositionor frozen piercing implement includes at least one agent. In oneembodiment, 14140 wherein the at least one agent includes one or more ofa therapeutic agent, adhesive agent, abrasive, reinforcement agent,explosive material, or biological remodeling agent. In one embodiment,14150 the at least one substrate includes one or more of a cell, tissue,organ, structure, or device.

In one embodiment, 14170 processing results of the first input and thesecond input includes electronically processing results of the firstinput and the second input. In one embodiment, 14180 electronicallyprocessing results of the first input and the second input by utilizingone or more of Gaussian smoothing, scaling, homomorphic filtering,parametric estimation techniques, Boolean operations, Monte Carlosimulations, wavelet based techniques, mirroring, smoothing, gradientweighted partial differential equation smoothing, NURBS, polygonalmodeling, splines and patches modeling, algorithmic execution, logicaldecision-making, result prediction, Finite Element Analysis, ormodification of a CAD design.

In one embodiment, 14210 the first input includes one or more valuesrelated to the at least one parameter for making the at least one frozenparticle composition or frozen piercing implement. In one embodiment,14220 the first input includes one or more values derived from at leastone image of at least one frozen particle composition or frozen piercingimplement. In one embodiment, 14230 the at least one image includes oneor more images acquired by at least one of laser, holography, x-ray,crystallography, optical coherence tomography, computer-assistedtomography scan, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging,positron-emission tomography scan, ultrasound, x-ray,electrical-impedance monitoring, microscopy, spectrometry, flowcytommetry, radioisotope imaging, thermal imaging, infraredvisualization, multiphoton calcium-imaging, photography, or in silicogeneration. In one embodiment, 14250 the at least one parameter formaking the at least one frozen particle composition or frozen piercingimplement includes one or more property including: constitution of theat least one frozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement,configuration of the at least one frozen particle composition or frozenpiercing implement, formulation of the at least one frozen particlecomposition or frozen piercing implement, size of the at least onefrozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement, density of theat least one frozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement,shape of the at least one frozen particle composition or frozen piercingimplement, physical structure of the at least one frozen particlecomposition or frozen piercing implement, or physical or chemicalintegrity of the at least one frozen particle composition or frozenpiercing implement. In one embodiment, 14310 the at least one parameterfor administering at least one frozen particle composition or frozenpiercing implement to at least one substrate includes one or more of:substrate type; substrate function; substrate size; substrateconstitution; substrate architecture; substrate durability; substratetemperature; temperature of administration conditions; depth ofadministration of the at least one frozen particle composition or frozenpiercing implement; substrate source; one or more temporal coordinates;one or more spatial coordinates; presence or absence of at least oneagent; presence or absence of one or more sensors, valves, gates,channels, transducers, circuits, nanoparticles, microactuators,microdetectors, microheaters, or detection materials; angle ofadministration of the at least one frozen particle composition or frozenpiercing implement; velocity of administration of the at least onefrozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement; quantity offrozen particle compositions or frozen piercing implements administered;rate of administration of more than one frozen particle compositions orfrozen piercing implements; method of administration of at least onefrozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement; timing ofadministration of at least one frozen particle composition or frozenpiercing implement; or rate of delivery of at least one agent.

In one embodiment, 14330 the at least one biological tissue is locatedin at least one of in situ, in vitro, in vivo, in utero, in planta, insilico, or ex vivo. In one embodiment, 14340 the at least one substrateis at least partially located in at least one subject. In oneembodiment, 14350 the method further comprises accepting a third inputassociated with at least one feature of the at least one subject. In oneembodiment, 14360 the at least one feature of the at least one subjectincludes one or more of age, gender, genotype, phenotype, proteomicprofile, lipidomic profile, glycomic profile, system biology profile,circulatory condition, respiratory condition, blood condition, lymphcondition, anatomic landscape, body contour, or health condition.

In one embodiment, 14410 the at least one parameter for administering atleast one frozen particle composition or frozen piercing implementincludes at least one parameter relating to administering at least oneof a therapeutic agent, adhesive agent, biological remodeling agent,reinforcement agent, abrasive, or explosive material by way of the atleast one frozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement.

In one embodiment, 14420 the at least one parameter for administering atleast one frozen particle composition or frozen piercing implementincludes at least one parameter relating to at least partially ablatingor at least partially abrading one or more surfaces of the at least onesubstrate with the at least one frozen particle composition or frozenpiercing implement. In one embodiment, 14430 the processing results ofthe first input and the second input includes determining at least oneparameter for administering at least one frozen particle composition orfrozen piercing implement from one or more values derived from at leastone image of the at least one frozen particle composition or frozenpiercing implement. In one embodiment, 14440 the second input includesone or more values related to the at least one parameter foradministering at least one frozen particle composition or frozenpiercing implement. In one embodiment, 14450 the one or more valuesrelated to the at least one parameter for administering at least onefrozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement includes one ormore predictive values.

In one embodiment, 14460 the processing results includes comparing atleast one value related to the first input associated with the at leastone parameter for making the at least one frozen particle composition orfrozen piercing implement with at least one value related to at leastone property of the frozen particle composition or frozen piercingimplement. In one embodiment, 14470 the processing results includesdetermining one or more differences in at least one value related to thefirst input and at least one value related to at least one image of theat least one frozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement.

In one embodiment, 14510 the processing results includes determining oneor more differences in at least one value related to the second inputassociated with the at least one parameter for administering at leastone frozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement. In oneembodiment, 14520 the processing results includes generating one or moreprotocols for administering the at least one frozen particle compositionor frozen piercing implement. In one embodiment, 14530 the administeringat least one frozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement toat least one substrate includes delivering at least one agent to atleast one substrate.

In one embodiment, 14550, the output includes one or more instructionsfor making the at least one frozen particle composition or frozenpiercing implement. In one embodiment, 14560 the output includes atleast one graphical description of the at least one frozen particlecomposition or frozen piercing implement.

In one embodiment, 14570 the user includes at least one entity. In oneembodiment 14575, the entity includes at least one person, or computer.In one embodiment 14580, the user readable display includes a humanreadable display. In one embodiment 14590, the user readable displayincludes one or more active displays. In one embodiment 14595, the userreadable display includes one or more passive displays.

In one embodiment, 14598 the user readable display includes one or moreof a numeric format, graphical format, or audio format.

In one embodiment, 14610 the user readable display includes one or moreof a display of one or more differences in the comparison of at leastone value related to the first input and at least one value related toat least one property of the at least one frozen particle composition orfrozen piercing implement. In one embodiment, 14615 the user readabledisplay includes one or more displays of one or more differences in thecomparison of at least one value related to the second input and atleast one value related to at least one parameter for administration ofthe at least one frozen particle composition or frozen piercingimplement.

In one embodiment 14618, the method further comprises transmitting oneor more signals that include information related to the processingresults of the first input and the second input. In one embodiment,14620 the transmitting one or more signals includes transmitting one ormore signals associated with selection of at least one parameter formaking at least one frozen particle composition or frozen piercingimplement. In one embodiment, 14630 the transmitting one or more signalsincludes transmitting one or more signals associated with selection ofat least one parameter for making the at least one frozen particlecomposition or frozen piercing implement. In one embodiment, 14640 thetransmitting one or more signals includes transmitting one or moresignals associated with comparing the information related to theprocessing results of the first input and the second input. In oneembodiment, 14650 the at least one frozen particle composition or frozenpiercing implement includes one or more of hydrogen oxide, nitrogen,oxygen, air, helium, neon, argon, xenon, chlorine, bromine, carbondioxide, acetone, ethyl acetate, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl formamide,dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, acetronitrile, acetic acid, n-butanol,isopropanol, n-propanol, hexamethylphosphorotriamide,perfluorohydrocarbon, methanol, ethanol, tert-butyl alcohol, formicacid, hydrogen fluoride, ammonia, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, hexane,dichloromethane, methylene chloride, carboxylic acid, saline, standardsaline citrate, methane, toluene, chloroform, polyethylene glycol,acetic acid, Ringer's solution, lactated Ringer's solution, Hartmann'ssolution, acetated Ringer's solution, phosphate buffered solution,TRIS-buffered saline solution, Hank's balanced salt solution, Earle'sbalanced salt solution, standard saline citrate, HEPES-buffered saline,dextrose, glucose, or diethyl ether.

In one embodiment 14710, the method further comprises making at leastone frozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement. In oneembodiment, the method 14720 further comprises administering at leastone frozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement to at leastone substrate. In one embodiment, 14730 the method further comprisesevaluating the at least one substrate for one or more indicators relatedto at least one parameter for administering the at least one frozenparticle composition or frozen piercing implement. In one embodiment,14740 wherein the evaluating at least one substrate for one or moreindicators includes evaluating at least one of an assay, image, or grossassessment of the at least one substrate prior to, during, or subsequentto at least one administration of the at least one frozen particlecomposition or frozen piercing implement. In one embodiment, 14750 theassay includes at least one technique including spectroscopy,microscopy, electrochemical detection, polynucleotide detection,histological examination, biopsy analysis, fluorescence resonance energytransfer, electron transfer, enzyme assay, electrical conductivity,isoelectric focusing, chromatography, immunoprecipitation,immunoseparation, aptamer binding, filtration, electrophoresis,immunoassay, or radioactive assay.

In one embodiment 14755 the at least one image includes one or moreimages acquired by at least one of a laser, holography, x-raycrystallography, optical coherence tomography, computer-assistedtomography scan, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging,positron-emission tomography scan, ultrasound, x-ray,electrical-impedance monitoring, microscopy, spectrometry, flowcytommetry, radioisotope imaging, thermal imaging, infraredvisualization, multiphoton calcium-imaging, photography, or in silicogeneration.

In one embodiment, 14760 the method further comprises transmitting oneor more signals that include information relating to the accepting afirst input or a second input and information related to the evaluatingthe at least one substrate. In one embodiment, 14770 the transmittingone or more signals includes transmitting one or more signals associatedwith selection of at least one parameter for making the at least onefrozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement. In oneembodiment, 14780 the transmitting one or more signals includestransmitting one or more signals associated with selection of at leastone parameter for administering the at least one frozen particlecomposition or frozen piercing implement.

As illustrated in FIGS. 148-150, in one embodiment, acomputer-implemented method 14800, comprises 14810 receiving one or moresignals that include information related to accepting input associatedwith at least one parameter for making or administering at least onefrozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement to at least onesubstrate; 14820 receiving one or more signals that include informationrelated to evaluating the at least one substrate for one or moreindicators of administration of the at least one frozen particlecomposition, or frozen piercing implement; and 14830 processing theinformation related to the input associated with at least one parameterfor making or administering the at least one frozen particle compositionor frozen piercing implement to at least one substrate and theinformation related to the evaluating the at least one substrate.

In one embodiment, 14840 the at least one frozen particle composition orfrozen piercing implement includes at least one agent. In oneembodiment, 14850 wherein the evaluating at least one substrate for oneor more indicators includes evaluating at least one of an assay, image,or gross assessment of the at least one substrate prior to, during, orsubsequent to at least one administration of at least one frozenparticle composition or frozen piercing implement. In one embodiment,14860 wherein the assay includes at least one technique that includesspectroscopy, microscopy, electrochemical detection, polynucleotidedetection, histological examination, biopsy analysis, fluorescenceresonance energy transfer, electron transfer, enzyme assay, electricalconductivity, isoelectric focusing, chromatography, immunoprecipitation,immunoseparation, aptamer binding, filtration, electrophoresis,immunoassay, or radioactive assay. In one embodiment, 14870 wherein theimage includes at least one image acquired by one or more of x-raycrystallography, laser, holography, optical coherence tomography,computer-assisted tomography scan, computed tomography, magneticresonance imaging, positron-emission tomography scan, ultrasound, x-ray,electrical-impedance monitoring, microscopy, spectrometry, flowcytommetry, radioisotope imaging, thermal imaging, infraredvisualization, multiphoton calcium-imaging, photography, or in silicogeneration.

In one embodiment, 14910 wherein the input associated with at least oneparameter for administering at least one frozen particle composition orfrozen piercing implement to at least one substrate includes one or moreof: substrate type; substrate function; substrate size; substrateconstitution; substrate architecture; substrate durability; substratetemperature; temperature of administration conditions; depth ofadministration of the at least one frozen particle composition or frozenpiercing implement; substrate source; one or more temporal coordinates;one or more spatial coordinates; presence or absence of at least oneagent; presence or absence of at least one microparticle, nanoparticle,lens, tunable lens, sensor, regulator, transducer, actuator, detector,heater, valve, gate, channel, detection material, pump, energy source,injector, controller, receiver, transmitter, or circuit; angle ofadministration of the at least one frozen particle composition or frozenpiercing implement; velocity of administration of the at least onefrozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement; quantity offrozen particle compositions or frozen piercing implements administered;rate of administration of more than one frozen particle compositions orfrozen piercing implements; method of administration of at least onefrozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement; timing ofadministration of at least one frozen particle composition or frozenpiercing implement; or rate of delivery of at least one agent.

In one embodiment, 14920 wherein the input associated with at least oneparameter for making the at least one frozen particle composition orfrozen piercing implement includes one or more property including:constitution of the at least one frozen particle composition or frozenpiercing implement, formulation of the at least one frozen particlecomposition or frozen piercing implement, size of the at least onefrozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement, density of theat least one frozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement,shape of the at least one frozen particle composition or frozen piercingimplement, physical structure of the at least one frozen particlecomposition or frozen piercing implement, or physical or chemicalintegrity of the at least one frozen particle composition or frozenpiercing implement.

In one embodiment, 15010 the at least one agent includes one or more ofan adhesive agent, therapeutic agent, reinforcement agent, abrasive,explosive material, or biological remodeling agent. In one embodiment,15020 the receiving one or more signals includes receiving one or moresignals associated with selection of at least one parameter for makingor administering the at least one frozen particle composition or frozenpiercing implement. In one embodiment, 15030 wherein the at least onesubstrate includes one or more of a cell, tissue, organ, structure,device, or food product. In one embodiment, 15040 wherein the at leastone frozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement includesone or more of hydrogen oxide, nitrogen, oxygen, air, helium, neon,argon, xenon, chlorine, bromine, carbon dioxide, acetone, ethyl acetate,dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl formamide, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran,acetronitrile, acetic acid, n-butanol, isopropanol, n-propanol,hexamethylphosphorotriamide, perfluorohydrocarbon, methanol, ethanol,tert-butyl alcohol, formic acid, hydrogen fluoride, ammonia, benzene,carbon tetrachloride, hexane, dichloromethane, methylene chloride,carboxylic acid, saline, standard saline citrate, methane, toluene,chloroform, polyethylene glycol, acetic acid, Ringer's solution,lactated Ringer's solution, Hartmann's solution, acetated Ringer'ssolution, phosphate buffered solution, TRIS-buffered saline solution,Hank's balanced salt solution, Earle's balanced salt solution, standardsaline citrate, HEPES-buffered saline, dextrose, glucose, or diethylether.

In one embodiment 15050, the output includes one or more instructionsfor making the at least one frozen particle composition or frozenpiercing implement. In one embodiment 15055 the output includes at leastone graphical description of the at least one frozen particlecomposition or frozen piercing implement. In one embodiment 15060, theuser includes at least one entity. In one embodiment 15065, the entityincludes at least one person, or computer. In one embodiment 15070, theuser readable display includes a human readable display. In oneembodiment 15080, the user readable display includes one or more activedisplays. In one embodiment 15090, the user readable display includesone or more passive displays. In one embodiment 15095, the user readabledisplay includes one or more of a numeric format, graphical format, oraudio format. In one embodiment 15096 the user readable display includesone or more of a display of one or more differences in the comparison ofat least one value related to th first input and at least one valuerelated to at least one property of the at least one frozen particlecomposition or frozen piercing implement. In one embodiment 15097, theuser readable display includes one or more of a display of one or moredifferences in the comparison of at least one value related to thesecond input and at least one value related to at least one parameterfor administration of the at least one frozen particle composition orfrozen piercing implement.

As illustrated in FIGS. 151-157, in one embodiment, acomputer-implemented method 15100 comprises 15110 accepting a firstinput associated with at least one parameter for making at least onefrozen piercing implement device; 15120 accepting a second inputassociated with at least one parameter for administering the at leastone frozen piercing implement device to at least one substrate; 15180processing results of the first input and the second input; and 15198generating an output to a user readable display. In one embodiment,15125 the at least one substrate includes one or more of a cell, tissue,organ, structure, device or food product. In one embodiment, 15130 theat least one frozen piercing implement device includes at least one of afrozen piercing implement array device, frozen piercing implementfluidic device, or frozen piercing implement injection device. In oneembodiment, 15140 the frozen piercing implement injection deviceincludes a frozen piercing implement auto-injection device. In oneembodiment, 15150 wherein the at least one frozen piercing implementdevice includes at least one agent. In one embodiment, 15160 wherein theat least one agent includes one or more of a therapeutic agent, adhesiveagent, abrasive, reinforcement agent, explosive material, or biologicalremodeling agent. In one embodiment, 15170 wherein the at least oneagent is located in at least one frozen piercing implement of thedevice. In one embodiment, 15190 processing results of the first inputand the second input includes electronically processing results of thefirst input and the second input. In one embodiment, 15195electronically processing results of the first input and the secondinput by utilizing one or more of Gaussian smoothing, scaling,homomorphic filtering, parametric estimation techniques, Booleanoperations, Monte Carlo simulations, wavelet based techniques,mirroring, smoothing, gradient weighted partial differential equationsmoothing, NURBS, polygonal modeling, splines and patches modeling,algorithmic execution, logical decision-making, result prediction,Finite Element Analysis, or modification of a CAD design.

In one embodiment, 15210 the first input includes one or more valuesrelated to the at least one parameter for making the at least one frozenpiercing implement device. In one embodiment, 15220 wherein the at leastone parameter for making the at least one frozen piercing implementdevice includes one or more of: constitution of the at least one frozenpiercing implement of the frozen piercing implement device, constitutionof the at least one frozen piercing implement device, formulation of theat least one frozen piercing implement of the frozen piercing implementdevice, formulation of the at least one frozen piercing implementdevice, size of the at least one frozen piercing implement of the frozenpiercing implement device, size of the at least one frozen piercingimplement device, shape of the at least one frozen piercing implement ofthe frozen piercing implement device, shape of the at least one frozenpiercing implement device, physical structure of the at least one frozenpiercing implement of the frozen piercing implement device, physicalstructure of the at least one frozen piercing implement device, physicalor chemical integrity of the at least one frozen piercing implement ofthe frozen piercing implement device, physical or chemical integrity ofthe at least one frozen piercing implement device, or presence orabsence of at least one microparticle, nanoparticle, lens, tunable lens,sensor, transducer, actuator, detector, heater, valve, gate, channel,detection material, pump, energy source, injector, controller, receiver,transmitter, or circuit, in the at least one frozen piercing implementor frozen piercing implement device. In one embodiment, 15230 the atleast one parameter for administering at least one frozen piercingimplement device to at least one substrate includes one or more of:substrate type; substrate function; substrate size; substrateconstitution; substrate architecture; substrate durability; substratetemperature; temperature of administration conditions; depth ofadministration of the at least one frozen particle composition or frozenpiercing implement; substrate source; one or more temporal coordinates;one or more spatial coordinates; presence or absence of at least oneagent; presence or absence of at least one microparticle, nanoparticle,lens, tunable lens, sensor, regulator, transducer, actuator, detector,heater, valve, gate, channel, detection material, pump, energy source,injector, controller, receiver, transmitter, or circuit; angle ofadministration of the at least one frozen piercing implement device;velocity of administration of the at least one frozen piercing implementdevice; quantity of frozen piercing implements of the device; quantityof frozen piercing implement devices administered; rate ofadministration of more than one frozen piercing implement devices;method of administration of at least one frozen piercing implementdevice; timing of administration of at least one frozen piercingimplement; or rate of delivery of at least one agent of the device.

In one embodiment, 15310 the one or more values related to the at leastone parameter for administering at least one frozen piercing implementdevice includes one or more predictive values. In one embodiment, 15320the at least one parameter for administering at least one frozenpiercing implement device includes at least one parameter relating to atleast partially ablating or at least partially abrading one or moresurfaces of the at least one substrate with the at least one frozenpiercing implement device. In one embodiment, 15330 the first inputincludes one or more values derived from at least one property of atleast one frozen piercing implement device. In one embodiment, 15340 theat least one substrate is located in at least one of in situ, in vitro,in vivo, in utero, in planta, in silico, or ex vivo. In one embodiment,15350 the at least one substrate is at least partially located in atleast one subject. In one embodiment, the method 15360 further comprisesaccepting a third input associated with at least one feature of the atleast one subject. In one embodiment, the at least one feature of the atleast one subject includes one or more of age, gender, genotype,phenotype, proteomic profile, anatomic landscape, body contour, orhealth condition. In one embodiment 15370, the at least one feature ofthe at least one subject includes one or more of age, gender, genotype,phenotype, proteomic profile, lipidomic profile, glycomic profile,system biology profile, lymph condition, circulatory condition,respiratory condition, blood condition, anatomic landscape, bodycontour, or health condition. In one embodiment, 15380 the outputincludes one or more instructions for making the at least one frozenparticle composition or frozen piercing implement. In one embodiment,15390 the output includes at least one graphical description of the atleast one frozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement.

In one embodiment 15407, the user readable display includes one or moreof a display of one or more differences in the comparison of at leastone value related to the first input and at least one value related toat least one property of the at least one frozen particle composition orfrozen piercing implement. In one embodiment 15408, the user readabledisplay includes one or more of a display of one or more differences inthe comparison of at least one value related to the second input and atleast one value related to at least one parameter for administration ofthe at least one frozen particle composition or frozen piercingimplement. In one embodiment, 15410 the processing results of the firstinput and the second input includes determining at least one parameterfor making at least one frozen piercing implement device from one ormore values derived from at least one characteristic of at least onefrozen piercing implement of the frozen piercing implement device. Inone embodiment, 15420 the second input includes one or more valuesrelated to the at least one parameter for administering at least onefrozen piercing implement device to the at least one substrate. In oneembodiment, 15430 the processing results includes comparing at least onevalue related to the first input associated with the at least oneparameter for making the frozen piercing implement device with at leastone value related to at least one property of the at least one frozenpiercing implement. In one embodiment, 15440 the processing resultsincludes determining one or more differences in at least one valuerelated to the first input and at least one value related to at leastone property of the at least one frozen piercing implement device. Inone embodiment, 15450 the processing results includes determining one ormore differences in at least one value related to the second inputassociated with the one or more parameters of administering at least onefrozen piercing implement device to the at least one substrate. In oneembodiment, 15460 the processing results includes generating one or moreprotocols for administering the at least one frozen piercing implementdevice. In one embodiment, 15510 the administering at least one frozenpiercing implement device includes delivering at least one agent to theat least one substrate by way of the at least one frozen piercingimplement device.

In one embodiment 15518, the user includes at least one entity. In oneembodiment 15520, the entity includes at least one person, or computer.In one embodiment 15530, the user readable display includes a humanreadable display. In one embodiment 15540, the user readable displayincludes one or more active displays. In one embodiment 15550, the userreadable display includes one or more passive displays.

In one embodiment 15560, the user readable display includes one or moreof a numeric format, graphical format, or audio format. In oneembodiment 15570 the user readable display includes one or more of adisplay of one or more differences in the comparison of at least onevalue related to th first input and at least one value related to atleast one property of the at least one frozen particle composition orfrozen piercing implement. In one embodiment 15580, the user readabledisplay includes one or more of a display of one or more differences inthe comparison of at least one value related to the second input and atleast one value related to at least one parameter for administration ofthe at least one frozen particle composition or frozen piercingimplement.

In one embodiment, the method 15610 further comprises transmitting oneor more signals that include information related to the processingresults of the first input and the second input. In one embodiment,15620 the transmitting one or more signals includes transmitting one ormore signals associated with selection of at least one parameter formaking the at least one frozen piercing implement device. In oneembodiment, 15630 the transmitting one or more signals includestransmitting one or more signals associated with selection of one ormore agents to be delivered by the at least one frozen piercingimplement device. In one embodiment, 15640 wherein the transmitting oneor more signals includes transmitting one or more signals associatedwith comparing the information related to the processing results of thefirst input and the second input. In one embodiment, 15650 wherein theat least one frozen piercing implement device includes one or morefrozen piercing implements that include at least one of hydrogen oxide,nitrogen, oxygen, air, helium, neon, argon, xenon, chlorine, bromine,carbon dioxide, acetone, ethyl acetate, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylformamide, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, acetronitrile, acetic acid,n-butanol, isopropanol, n-propanol, hexamethylphosphorotriamide,perfluorohydrocarbon, methanol, ethanol, tert-butyl alcohol, formicacid, hydrogen fluoride, ammonia, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, hexane,dichloromethane, methylene chloride, carboxylic acid, saline, standardsaline citrate, methane, toluene, chloroform, polyethylene glycol,acetic acid, Ringer's solution, lactated Ringer's solution, Hartmann'ssolution, acetated Ringer's solution, phosphate buffered solution,TRIS-buffered saline solution, Hank's balanced salt solution, Earle'sbalanced salt solution, standard saline citrate, HEPES-buffered saline,dextrose, glucose, or diethyl ether.

In one embodiment, the method 15710 further comprises making at leastone frozen piercing implement device. In one embodiment, the method15720 further comprises administering at least one frozen piercingimplement device to at least one substrate. In one embodiment, themethod 15730 further comprises evaluating the at least one substrate forone or more indicators related to at least one parameter foradministering the at least one frozen piercing implement device. In oneembodiment, 15740 the evaluating at least one substrate for one or moreindicators includes evaluating at least one of an assay, image, or grossassessment of the at least one substrate prior to, during, or subsequentto at least one administration of the at least one frozen piercingimplement device. In one embodiment, 15750 the assay includes at leastone technique including spectroscopy, microscopy, electrochemicaldetection, polynucleotide detection, histological examination, biopsyanalysis, fluorescence resonance energy transfer, electron transfer,enzyme assay, electrical conductivity, isoelectric focusing,chromatography, immunoprecipitation, immunoseparation, aptamer binding,filtration, electrophoresis, immunoassay, or radioactive assay. In oneembodiment,15755 wherein the at least one image includes one or moreimages acquired by at least one of laser, holography, x-ray,crystallography, optical coherence tomography, computer-assistedtomography scan, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging,positron-emission tomography scan, ultrasound, x-ray,electrical-impedance monitoring, microscopy, spectrometry, flowcytommetry, radioisotope imaging, thermal imaging, infraredvisualization, multiphoton calcium-imaging, photography, or in silicogeneration

In one embodiment, the method 15760 further comprises transmitting oneor more signals that include information relating to the accepting afirst input or a second input and information related to the evaluatingthe at least one substrate. In one embodiment, 15770 the transmittingone or more signals includes transmitting one or more signals associatedwith selection of at least one parameter for making the at least onefrozen piercing implement device. In one embodiment, 15780 wherein thetransmitting one or more signals includes transmitting one or moresignals associated with selection of at least one parameter foradministering the at least one frozen piercing implement device.

As illustrated in FIGS. 158-160 a computer-implemented method 15800comprises 15810 receiving one or more signals that include informationrelated to accepting input associated with at least one parameter formaking or administering at least one frozen particle composition, frozenpiercing implement, or frozen piercing implement device to at least onesubstrate; wherein the at least one frozen particle composition, frozenpiercing implement, or frozen piercing implement device includes atleast one agent; 15820 receiving one or more signals that includeinformation related to evaluating the at least one substrate for one ormore indicators of administration of the at least one frozen particlecomposition, frozen piercing implement, frozen piercing implementdevice, or agent; and 15830 processing the information related to theinput associated with at least one parameter for making or administeringthe at least one frozen piercing implement device to at least onesubstrate and the information related to the evaluating the at least onesubstrate. In one embodiment, 15840 wherein the evaluating at least onesubstrate for one or more indicators includes evaluating at least one ofan assay, image, or gross assessment of the at least one substrate priorto, during, or subsequent to at least one administration of at least onefrozen piercing implement device. In one embodiment, 15850 the assayincludes at least one technique that includes spectroscopy, microscopy,electrochemical detection, polynucleotide detection, histologicalexamination, biopsy analysis, fluorescence resonance energy transfer,electron transfer, enzyme assay, electrical conductivity, isoelectricfocusing, chromatography, immunoprecipitation, immunoseparation, aptamerbinding, filtration, electrophoresis, immunoassay, or radioactive assay.In one embodiment, 15860 wherein the image includes at least one imageacquired by one or more of x-ray crystallography, laser, holography,optical coherence tomography, computer-assisted tomography scan,computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, positron-emissiontomography scan, ultrasound, x-ray, electrical-impedance monitoring,microscopy, spectrometry, flow cytommetry, radioisotope imaging, thermalimaging, infrared visualization, multiphoton calcium-imaging,photography, or in silico generation. In one embodiment, 15870 whereinthe receiving one or more signals includes receiving one or more signalsassociated with selection of at least one parameter for making oradministering the at least one frozen particle composition, frozenpiercing implement, or frozen piercing implement device.

In one embodiment, 15910 the at least one parameter for making the atleast one frozen piercing implement device includes one or more of:constitution of the at least one frozen piercing implement of the frozenpiercing implement device, constitution of the at least one frozenpiercing implement device, formulation of the at least one frozenpiercing implement of the frozen piercing implement device, formulationof the at least one frozen piercing implement device, size of the atleast one frozen piercing implement of the frozen piercing implementdevice, size of the at least one frozen piercing implement device, shapeof the at least one frozen piercing implement of the frozen piercingimplement device, shape of the at least one frozen piercing implementdevice, physical structure of the at least one frozen piercing implementof the frozen piercing implement device, physical structure of the atleast one frozen piercing implement device, physical or chemicalintegrity of the at least one frozen piercing implement of the frozenpiercing implement device, physical or chemical integrity of the atleast one frozen piercing implement device, or presence or absence of atleast one microparticle, nanoparticle, lens, tunable lens, sensor,transducer, actuator, detector, heater, valve, gate, channel, detectionmaterial, pump, energy source, injector, controller, receiver,transmitter, or circuit, in the at least one frozen piercing implementor frozen piercing implement device.

In one embodiment, 15920 wherein the at least one parameter foradministering at least one frozen piercing implement device to at leastone substrate includes one or more of: substrate type; substratefunction; substrate size; substrate constitution; substratearchitecture; substrate durability; substrate temperature; temperatureof administration conditions; depth of administration of the at leastone frozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement; substratesource; one or more temporal coordinates; one or more spatialcoordinates; presence or absence of at least one agent; presence orabsence of at least one microparticle, nanoparticle, lens, tunable lens,sensor, regulator, transducer, actuator, detector, heater, valve, gate,channel, detection material, pump, energy source, injector, controller,receiver, transmitter, or circuit; angle of administration of the atleast one frozen piercing implement device; velocity of administrationof the at least one frozen piercing implement device; quantity of frozenpiercing implements of the device; quantity of frozen piercing implementdevices administered; rate of administration of more than one frozenpiercing implement devices; method of administration of at least onefrozen piercing implement device; timing of administration of at leastone frozen piercing implement; or rate of delivery of at least one agentof the device.

In one embodiment, 16010 the at least one agent includes one or more ofan adhesive agent, therapeutic agent, reinforcement agent, abrasive,explosive material, or biological remodeling agent. In one embodiment,16020 wherein the at least one substrate includes one or more of a cell,tissue, organ, structure, device, or food product.

In one embodiment, 16030 wherein the at least one frozen particlecomposition, frozen piercing implement, or frozen piercing implementdevice includes one or more of hydrogen oxide, nitrogen, oxygen, air,helium, neon, argon, xenon, chlorine, bromine, carbon dioxide, acetone,ethyl acetate, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl formamide, dioxane,tetrahydrofuran, acetronitrile, acetic acid, n-butanol, isopropanol,n-propanol, hexamethylphosphorotriamide, perfluorohydrocarbon, methanol,ethanol, tert-butyl alcohol, formic acid, hydrogen fluoride, ammonia,benzene, carbon tetrachloride, hexane, dichloromethane, methylenechloride, carboxylic acid, saline, standard saline citrate, methane,toluene, chloroform, polyethylene glycol, acetic acid, Ringer'ssolution, lactated Ringer's solution, Hartmann's solution, acetatedRinger's solution, phosphate buffered solution, TRIS-buffered salinesolution, Hank's balanced salt solution, Earle's balanced salt solution,standard saline citrate, HEPES-buffered saline, dextrose, glucose, ordiethyl ether.

In one embodiment 16035, the output includes one or more instructionsfor making the at least one frozen particle composition, frozen piercingimplement, or frozen piercing implement device. In one embodiment 16040,the output includes at least one graphical description of the at leastone frozen particle composition, frozen piercing implement, or frozenpiercing implement device.

In one embodiment 16050, the user includes at least one entity. In oneembodiment 16055, the entity includes at least one person, or computer.In one embodiment 16060, the user readable display includes a humanreadable display. In one embodiment 16065, the user readable displayincludes one or more active displays. In one embodiment 16070, the userreadable display includes one or more passive displays. In oneembodiment 16075, the user readable display includes one or more of anumeric format, graphical format, or audio format. In one embodiment16076 the user readable display includes one or more of a display of oneor more differences in the comparison of at least one value related toth first input and at least one value related to at least one propertyof the at least one frozen particle composition or frozen piercingimplement. In one embodiment 16077, the user readable display includesone or more of a display of one or more differences in the comparison ofat least one value related to the second input and at least one valuerelated to at least one parameter for administration of the at least onefrozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement.

In one embodiment 16110, at least one parameter for making the at leastone frozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement includesone or more of: constitution of the at least one frozen particlecomposition or frozen piercing implement, formulation of the at leastone frozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement, size ofthe at least one frozen particle composition or frozen piercingimplement, density of the at least one frozen particle composition orfrozen piercing implement, shape of the at least one frozen particlecomposition or frozen piercing implement, physical structure of the atleast one frozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement,physical or chemical integrity of the at least one frozen particlecomposition or frozen piercing implement, or presence or absence of amicroparticle, nanoparticle, lens, tunable lens, sensor, transducer,actuator, detector, heater, valve, gate, channel, detection material,pump, energy source, injector, controller, receiver, transmitter, orcircuit.

In one embodiment 16120, at least one parameter for administering the atleast one frozen particle composition or frozen piercing implementincludes one or more of: substrate type; substrate function; substratesize; substrate constitution; substrate architecture; substratedurability; substrate temperature; temperature of administrationconditions; depth of administration of the at least one frozen particlecomposition or frozen piercing implement; substrate source; one or moretemporal coordinates; one or more spatial coordinates; presence orabsence of at least one agent; presence or absence of at least onemicroparticle, nanoparticle, lens, tunablelens, sensor, transducer,actuator, detector, heater, valve, gate, channel, detection material,pump, power source, injector, controller, receiver, transmitter, orcircuit; angle of administration of the at least one frozen piercingimplement device; force of administration of the at least one frozenpiercing implement device; velocity of administration of the at leastone frozen piercing implement device; quantity of frozen piercingimplements of the device; quantity of frozen piercing implement devicesadministered; rate of administration of more than one frozen piercingimplement devices; method of administration of at least one frozenpiercing implement device; timing of administration of at least onefrozen piercing implement; or rate of delivery of at least one agent ofthe device.

As illustrated in FIG. 162, in one embodiment, a method 16200 comprises16210 making at least one frozen particle composition, frozen piercingimplement, or frozen piercing implement device; and 16220 administeringat least one frozen particle composition, frozen piercing implement, orfrozen piercing implement device to at least one substrate. In oneembodiment, the method 16200 includes a computer-implemented method.

As illustrated in FIGS. 163-166, a system 16300 comprises: 16310 meansfor receiving one or more signals that include information related toaccepting input associated with at least one parameter for making oradministering at least one frozen particle composition or frozenpiercing implement to at least one substrate, the frozen particlecomposition or frozen piercing implement including at least one agent;16320 means for receiving one or more signals that include informationrelated to evaluating the at least one substrate for one or moreindicators of administration of the at least one frozen particlecomposition, frozen piercing implement, or agent; 16330 means forprocessing the information related to the input associated with at leastone parameter for making or administering the at least one frozenparticle composition or frozen piercing implement to at least onesubstrate and the information related to the evaluating the at least onesubstrate; and 16340 means for generating an output to a user readabledisplay. In one embodiment 16350, evaluating at least one substrate forone or more indicators includes evaluating at least one of an assay,image, or gross assessment of the at least one biological tissue priorto, during, or subsequent to at least one administration of the at leastone frozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement. In oneembodiment 16360, the assay includes at least one technique thatincludes spectroscopy, microscopy, electrochemical detection,polynucleotide detection, histological examination, biopsy analysis,fluorescence resonance energy transfer, electron transfer, enzyme assay,electrical conductivity, isoelectric focusing, chromatography,immunoprecipitation, immunoseparation, aptamer binding, filtration,electrophoresis, immunoassay, or radioactive assay.

In one embodiment 16370, the image includes at least one image acquiredby one or more of x-ray crystallography, laser, holography, opticalcoherence tomography, computer-assisted tomography scan, computedtomography, magnetic resonance imaging, positron-emission tomographyscan, ultrasound, x-ray, electrical-impedance monitoring, microscopy,spectrometry, flow cytommetry, radioisotope imaging, thermal imaging,infrared visualization, multiphoton calcium-imaging, photography, or insilico generation. In one embodiment 16410, the input associated with atleast one parameter for administering at least one frozen particlecomposition or frozen piercing implement to at least one substrateincludes one or more of: substrate type; substrate function; substratesize; substrate constitution; substrate architecture; substratedurability; substrate temperature; temperature of administrationconditions; depth of administration of the at least one frozen particlecomposition or frozen piercing implement; substrate source; one or moretemporal coordinates; one or more spatial coordinates; presence orabsence of at least one agent; presence or absence of at least onemicroparticle, nanoparticle, lens, tunablelens, sensor, transducer,actuator, detector, heater, valve, gate, channel, detection material,pump, power source, injector, controller, receiver, transmitter, orcircuit; angle of administration of the at least one frozen particlecomposition or frozen piercing implement; force of administration of theat least one frozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement;velocity of administration of the at least one frozen particlecomposition or frozen piercing implement; quantity of frozen particlecompositions or frozen piercing implements administered; rate ofadministration of more than one frozen particle compositions or frozenpiercing implements; method of administration of at least one frozenparticle composition or frozen piercing implement; timing ofadministration of at least one frozen particle composition or frozenpiercing implement; or rate of delivery of at least one agent.

In one embodiment 16420, the at least one agent includes one or more ofan adhesive agent, therapeutic agent, reinforcement agent, abrasive,explosive material, or biological remodeling agent. In one embodiment16430, the means for receiving one or more signals includes means forreceiving one or more signals associated with selection of at least oneparameter for making the at least one frozen particle composition orfrozen piercing implement. In one embodiment 16440, the at least oneparameter for making the at least one frozen particle composition orfrozen piercing implement includes one or more property including:constitution of the at least one frozen particle composition or frozenpiercing implement, configuration of the at least one frozen particlecomposition or frozen piercing implement, formulation of the at leastone frozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement, size ofthe at least one frozen particle composition or frozen piercingimplement, density of the at least one frozen particle composition orfrozen piercing implement, shape of the at least one frozen particlecomposition or frozen piercing implement, physical structure of the atleast one frozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement,physical or chemical integrity of the at least one frozen particlecomposition or frozen piercing implement.

In one embodiment 16510, the at least one substrate includes one or moreof a cell, tissue, organ, structure, device, or food product. In oneembodiment 16520, the at least one frozen particle composition or frozenpiercing implement includes one or more of hydrogen oxide, nitrogen,oxygen, air, helium, neon, argon, xenon, chlorine, bromine, carbondioxide, acetone, ethyl acetate, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl formamide,dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile, acetic acid, n-butanol,isopropanol, n-propanol, hexamethylphosphorotriamide,perfluorohydrocarbon, methanol, ethanol, tert-butyl alcohol, formicacid, hydrogen fluoride, ammonia, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, hexane,dichloromethane, methylene chloride, carboxylic acid, saline, methane,toluene, chloroform, polyethylene glycol, acetic acid, Ringer'ssolution, lactated Ringer's solution, Hartmann's solution, acetatedRinger's solution, phosphate buffered solution, TRIS-buffered salinesolution, Hank's balanced salt solution, Earle's balanced salt solution,standard saline citrate, HEPES-buffered saline, dextrose, glucose, ordiethyl ether.

In one embodiment 16530, the output includes one or more instructionsfor making the at least one frozen particle composition or frozenpiercing implement. In one embodiment 16540, the output includes atleast one graphical description of the at least one frozen particlecomposition or frozen piercing implement. In one embodiment 16550, theuser includes at least one entity. In one embodiment 16560, the entityincludes at least one person, or computer. In one embodiment 16570, theuser readable display includes a human readable display. In oneembodiment 16580, the user readable display includes one or more activedisplays. In one embodiment 16590, the user readable display includesone or more passive displays. In one embodiment 16595, the user readabledisplay includes one or more of a numeric format, graphical format, oraudio format. In one embodiment 16610, the user readable displayincludes one or more of a display of one or more differences in thecomparison of at least one value related to the first input and at leastone value related to at least one property of the at least one frozenparticle composition or frozen piercing implement. In one embodiment16620, the user readable display includes one or more of a display ofone or more differences in the comparison of at least one value relatedto the second input and at least one value related to at least oneparameter for administration of the at least one frozen particlecomposition or frozen piercing implement.

As illustrated in FIGS. 167-174, a system 16700 comprises: 16710 meansfor accepting a first input associated with at least one parameter formaking at least one frozen piercing implement device; 16720 means foraccepting a second input associated with at least one parameter foradministering the at least one frozen piercing implement device to atleast one substrate; 16730 means for processing the first input and thesecond input; and 16740 means for generating an output to a userreadable display.

In one embodiment 16750, the at least one frozen piercing implementdevice includes at least one of a frozen piercing implement arraydevice, frozen piercing implement fluidic device, or frozen piercingimplement injection device. In one embodiment 16760, the frozen piercingimplement injection device includes a frozen piercing implementauto-injection device.

In one embodiment 16770, the means for processing the first input andthe second input includes means for electronically processing the firstinput and the second input. In one embodiment 16780, the means forprocessing the first input and the second input includes means forelectronically processing the first input and the second input byutilizing one or more of Gaussian smoothing, scaling, homomorphicfiltering, parametric estimation techniques, Boolean operations, MonteCarlo simulations, wavelet based techniques, mirroring, smoothing,gradient weighted partial differential equation smoothing, NURBS,polygonal modeling, splines and patches modeling, algorithmic execution,logical decision-making, result prediction, Finite Element Analysis, ormodification of a CAD design.

In one embodiment 16810, the frozen piercing implement device includesat least one agent. In one embodiment 16820, the at least one agent islocated in at least one frozen piercing implement of the device. In oneembodiment 16830, the at least one agent includes one or more of atherapeutic agent, adhesive agent, abrasive, reinforcement agent,explosive material, or biological remodeling agent. In one embodiment16840, the at least one substrate includes one or more of a cell,tissue, organ, structure, device, or food product. In one embodiment16850, the first input includes one or more values related to the atleast one parameter for making the at least one frozen piercingimplement device. In one embodiment 16860, the at least one parameterfor making the at least one frozen piercing implement device includesone or more of: constitution of the at least one frozen piercingimplement of the frozen piercing implement device, constitution of theat least one frozen piercing implement device, configuration of the atleast one frozen piercing implement, configuration of the at least onefrozen piercing implement or frozen piercing implement device,formulation of the at least one frozen piercing implement of the frozenpiercing implement device, formulation of the at least one frozenpiercing implement device, size of the at least one frozen piercingimplement of the frozen piercing implement device, size of the at leastone frozen piercing implement device, shape of the at least one frozenpiercing implement of the frozen piercing implement device, shape of theat least one frozen piercing implement device, physical structure of theat least one frozen piercing implement of the frozen piercing implementdevice, physical structure of the at least one frozen piercing implementdevice, physical or chemical integrity of the at least one frozenpiercing implement of the frozen piercing implement device, or physicalor chemical integrity of the at least one frozen piercing implementdevice.

In one embodiment 16910, the at least one parameter for administering atleast one frozen piercing implement device to at least one substrateincludes one or more of substrate type; substrate function; substratesize; substrate constitution; substrate architecture; substratedurability; substrate temperature; temperature of administrationconditions; depth of administration of the at least one frozen particlecomposition or frozen piercing implement; substrate source; one or moretemporal coordinates; one or more spatial coordinates; presence orabsence of at least one agent; presence or absence of at least onemicroparticle, nanoparticle, lens, tunablelens, sensor, transducer,actuator, detector, heater, valve, gate, channel, detection material,pump, power source, injector, controller, receiver, transmitter, orcircuit; angle of administration of the at least one frozen piercingimplement device; force of administration of the at least one frozenpiercing implement device; velocity of administration of the at leastone frozen piercing implement device; quantity of frozen piercingimplements of the device; quantity of frozen piercing implement devicesadministered; rate of administration of more than one frozen piercingimplement devices; method of administration of at least one frozenpiercing implement device; timing of administration of at least onefrozen piercing implement; or rate of delivery of at least one agent ofthe device.

In one embodiment 16920, the at least one parameter for administering atleast one frozen piercing implement device includes at least oneparameter relating to at least partially ablating or at least partiallyabrading one or more surfaces of the at least one substrate with the atleast one frozen piercing implement device. In one embodiment 16930, thefirst input includes one or more values derived from at least oneproperty of at least one frozen piercing implement device. In oneembodiment 16940, the at least one substrate is located in at least oneof in situ, in vitro, in vivo, in utero, in planta, in silico, or exvivo. In one embodiment 16950, the at least one substrate is at leastpartially located in at least one subject.

In one embodiment 16960, the system further comprises means foraccepting a third input associated with at least one feature of the atleast one subject. In one embodiment 17010, the at least one feature ofthe at least one subject includes one or more of age, gender, genotype,phenotype, proteomic profile, lipidomic profile, glycomic profile,system biology profile, lymph condition, circulatory condition,respiratory condition, blood condition, anatomic landscape, bodycontour, or health condition. In one embodiment 17020, the means forprocessing the first input and the second input includes means fordetermining at least one parameter for administering at least one frozenpiercing implement device from one or more values derived from at leastone image of at least one frozen piercing implement of the device, or atleast one image of at least one frozen piercing implement device. In oneembodiment 17030, the second input includes one or more values relatedto the at least one parameter for administering at least one frozenpiercing implement device to the at least one substrate.

In one embodiment 17040, the one or more values related to the at leastone parameter for administering at least one frozen piercing implementdevice includes one or more predictive values. In one embodiment 17050,the means for processing the first input and the second input includesmeans for comparing at least one value related to the first inputassociated with the at least one parameter for making the frozenpiercing implement device with at least one value related to at leastone property of at least one frozen piercing implement of the device, orat least one frozen piercing implement device. In one embodiment 17060,the means for processing the first input and the second input includesmeans for determining one or more differences in at least one valuerelated to the first input and at least one value related to at leastone property of at least one frozen piercing implement device or atleast one frozen piercing implement of the device. In one embodiment17070, the means for processing the first input and the second inputincludes means for determining one or more differences in at least onevalue related to the second input associated with the one or moreparameters of administering at least one frozen piercing implementdevice to the at least one substrate.

In one embodiment 17110, the means for processing the first input andthe second input includes means for generating one or more protocols foradministering the at least one frozen piercing implement device. In oneembodiment 17120, the output includes one or more instructions formaking the at least one frozen particle composition or frozen piercingimplement. In one embodiment 17130, the output includes at least onegraphical description of the at least one frozen particle composition orfrozen piercing implement.

In one embodiment 17140, the user includes at least one entity. In oneembodiment 17150, the entity includes at least one person, or computer.In one embodiment 17160, the user readable display includes a humanreadable display. In one embodiment 17170, the user readable displayincludes one or more active displays. In one embodiment 17180, the userreadable display includes one or more passive displays. In oneembodiment 17185, the user readable display includes one or more of anumeric format, graphical format, or audio format. In one embodiment17190, the user readable display includes one or more of a display ofone or more differences in the comparison of at least one value relatedto the first input and at least one value related to at least oneproperty of the at least one frozen particle composition or frozenpiercing implement.

In one embodiment 17210, the user readable display includes one or moreof a display of one or more differences in the comparison of at leastone value related to the second input and at least one value related toat least one parameter for administration of the at least one frozenparticle composition or frozen piercing implement. In one embodiment17220, the system further comprises means for transmitting one or moresignals that include information related to the means for processing thefirst input and the second input. In one embodiment 17230, the means fortransmitting one or more signals includes means for transmitting one ormore signals associated with selection of at least one parameter formaking the at least one frozen piercing implement device. In oneembodiment 17240, the means for transmitting one or more signalsincludes means for transmitting one or more signals associated withselection of one or more agents to be delivered by the at least onefrozen piercing implement device.

In one embodiment 17250, the at least one agent includes one or more ofan adhesive agent, therapeutic agent, reinforcement agent, abrasive,explosive material, or biological remodeling agent. In one embodiment17310, the means for transmitting one or more signals includes means fortransmitting one or more signals associated with at least one parameterfor making or administering at least one frozen piercing implementdevice. In one embodiment 17320, means for transmitting one or moresignals includes means for transmitting one or more signals associatedwith means for comparing the information related to the means forprocessing the first input and the second input. In one embodiment17330, the at least one frozen piercing implement device includes one ormore frozen piercing implements that include at least one of hydrogenoxide, nitrogen, oxygen, air, helium, neon, argon, xenon, chlorine,bromine, carbon dioxide, acetone, ethyl acetate, dimethyl sulfoxide,dimethyl formamide, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile, acetic acid,n-butanol, isopropanol, n-propanol, hexamethylphosphorotriamide,perfluorohydrocarbon, methanol, ethanol, tert-butyl alcohol, formicacid, hydrogen fluoride, ammonia, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, hexane,dichloromethane, methylene chloride, carboxylic acid, saline, methane,toluene, chloroform, polyethylene glycol, acetic acid, Ringer'ssolution, lactated Ringer's solution, Hartmann's solution, acetatedRinger's solution, phosphate buffered solution, TRIS-buffered salinesolution, Hank's balanced salt solution, Earle's balanced salt solution,standard saline citrate, HEPES-buffered saline, dextrose, glucose, ordiethyl ether.

In one embodiment 17340, the system further comprises means for makingat least one frozen piercing implement device. In one embodiment 17350,the system further comprises means for administering at least one frozenpiercing implement device to at least one substrate. In one embodiment17360, the system further comprises means for evaluating the at leastone substrate for one or more indicators related to at least oneparameter for administering the at least one frozen piercing implementdevice. In one embodiment 17370, the means for evaluating at least onesubstrate for one or more indicators includes means for evaluating atleast one of an assay, image, or gross assessment of the at least onesubstrate prior to, during, or subsequent to at least one administrationof the at least one frozen particle composition or frozen piercingimplement.

In one embodiment 17410, the assay includes at least one techniqueincluding spectroscopy, microscopy, electrochemical detection,polynucleotide detection, histological examination, biopsy analysis,fluorescence resonance energy transfer, electron transfer, enzyme assay,electrical conductivity, isoelectric focusing, chromatography,immunoprecipitation, immunoseparation, aptamer binding, filtration,electrophoresis, immunoassay, or radioactive assay. In one embodiment17420, the at least one image includes one or more images acquired by atleast one of laser, holography, x-ray crystallography, optical coherencetomography, computer-assisted tomography scan, computed tomography,magnetic resonance imaging, positron-emission tomography scan,ultrasound, x-ray, electrical-impedance monitoring, microscopy,spectrometry, flow cytommetry, radioisotope imaging, thermal imaging,infrared visualization, multiphoton calcium-imaging, photography, or insilico generation.

In one embodiment 17430, the system further comprises means fortransmitting one or more signals that include information relating tothe accepting a first input or a second input and information related tothe evaluating the at least one substrate. In one embodiment 17440, themeans for transmitting one or more signals includes means fortransmitting one or more signals associated with selection of at leastone parameter for making the at least one frozen particle composition orfrozen piercing implement. In one embodiment 17460, the means fortransmitting one or more signals includes means for transmitting one ormore signals associated with selection of at least one parameter foradministering the at least one frozen particle composition or frozenpiercing implement.

As illustrated in FIGS. 175-181, a system 17500, comprises: 17510 meansfor accepting a first input associated with at least one parameter formaking at least one frozen particle composition or frozen piercingimplement; 17520 means for accepting a second input associated with atleast one parameter for administering the at least one frozen particlecomposition or frozen piercing implement to at least one substrate;17530 means for processing the first input and the second input; and17540 means for generating an output to a user readable display. In oneembodiment 17550, the at least one parameter for administering at leastone frozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement includes atleast one parameter relating to at least partially ablating or at leastpartially abrading one or more surfaces of the at least one substratewith the at least one frozen particle composition or frozen piercingimplement. In one embodiment 17560, the means for processing the firstinput and the second input includes means for electronically processingthe first input and the second input. In one embodiment 17570, the meansfor processing the first input and the second input includes means forelectronically processing the first input and the second input byutilizing one or more of Gaussian smoothing, scaling, homomorphicfiltering, parametric estimation techniques, Boolean operations, MonteCarlo simulations, wavelet based techniques, mirroring, smoothing,gradient weighted partial differential equation smoothing, NURBS,polygonal modeling, splines and patches modeling, algorithmic execution,logical decision-making, result prediction, Finite Element Analysis, ormodification of a CAD design.

In one embodiment 17580, the first input includes one or more valuesrelated to the at least one parameter for making the at least one frozenparticle composition or frozen piercing implement. In one embodiment17610, the at least one parameter for making the at least one frozenparticle composition or frozen piercing implement includes one or moreproperty including: constitution of the at least one frozen particlecomposition or frozen piercing implement, configuration of the at leastone frozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement,formulation of the at least one frozen particle composition or frozenpiercing implement, size of the at least one frozen particle compositionor frozen piercing implement, density of the at least one frozenparticle composition or frozen piercing implement, shape of the at leastone frozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement, physicalstructure of the at least one frozen particle composition or frozenpiercing implement, physical or chemical integrity of the at least onefrozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement, or presence orabsence of a microparticle, nanoparticle, lens, tunablelens, sensor,transducer, actuator, detector, heater, valve, gate, channel, detectionmaterial, pump, power source, injector, controller, receiver,transmitter, or circuit. In one embodiment 17620, the at least oneparameter for administering at least one frozen particle composition orfrozen piercing implement to at least one substrate includes one or moreof: substrate type; substrate function; substrate size; substrateconstitution; substrate architecture; substrate durability; substratetemperature; temperature of administration conditions; depth ofadministration of the at least one frozen particle composition or frozenpiercing implement; substrate source; one or more temporal coordinates;one or more spatial coordinates; presence or absence of at least oneagent; presence or absence of one or more sensors, valves, gates,channels, transducers, circuits, nanoparticles, microactuators,microdetectors, microheaters, or detection materials; angle ofadministration of the at least one frozen particle composition or frozenpiercing implement; force of administration of the at least one frozenparticle composition or frozen piercing implement velocity ofadministration of the at least one frozen particle composition or frozenpiercing implement; quantity of frozen particle compositions or frozenpiercing implements administered; rate of administration of more thanone frozen particle compositions or frozen piercing implements; methodof administration of at least one frozen particle composition or frozenpiercing implement; timing of administration of at least one frozenparticle composition or frozen piercing implement; or rate of deliveryof at least one agent.

In one embodiment 17630, the at least one agent includes one or more ofan adhesive agent, therapeutic agent, reinforcement agent, abrasive,explosive material, or biological remodeling agent. In one embodiment17710, the at least one substrate includes one or more of a cell,tissue, organ, structure, device, or food product. In one embodiment17720, the first input includes one or more values derived from at leastone property of the at least one frozen particle composition or frozenpiercing implement.

In one embodiment 17730, the at least one substrate is located in atleast one of in situ, in vitro, in vivo, in utero, in planta, in silico,or ex vivo. In one embodiment 17740, the at least one substrate is atleast partially located in at least one subject. In one embodiment17750, the system further comprises means for accepting a third inputassociated with at least one feature of the at least one subject. In oneembodiment 17760, the at least one feature of the at least one subjectincludes one or more of age, gender, genotype, phenotype, proteomicprofile, lipidomic profile, glycomic profile, system biology profile,lymph condition, circulatory condition, respiratory condition, bloodcondition, anatomic landscape, body contour, or health condition. In oneembodiment 17770, the means for processing the first input and thesecond input includes means for determining at least one parameter foradministering at least one frozen particle composition or frozenpiercing implement from one or more values derived from at least oneparameter for administering the at least one frozen particle compositionor frozen piercing implement. In one embodiment 17780, the means forprocessing the first input and the second input includes means fordetermining one or more differences in at least one value related to thesecond input and at least one value related to at least one parameterfor administering of at least one frozen particle composition or frozenpiercing implement to at least one substrate.

In one embodiment 17810, the second input includes one or more valuesrelated to the at least one parameter for administering at least onefrozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement to the at leastone substrate. In one embodiment 17820, the one or more values relatedto the at least one parameter for administering at least one frozenparticle composition or frozen piercing implement includes one or morepredictive values. In one embodiment 17830, the means for processing thefirst input and the second input includes means for comparing at leastone value related to the first input associated with the at least oneparameter for making the at least one frozen particle composition orfrozen piercing implement with at least one value related to at leastone property of the frozen particle composition or frozen piercingimplement.

In one embodiment 17840, the means for processing the first input andthe second input includes means for determining one or more differencesin at least one value related to the first input and at least one valuerelated to at least one property of the at least one frozen particlecomposition or frozen piercing implement. In one embodiment 19950, themeans for processing the first input and the second input includes meansfor generating one or more protocols for administering the at least onefrozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement. In oneembodiment 17860, the output includes one or more instructions formaking the at least one frozen particle composition or frozen piercingimplement. In one embodiment 17870, the output includes at least onegraphical description of the at least one frozen particle composition orfrozen piercing implement. In one embodiment 17880, the user includes atleast one entity.

In one embodiment 17910, the entity includes at least one person, orcomputer. In one embodiment 17920, the user readable display includes ahuman readable display. In one embodiment 17930, the user readabledisplay includes one or more active displays.

In one embodiment 17940, the user readable display includes one or morepassive displays. In one embodiment 17950, the user readable displayincludes one or more of a numeric format, graphical format, or audioformat. In one embodiment 17960, the user readable display includes oneor more of a display of one or more differences in the comparison of atleast one value related to the first input and at least one valuerelated to at least one property of the at least one frozen particlecomposition or frozen piercing implement. In one embodiment 17970, theuser readable display includes one or more of a display of one or moredifferences in the comparison of at least one value related to thesecond input and at least one value related to at least one parameterfor administration of the at least one frozen particle composition orfrozen piercing implement.

In one embodiment 17980, the system further comprises means fortransmitting one or more signals that include information related to theprocessing of the first input and the second input. In one embodiment17990, the means for transmitting one or more signals includes means fortransmitting one or more signals associated with selection of at leastone parameter for making the at least one frozen particle composition orfrozen piercing implement.

In one embodiment 18010, the means for transmitting one or more signalsincludes means for transmitting one or more signals associated withcomparing the information related to the processing of the first inputand the second input. In one embodiment 18020, the means fortransmitting one or more signals includes means for transmitting one ormore signals associated with comparing the information related to theprocessing of the first input and the second input. In one embodiment18030, the at least one frozen particle composition or frozen piercingimplement includes one or more of hydrogen oxide, nitrogen, oxygen, air,helium, neon, argon, xenon, chlorine, bromine, carbon dioxide, acetone,ethyl acetate, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl formamide, dioxane,tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile, acetic acid, n-butanol, isopropanol,n-propanol, hexamethylphosphorotriamide, perfluorohydrocarbon, methanol,ethanol, tert-butyl alcohol, formic acid, hydrogen fluoride, ammonia,benzene, carbon tetrachloride, hexane, dichloromethane, methylenechloride, carboxylic acid, saline, methane, toluene, chloroform,polyethylene glycol, acetic acid, Ringer's solution, lactated Ringer'ssolution, Hartmann's solution, acetated Ringer's solution, phosphatebuffered solution, TRIS-buffered saline solution, Hank's balanced saltsolution, Earle's balanced salt solution, standard saline citrate,HEPES-buffered saline, dextrose, glucose, or diethyl ether. In oneembodiment 18040, the system further comprises means for making at leastone frozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement. In oneembodiment 18050, the system further comprises means for administeringat least one frozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement toat least one substrate. In one embodiment 18060, the system furthercomprises means for evaluating the at least one substrate for one ormore indicators related to at least one parameter for administering theat least one frozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement.In one embodiment 18070, evaluating at least one substrate for one ormore indicators includes evaluating at least one of an assay, image, orgross assessment of the at least one substrate prior to, during, orsubsequent to at least one administration of the at least one frozenparticle composition or frozen piercing implement.

In one embodiment 18110, the assay includes at least one techniqueincluding spectroscopy, microscopy, electrochemical detection,polynucleotide detection, histological examination, biopsy analysis,fluorescence resonance energy transfer, electron transfer, enzyme assay,electrical conductivity, isoelectric focusing, chromatography,immunoprecipitation, immunoseparation, aptamer binding, filtration,electrophoresis, immunoassay, or radioactive assay. In one embodiment18120, the at least one image includes one or more images acquired by atleast one of laser, holography, x-ray crystallography, optical coherencetomography, computer-assisted tomography scan, computed tomography,magnetic resonance imaging, positron-emission tomography scan,ultrasound, x-ray, electrical-impedance monitoring, microscopy,spectrometry, flow cytommetry, radioisotope imaging, thermal imaging,infrared visualization, multiphoton calcium-imaging, photography, or insilico generation. In one embodiment 18130, the system further comprisesmeans for transmitting one or more signals that include informationrelating to the accepting a first input or a second input andinformation related to the evaluating the at least one substrate. In oneembodiment 18140, the means for transmitting one or more signalsincludes means for transmitting one or more signals associated withselection of at least one parameter for making the at least one frozenparticle composition or frozen piercing implement. In one embodiment18150, the means for transmitting one or more signals includes means fortransmitting one or more signals associated with selection of at leastone parameter for administering the at least one frozen particlecomposition or frozen piercing implement.

As illustrated in FIGS. 182-185, a system 18200 comprises: 18210 meansfor receiving one or more signals that include information related toaccepting input associated with at least one parameter for making oradministering at least one frozen particle composition, frozen piercingimplement, or frozen piercing implement device to at least onesubstrate; wherein the at least one frozen particle composition, frozenpiercing implement, or frozen piercing implement device includes atleast one agent; 18220 means for receiving one or more signals thatinclude information related to evaluating the at least one substrate forone or more indicators of administration of at least one frozen particlecomposition, frozen piercing implement, frozen piercing implementdevice, or agent; 18230 means for processing the information related tothe input associated with at least one parameter for making oradministering the at least one frozen particle composition, frozenpiercing implement, or frozen piercing implement device to at least onesubstrate and the information related to the evaluating the at least onesubstrate; and 18240 means for generating an output to a user readabledisplay. In one embodiment 18250, the at least one frozen piercingimplement device includes at least one of a frozen piercing implementdevice, frozen piercing implement fluidic device, or frozen piercingimplement injection device. In one embodiment 18260, the frozen piercingimplement injection device includes a frozen piercing implementauto-injection device. In one embodiment 18270, evaluating at least onesubstrate for one or more indicators includes means for evaluating atleast one of an assay, image, or gross assessment of the at least onebiological tissue prior to, during, or subsequent to at least oneadministration of one or more frozen piercing implement devices. In oneembodiment 18280, the assay includes at least one technique thatincludes spectroscopy, microscopy, electrochemical detection,polynucleotide detection, histological examination, biopsy analysis,fluorescence resonance energy transfer, electron transfer, enzyme assay,electrical conductivity, isoelectric focusing, chromatography,immunoprecipitation, immunoseparation, aptamer binding, filtration,electrophoresis, immunoassay, or radioactive assay.

In one embodiment 18310, the image includes at least one image acquiredby one or more of x-ray crystallography, laser, holography, opticalcoherence tomography, computer-assisted tomography scan, computedtomography, magnetic resonance imaging, positron-emission tomographyscan, ultrasound, x-ray, electrical-impedance monitoring, microscopy,spectrometry, flow cytommetry, radioisotope imaging, thermal imaging,infrared visualization, multiphoton calcium-imaging, photography, or insilico generation. In one embodiment 18320, the means for receiving oneor more signals includes means for receiving one or more signalsassociated with selection of at least one parameter for making oradministering the at least one frozen piercing implement. In oneembodiment 18330, the at least one parameter for making the at least onefrozen piercing implement device includes one or more of: constitutionof the at least one frozen piercing implement of the frozen piercingimplement device, constitution of the at least one frozen piercingimplement device, formulation of the at least one frozen piercingimplement of the frozen piercing implement device, formulation of the atleast one frozen piercing implement device, configuration of the atleast one frozen piercing implement of the device, configuration of theat least one frozen piercing implement device, size of the at least onefrozen piercing implement of the frozen piercing implement device, sizeof the at least one frozen piercing implement device, shape of the atleast one frozen piercing implement of the frozen piercing implementdevice, shape of the at least one frozen piercing implement device,physical structure of the at least one frozen piercing implement of thefrozen piercing implement device, physical structure of the at least onefrozen piercing implement device, physical or chemical integrity of theat least one frozen piercing implement of the frozen piercing implementdevice, or physical or chemical integrity of the at least one frozenpiercing implement device.

In one embodiment 18340, the at least one parameter for administering atleast one frozen piercing implement device to at least one substrateincludes one or more of: substrate type; substrate function; substratesize; substrate constitution; substrate architecture; substratedurability; substrate temperature; temperature of administrationconditions; depth of administration of the at least one frozen particlecomposition or frozen piercing implement; substrate source; one or moretemporal coordinates; one or more spatial coordinates; presence orabsence of at least one agent; presence or absence of at least onemicroparticle, nanoparticle, lens, tunablelens, sensor, transducer,actuator, detector, heater, valve, gate, channel, detection material,pump, power source, injector, controller, receiver, transmitter, orcircuit; angle of administration of the at least one frozen piercingimplement device; force of administration of the at least one frozenpiercing implement device velocity of administration of the at least onefrozen piercing implement device; quantity of frozen piercing implementsof the device; quantity of frozen piercing implement devicesadministered; rate of administration of more than one frozen piercingimplement devices; method of administration of at least one frozenpiercing implement device; timing of administration of at least onefrozen piercing implement; or rate of delivery of at least one agent ofthe device.

In one embodiment 18410, the at least one agent includes one or more ofan adhesive agent, therapeutic agent, reinforcement agent, abrasive,explosive material, or biological remodeling agent. In one embodiment18420, the at least one substrate includes one or more of a cell,tissue, organ, structure, device, or food product. In one embodiment18430, the at least one frozen piercing implement device includes one ormore frozen piercing implements that include at least one of hydrogenoxide, nitrogen, oxygen, air, helium, neon, argon, xenon, chlorine,bromine, carbon dioxide, acetone, ethyl acetate, dimethyl sulfoxide,dimethyl formamide, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile, acetic acid,n-butanol, isopropanol, n-propanol, hexamethylphosphorotriamide,perfluorohydrocarbon, methanol, ethanol, tert-butyl alcohol, formicacid, hydrogen fluoride, ammonia, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, hexane,dichloromethane, methylene chloride, carboxylic acid, saline, methane,toluene, chloroform, polyethylene glycol, acetic acid, Ringer'ssolution, lactated Ringer's solution, Hartmann's solution, acetatedRinger's solution, phosphate buffered solution, TRIS-buffered salinesolution, Hank's balanced salt solution, Earle's balanced salt solution,standard saline citrate, HEPES-buffered saline, dextrose, glucose, ordiethyl ether.

In one embodiment 18440, the output includes one or more instructionsfor making the at least one frozen particle composition, frozen piercingimplement, or frozen piercing implement device. In one embodiment 18450,the output includes at least one graphical description of the at leastone frozen particle composition, frozen piercing implement, or frozenpiercing implement device. In one embodiment 18460, the user includes atleast one entity. In on embodiment 18470, the entity includes at leastone person, or computer. In one embodiment 18480, the user readabledisplay includes a human readable display. In one embodiment 18490, theuser readable display includes one or more active displays. In oneembodiment 18495, the user readable display includes one or more passivedisplays. In one embodiment 18510, the user readable display includesone or more of a numeric format, graphical format, or audio format. Inone embodiment 18520, the user readable display includes one or more ofa display of one or more differences in the comparison of at least onevalue related to the first input and at least one value related to atleast one property of the at least one frozen particle composition,frozen piercing implement, or frozen piercing implement device. In oneembodiment 18530, the user readable display includes one or more of adisplay of one or more differences in the comparison of at least onevalue related to the second input and at least one value related to atleast one parameter for administration of the at least one frozenparticle composition or frozen piercing implement.

In one embodiment 18540, the at least one parameter for making the atleast one frozen particle composition or frozen piercing implementincludes one or more of: constitution of the at least one frozenparticle composition or frozen piercing implement, formulation of the atleast one frozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement, sizeof the at least one frozen particle composition or frozen piercingimplement, density of the at least one frozen particle composition orfrozen piercing implement, shape of the at least one frozen particlecomposition or frozen piercing implement, physical structure of the atleast one frozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement, orphysical or chemical integrity of the at least one frozen particlecomposition or frozen piercing implement. In one embodiment 18550, atleast one parameter for administering the at least one frozen particlecomposition or frozen piercing implement includes one or more of:substrate type; substrate function; substrate size; substrateconstitution; substrate architecture; substrate durability; substratetemperature; temperature of administration conditions; depth ofadministration of the at least one frozen particle composition or frozenpiercing implement; substrate source; one or more temporal coordinates;one or more spatial coordinates; presence or absence of at least oneagent; presence or absence of at least one microparticle, nanoparticle,lens, tunablelens, sensor, transducer, actuator, detector, heater,valve, gate, channel, detection material, pump, power source, injector,controller, receiver, transmitter, or circuit; angle of administrationof the at least one frozen piercing implement device; force ofadministration of the at least one frozen piercing implement device;velocity of administration of the at least one frozen piercing implementdevice; quantity of frozen piercing implements of the device; quantityof frozen piercing implement devices administered; rate ofadministration of more than one frozen piercing implement devices;method of administration of at least one frozen piercing implementdevice; timing of administration of at least one frozen piercingimplement; or rate of delivery of at least one agent of the device.

As illustrated in FIGS. 186-189, in one embodiment, a system 18600comprises: 18610 at least one computing device; 18620 one or moreinstructions that when executed on the at least one computing devicecause the at least one computing device to receive a first inputassociated with a first possible dataset, 18630 the first possibledataset including data representative of at least one parameter formaking or administering at least one frozen particle composition orfrozen piercing implement; and 18640 one or more instructions that whenexecuted generate an output to a user readable display.

In one embodiment 18650, the system further comprises one or moreinstructions that when executed on the at least one computing devicecause the at least one computing device to compare a value associatedwith the first possible dataset with a second dataset including valuesof at least one predictive parameter for making the at least one frozenparticle composition or frozen piercing implement.

In one embodiment 18660, the system further comprises one or moreinstructions that when executed on the at least one computing devicecause the at least one computing device to determine a graphicalillustration of the second possible dataset.

In one embodiment 18670, the at least one parameter for making the atleast one frozen particle composition or frozen piercing implementincludes one or more of: constitution of the at least one frozenparticle composition or frozen piercing implement, formulation of the atleast one frozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement, sizeof the at least one frozen particle composition or frozen piercingimplement, density of the at least one frozen particle composition orfrozen piercing implement, shape of the at least one frozen particlecomposition or frozen piercing implement, physical structure of the atleast one frozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement, orphysical or chemical integrity of the at least one frozen particlecomposition or frozen piercing implement. In one embodiment 18710, atleast one parameter for administering the at least one frozen particlecomposition or frozen piercing implement includes one or more of:substrate type; substrate function; substrate size; substrateconstitution; substrate architecture; substrate durability; substratetemperature; temperature of administration conditions; depth ofadministration of the at least one frozen particle composition or frozenpiercing implement; substrate source; one or more temporal coordinates;one or more spatial coordinates; presence or absence of at least oneagent; presence or absence of at least one microparticle, nanoparticle,lens, tunablelens, sensor, transducer, actuator, detector, heater,valve, gate, channel, detection material, pump, power source, injector,controller, receiver, transmitter, or circuit; angle of administrationof the at least one frozen piercing implement device; force ofadministration of the at least one frozen piercing implement device;velocity of administration of the at least one frozen piercing implementdevice; quantity of frozen piercing implements of the device; quantityof frozen piercing implement devices administered; rate ofadministration of more than one frozen piercing implement devices;method of administration of at least one frozen piercing implementdevice; timing of administration of at least one frozen piercingimplement; or rate of delivery of at least one agent of the device.

In one embodiment 18720, the system further comprises one or moreinstructions that when executed on the at least one computing devicecause the at least one computing device to determine from the comparisonat least one parameter for making or administering at least one frozenparticle composition or frozen piercing implement to at least onesubstrate. In one embodiment 18730, the system further comprises one ormore instructions that when executed on the at least one computingdevice cause the at least one computing device to generate at least oneresponse support structured on the determination.

In one embodiment 18740, the system further comprises one or moreinstructions that when executed on the at least one computing devicecause the at least one computing device to access the first possibledataset in response to the first input. In one embodiment 18750, thesystem further comprises one or more instructions that when executed onthe at least one computing device cause the at least one computingdevice to generate the first possible dataset in response to the firstinput. In one embodiment 18760, the system further comprises one or moreinstructions that when executed on the at least one computing devicecause the at least one computing device to determine a graphicalillustration of the first possible dataset.

In one embodiment 18810, the at least one computing device includes oneor more of a desktop computer, workstation computer, or computingsystem. In one embodiment 18820, the at least one computing systemincludes one or more of a cluster of processors, a networked computer, atablet personal computer, a laptop computer, a mobile device, a mobiletelephone, or a personal digital assistant computer. In one embodiment18830, the output includes one or more instructions for making the atleast one frozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement. Inone embodiment 18840, the output includes at least one graphicaldescription of the at least one frozen particle composition or frozenpiercing implement.

In one embodiment 18850, the user includes at least one entity. In oneembodiment 18860, the entity includes at least one person, or computer.In one embodiment 18870, the user readable display includes a humanreadable display. In one embodiment 18880, the user readable displayincludes one or more active displays. In one embodiment 18890, the userreadable display includes one or more passive displays.

In one embodiment 18895, the user readable display includes one or moreof a numeric format, graphical format, or audio format. In oneembodiment 18898, the user readable display includes one or more of adisplay of one or more differences in the comparison of at least onevalue related to the first input and at least one value related to atleast one property of the at least one frozen particle composition orfrozen piercing implement.

In one embodiment 18910, the user readable display includes one or moreof a display of one or more differences in the comparison of at leastone value related to the second input and at least one value related toat least one parameter for administration of the at least one frozenparticle composition or frozen piercing implement.

As illustrated in FIGS. 190-192, one embodiment includes a system 19000comprising: 19010 circuitry for accepting a first input associated withone or more parameters for making at least one frozen particlecomposition or frozen piercing implement; 19020 circuitry for acceptinga second input associated with one or more parameters for administeringat least one frozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement toat least one substrate; 19030 circuitry for processing the first inputand the second input; and 19040 circuitry for generating an output to auser readable display.

In one embodiment 19050, the one or more parameters for making at leastone frozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement include atleast one value derived from an image. In one embodiment 19060, theimage includes a 2-dimensional or 3-dimensional image. In one embodiment19070, the image includes at least one image acquired by one or more ofx-ray crystallography, laser, holography, optical coherence tomography,computer-assisted tomography scan, computed tomography, magneticresonance imaging, positron-emission tomography scan, ultrasound, x-ray,electrical-impedance monitoring, microscopy, spectrometry, flowcytommetry, radioisotope imaging, thermal imaging, infraredvisualization, multiphoton calcium-imaging, photography, or in silicogeneration.

In one embodiment 19080, the image includes at least one CAD drawing. Inone embodiment 19090, the image includes at least one characteristic ofthe at least one frozen particle composition or frozen piercingimplement. In one embodiment 19095, the at least one characteristicincludes one or more of inner diameter, outer diameter, shape, at leastone major dimension, or constitution.

In one embodiment 19110, the system further comprises circuitry fordisplaying results of the processing. In one embodiment 19120, thesystem further comprises circuitry for transmitting one or more signalsthat include information related to the processing the first input andthe second input. In one embodiment 19130, the system further comprisescircuitry for evaluating the at least one substrate for one or moreindicators relating to one or more of: quantitative delivery of at leastone agent; depth of piercing the at least one substrate; spatialcoordinates for administration of at least one frozen particlecomposition; at least one frozen piercing implement or at least oneagent; temporal coordinates for administration of at least one frozenparticle composition, at least one frozen piercing implement, or atleast one agent; substrate type; substrate function; substrate size;substrate constitution; substrate architecture; substrate durability;substrate temperature; temperature of administration conditions; depthof administration of the at least one frozen particle composition orfrozen piercing implement; substrate source; any substrate response toadministration of at least one frozen piercing implement, at least onefrozen particle composition, or at least one agent.

In one embodiment 19140, the at least one agent includes at least onetherapeutic agent, reinforcement agent, abrasive, explosive material,adhesive agent, or biological remodeling agent. In one embodiment 19150,the output includes one or more instructions for making the at least onefrozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement. In oneembodiment 19160, the output includes at least one graphical descriptionof the at least one frozen particle composition or frozen piercingimplement.

In one embodiment 19170, the user includes at least one entity. In oneembodiment 19180, the entity includes at least one person, or computer.In one embodiment 19210, the user readable display includes a humanreadable display. In one embodiment 19220, the user readable displayincludes one or more active displays. In one embodiment 19230, the userreadable display includes one or more passive displays.

In one embodiment 19240, the user readable display includes one or moreof a numeric format, graphical format, or audio format. In oneembodiment 19250, the user readable display includes one or more of adisplay of one or more differences in the comparison of at least onevalue related to the first input and at least one value related to atleast one property of the at least one frozen particle composition orfrozen piercing implement. In one embodiment 19260, the user readabledisplay includes one or more of a display of one or more differences inthe comparison of at least one value related to the second input and atleast one value related to at least one parameter for administration ofthe at least one frozen particle composition or frozen piercingimplement.

As illustrated in FIGS. 193-195, in one embodiment a computer programproduct 19300 comprises: 19310 a recordable medium bearing one or moreinstructions for accepting a first input associated with at least oneparameter for making at least one frozen particle composition or frozenpiercing implement to at least one substrate; 19320 one or moreinstructions for accepting a second input associated with at least oneparameter for administering the at least one frozen particle compositionor frozen piercing implement; 19330 one or more instructions forprocessing the first input and the second input; and 19340 one or moreinstructions for generating an output to a user readable display. In oneembodiment 19350, the recordable medium includes a computer-readablemedium. In one embodiment 19360, the recordable medium includes acommunications medium.

In one embodiment 19370, the computer program product further comprisesone or more instructions for displaying results of the processing. Inone embodiment 19380, the computer program product further comprises oneor more instructions for transmitting one or more signals that includeinformation related to the processing the first input and the secondinput. In one embodiment 19390, the computer program product furthercomprises one or more instructions for evaluating the at least onesubstrate for one or more indicators relating to one or more of:quantitative delivery of at least one agent, depth of piercing the atleast one substrate, spatial location of delivery of at least one agent,or temporal location of delivery of at least one agent. In oneembodiment 19395, the at least one agent includes at least onetherapeutic agent, reinforcement agent, abrasive, explosive material,adhesive agent, or biological remodeling agent.

In one embodiment 19410, the first input includes at least one parameterfor making the at least one frozen particle composition or frozenpiercing implement includes one or more of: constitution of the at leastone frozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement,formulation of the at least one frozen particle composition or frozenpiercing implement, configuration of the at least one frozen particlecomposition or frozen piercing implement, size of the at least onefrozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement, density of theat least one frozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement,shape of the at least one frozen particle composition or frozen piercingimplement, physical structure of the at least one frozen particlecomposition or frozen piercing implement, or physical or chemicalintegrity of the at least one frozen particle composition or frozenpiercing implement.

In one embodiment 19420, the second input includes at least oneparameter for administering the at least one frozen particle compositionor frozen piercing implement includes one or more of: substrate type;substrate function; substrate size; substrate constitution; substratearchitecture; substrate durability; substrate temperature; temperatureof administration conditions; depth of administration of the at leastone frozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement; substratesource; one or more temporal coordinates; one or more spatialcoordinates; presence or absence of at least one agent; presence orabsence of at least one microparticle, nanoparticle, lens, tunablelens,sensor, transducer, actuator, detector, heater, valve, gate, channel,detection material, pump, power source, injector, controller, receiver,transmitter, or circuit; angle of administration of the at least onefrozen piercing implement device; force of administration of the atleast one frozen piercing implement device; velocity of administrationof the at least one frozen piercing implement device; quantity of frozenpiercing implements of the device; quantity of frozen piercing implementdevices administered; rate of administration of more than one frozenpiercing implement devices; method of administration of at least onefrozen piercing implement device; timing of administration of at leastone frozen piercing implement; or rate of delivery of at least one agentof the device.

In one embodiment 19430, the output includes one or more instructionsfor making the at least one frozen particle composition or frozenpiercing implement. In one embodiment 19440, the output includes atleast one graphical description of the at least one frozen particlecomposition or frozen piercing implement.

In one embodiment 19510, the user includes at least one entity. In oneembodiment 19520, the entity includes at least one person, or computer.In one embodiment 19530, the user readable display includes a humanreadable display. In one embodiment 19540, the user readable displayincludes one or more active displays. In one embodiment 19550, the userreadable display includes one or more passive displays. In oneembodiment 19560, the user readable display includes one or more of anumeric format, graphical format, or audio format. In one embodiment19570, the user readable display includes one or more of a display ofone or more differences in the comparison of at least one value relatedto the first input and at least one value related to at least oneproperty of the at least one frozen particle composition or frozenpiercing implement. In one embodiment 19580, the user readable displayincludes one or more of a display of one or more differences in thecomparison of at least one value related to the second input and atleast one value related to at least one parameter for administration ofthe at least one frozen particle composition or frozen piercingimplement.

As illustrated in FIGS. 196-198, in one embodiment a system 19600comprises: 19610 a recordable medium bearing one or more instructionsfor accepting a first input associated with at least one parameter formaking at least one frozen particle composition or frozen piercingimplement; 19620 one or more instructions for accepting a second inputassociated with at least one parameter for administering at least onefrozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement; 19630 one ormore instructions for processing the first input and the second input;and 19640 one or more instructions for generating an output to a userreadable display.

In one embodiment 19650 the recordable medium includes acomputer-readable medium. In one embodiment 19660, the recordable mediumincludes a communications medium. In one embodiment 19670, the systemfurther comprises one or more instructions for transmitting one or moresignals that include information related to the processing the firstinput and the second input.

In one embodiment 19680, the system further comprises one or moreinstructions for evaluating the at least one substrate for one or moreindicators relating to one or more of: quantitative delivery of at leastone agent, depth of piercing the at least one substrate, spatiallocation of delivery of at least one agent, or temporal location ofdelivery of at least one agent. In one embodiment 19690, the at leastone agent includes at least one therapeutic agent, reinforcement agent,abrasive, explosive material, adhesive agent, or biological remodelingagent.

In one embodiment 19710 the first input includes at least one parameterfor making the at least one frozen particle composition or frozenpiercing implement includes one or more of: constitution of the at leastone frozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement,configuration of the at least one frozen particle composition or frozenpiercing implement, formulation of the at least one frozen particlecomposition or frozen piercing implement, size of the at least onefrozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement, density of theat least one frozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement,shape of the at least one frozen particle composition or frozen piercingimplement, physical structure of the at least one frozen particlecomposition or frozen piercing implement, or physical or chemicalintegrity of the at least one frozen particle composition or frozenpiercing implement.

In one embodiment 19720, the second input includes at least oneparameter for administering the at least one frozen particle compositionor frozen piercing implement includes one or more of: substrate type;substrate function; substrate size; substrate constitution; substratearchitecture; substrate durability; substrate temperature; temperatureof administration conditions; depth of administration of the at leastone frozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement; substratesource; one or more temporal coordinates; one or more spatialcoordinates; presence or absence of at least one agent; presence orabsence of at least one microparticle, nanoparticle, lens, tunablelens,sensor, transducer, actuator, detector, heater, valve, gate, channel,detection material, pump, power source, injector, controller, receiver,transmitter, or circuit; angle of administration of the at least onefrozen piercing implement device; force of administration of the atleast one frozen piercing implement device velocity of administration ofthe at least one frozen piercing implement device; quantity of frozenpiercing implements of the device; quantity of frozen piercing implementdevices administered; rate of administration of more than one frozenpiercing implement devices; method of administration of at least onefrozen piercing implement device; timing of administration of at leastone frozen piercing implement; or rate of delivery of at least one agentof the device. In one embodiment 19730, the output includes one or moreinstructions for making the at least one frozen particle composition orfrozen piercing implement.

In one embodiment 19810, the output includes at least one graphicaldescription of the at least one frozen particle composition or frozenpiercing implement. In one embodiment 19820, the user includes at leastone entity. In one embodiment 19830, the entity includes at least oneperson, or computer. In one embodiment 19840, the user readable displayincludes a human readable display. In one embodiment 19850, the userreadable display includes one or more active displays. In one embodiment19860, the user readable display includes one or more passive displays.In one embodiment 19870, the user readable display includes one or moreof a numeric format, graphical format, or audio format.

In one embodiment 19880, the user readable display includes one or moreof a display of one or more differences in the comparison of at leastone value related to the first input and at least one value related toat least one property of the at least one frozen particle composition orfrozen piercing implement. In one embodiment 19890, the user readabledisplay includes one or more of a display of one or more differences inthe comparison of at least one value related to the second input and atleast one value related to at least one parameter for administration ofthe at least one frozen particle composition or frozen piercingimplement.

As illustrated in FIGS. 199-200, in one embodiment a system 19900comprises: 19910 at least one computer program, configured with acomputer-readable medium, for use with at least one computer system andwherein the computer program includes a plurality of instructionsincluding but not limited to: one or more instructions for accepting afirst input associated with one or more parameters for making one ormore frozen particle compositions or frozen piercing implements to atleast one substrate; one or more instructions for accepting a secondinput associated with one or more parameters for administering one ormore frozen particle compositions or frozen piercing implements; one ormore instructions for processing the first input and the second input;and one or more instructions for generating an output to a user readabledisplay.

In one embodiment 19920, the system further comprises one or moreinstructions for transmitting one or more signals that includeinformation related to the processing the first input and the secondinput. In one embodiment 19930, the system further comprises one or moreinstructions for evaluating the at least one biological tissue for oneor more indicators relating to one or more of: quantitative delivery ofat least one agent, depth of piercing the at least one substrate,spatial location of delivery of at least one agent, or temporal locationof delivery of at least one agent.

In one embodiment 19940, the at least one agent includes at least onetherapeutic agent, reinforcement agent, abrasive, explosive material,adhesive agent, or biological remodeling agent. In one embodiment 19950,the system further comprises at least one computing device. In oneembodiment 19960, the at least one computing device is configured tocommunicate with at least one printing device, at least one imagingdevice, or at least one input device.

In one embodiment 19970, the first input includes at least one parameterfor making the at least one frozen piercing implement device includesone or more of: constitution of the at least one frozen piercingimplement of the frozen piercing implement device, constitution of theat least one frozen piercing implement device, configuration of the atleast one frozen piercing implement or frozen piercing implement device,formulation of the at least one frozen piercing implement of the frozenpiercing implement device, formulation of the at least one frozenpiercing implement device, size of the at least one frozen piercingimplement of the frozen piercing implement device, size of the at leastone frozen piercing implement device, shape of the at least one frozenpiercing implement of the frozen piercing implement device, shape of theat least one frozen piercing implement device, physical structure of theat least one frozen piercing implement of the frozen piercing implementdevice, physical structure of the at least one frozen piercing implementdevice, physical or chemical integrity of the at least one frozenpiercing implement of the frozen piercing implement device, or physicalor chemical integrity of the at least one frozen piercing implementdevice.

In one embodiment 20010, the first input includes at least one parameterfor making the at least one frozen particle composition or frozenpiercing implement includes one or more of: constitution of the at leastone frozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement,configuration of the at least one frozen particle composition or frozenpiercing implement, formulation of the at least one frozen particlecomposition or frozen piercing implement, size of the at least onefrozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement, density of theat least one frozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement,shape of the at least one frozen particle composition or frozen piercingimplement, physical structure of the at least one frozen particlecomposition or frozen piercing implement, or physical or chemicalintegrity of the at least one frozen particle composition or frozenpiercing implement.

In one embodiment 20020, the second input includes at least oneparameter for administering the at least one frozen particle compositionor frozen piercing implement includes one or more of: substrate type;substrate function; substrate size; substrate constitution; substratearchitecture; substrate durability; substrate temperature; temperatureof administration conditions; depth of administration of the at leastone frozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement; substratesource; one or more temporal coordinates; one or more spatialcoordinates; presence or absence of at least one agent; presence orabsence of at least one microparticle, nanoparticle, lens, tunablelens,sensor, transducer, actuator, detector, heater, valve, gate, channel,detection material, pump, power source, injector, controller, receiver,transmitter, or circuit; angle of administration of the at least onefrozen piercing implement device; force of administration of the atleast one frozen piercing implement device; velocity of administrationof the at least one frozen piercing implement device; quantity of frozenpiercing implements of the device; quantity of frozen piercing implementdevices administered; rate of administration of more than one frozenpiercing implement devices; method of administration of at least onefrozen piercing implement device; timing of administration of at leastone frozen piercing implement; or rate of delivery of at least one agentof the device.

In one embodiment 20030, the second input includes at least oneparameter for administering at least one frozen piercing implementdevice to at least one substrate includes one or more of: substratetype; substrate function; substrate size; substrate constitution;substrate architecture; substrate durability; substrate temperature;temperature of administration conditions; depth of administration of theat least one frozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement;substrate source; one or more temporal coordinates; one or more spatialcoordinates; presence or absence of at least one agent; presence orabsence of at least one microparticle, nanoparticle, lens, tunablelens,sensor, transducer, actuator, detector, heater, valve, gate, channel,detection material, pump, power source, injector, controller, receiver,transmitter, or circuit; angle of administration of the at least onefrozen piercing implement device; force of administration of the atleast one frozen piercing implement device; velocity of administrationof the at least one frozen piercing implement device; quantity of frozenpiercing implements of the device; quantity of frozen piercing implementdevices administered; rate of administration of more than one frozenpiercing implement devices; method of administration of at least onefrozen piercing implement device; timing of administration of at leastone frozen piercing implement; or rate of delivery of at least one agentof the device.

As illustrated in FIGS. 201-204, a system 20100, comprises: 20110 atleast one computing device; 20120 one or more instructions that whenexecuted on the at least one computing device cause the at least onecomputing device to receive a first input associated with a firstpossible dataset, 20130 the first possible dataset including datarepresentative of at least one parameter for making or administering atleast one frozen particle composition, frozen piercing implement, orfrozen piercing implement device to at least one substrate; and 20140one or more instructions for generating an output to a user readabledisplay.

In one embodiment 20150, the at least one frozen piercing implementdevice includes at least one frozen piercing implement array device,frozen piercing implement fluidic device, or frozen piercing implementinjection device. In one embodiment 20160, the frozen piercing implementinjection device includes a frozen piercing implement auto-injectiondevice.

In one embodiment 20170, the system further comprises one or moreinstructions that when executed on the at least one computing devicecause the at least one computing device to compare a value associatedwith the first possible dataset with a second dataset including valuesof at least one predictive parameter for administering at least onefrozen particle compositions or frozen piercing implements to at leastone substrate. In one embodiment 20180, the first input includes atleast one parameter for making the at least one frozen piercingimplement device includes one or more of: constitution of the at leastone frozen piercing implement of the frozen piercing implement device,constitution of the at least one frozen piercing implement device,configuration of the at least one frozen piercing implement or frozenpiercing implement device, formulation of the at least one frozenpiercing implement of the frozen piercing implement device, formulationof the at least one frozen piercing implement device, size of the atleast one frozen piercing implement of the frozen piercing implementdevice, size of the at least one frozen piercing implement device, shapeof the at least one frozen piercing implement of the frozen piercingimplement device, shape of the at least one frozen piercing implementdevice, physical structure of the at least one frozen piercing implementof the frozen piercing implement device, physical structure of the atleast one frozen piercing implement device, physical or chemicalintegrity of the at least one frozen piercing implement of the frozenpiercing implement device, or physical or chemical integrity of the atleast one frozen piercing implement device.

In one embodiment 20210, the second input includes at least oneparameter for administering at least one frozen piercing implementdevice to at least one substrate includes one or more of: substratetype; substrate function; substrate size; substrate constitution;substrate architecture; substrate durability; substrate temperature;temperature of administration conditions; depth of administration of theat least one frozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement;substrate source; one or more temporal coordinates; one or more spatialcoordinates; presence or absence of at least one agent; presence orabsence of at least one microparticle, nanoparticle, lens, tunablelens,sensor, transducer, actuator, detector, heater, valve, gate, channel,detection material, pump, power source, injector, controller, receiver,transmitter, or circuit; angle of administration of the at least onefrozen piercing implement device; force of administration of the atleast one frozen piercing implement device; velocity of administrationof the at least one frozen piercing implement device; quantity of frozenpiercing implements of the device; quantity of frozen piercing implementdevices administered; rate of administration of more than one frozenpiercing implement devices; method of administration of at least onefrozen piercing implement device; timing of administration of at leastone frozen piercing implement; or rate of delivery of at least one agentof the device.

In one embodiment 20220, the system further comprises one or moreinstructions that when executed on the at least one computing devicecause the at least one computing device to determine a graphicalillustration of the second possible dataset. In one embodiment 20230,the system further comprises one or more instructions that when executedon the at least one computing device cause the at least one computingdevice to determine from the comparison at least one parameter foradministering at least one frozen particle composition, frozen piercingimplement, or frozen piercing implement device to at least onesubstrate.

In one embodiment 20240, the system further comprises one or moreinstructions that when executed on the at least one computing devicecause the at least one computing device to generate at least oneresponse support structured on the determination.

In one embodiment 20250, the system further comprises one or moreinstructions that when executed on the at least one computing devicecause the at least one computing device to access the first possibledataset in response to the first input.

In one embodiment 20310, the system further comprises one or moreinstructions that when executed on the at least one computing devicecause the at least one computing device to generate the first possibledataset in response to the first input. In one embodiment 20320, thesystem further comprises one or more instructions that when executed onthe at least one computing device cause the at least one computingdevice to determine a graphical illustration of the first possibledataset. In one embodiment 20330, the at least one computing deviceincludes one or more of a desktop computer, workstation computer, orcomputing system.

In one embodiment 20340, the at least one computing system includes oneor more of a cluster of processors, a networked computer, a tabletpersonal computer, a laptop computer, a mobile device, a mobiletelephone, or a personal digital assistant computer. In one embodiment20350, the output includes one or more instructions for making the atleast one frozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement. Inone embodiment 20360, the output includes at least one graphicaldescription of the at least one frozen particle composition or frozenpiercing implement.

In one embodiment 20370, the user includes at least one entity. In oneembodiment 20380, the entity includes at least one person, or computer.In one embodiment 20390, the user readable display includes a humanreadable display. In one embodiment 20410, the user readable displayincludes one or more active displays. In one embodiment 20420, the userreadable display includes one or more passive displays. In oneembodiment 20430, the user readable display includes one or more of anumeric format, graphical format, or audio format. In one embodiment20440, the user readable display includes one or more of a display ofone or more differences in the comparison of at least one value relatedto the first input and at least one value related to at least oneproperty of the at least one frozen particle composition or frozenpiercing implement. In one embodiment 20450, the user readable displayincludes one or more of a display of one or more differences in thecomparison of at least one value related to the second input and atleast one value related to at least one parameter for administration ofthe at least one frozen particle composition or frozen piercingimplement.

As illustrated in FIGS. 205-208, a system 20500 comprises: 20510circuitry for accepting a first input associated with at least oneparameter for making at least one frozen piercing implement device;20520 circuitry for accepting a second input associated with at leastone parameter for administering at least one frozen piercing implementdevice to at least one substrate; 20530 circuitry for processing thefirst input and the second input; and 20540 circuitry for generating anoutput to a user readable display. In one embodiment 20550, the at leastone frozen piercing implement device includes at least one frozenpiercing implement array device, frozen piercing implement fluidicdevice, or frozen piercing implement injection device. In one embodiment20560, the frozen piercing implement injection device includes a frozenpiercing implement auto-injection device. In one embodiment 20570, thefirst input includes at least one value derived from at least one image.In one embodiment 20580, the at least one image includes at least one2-dimensional or 3-dimensional image. In one embodiment 20590, the imageincludes at least one image acquired by one or more of x-raycrystallography, laser, holography, optical coherence tomography,computer-assisted tomography scan, computed tomography, magneticresonance imaging, positron-emission tomography scan, ultrasound, x-ray,electrical-impedance monitoring, microscopy, spectrometry, flowcytommetry, radioisotope imaging, thermal imaging, infraredvisualization, multiphoton calcium-imaging, photography, or in silicogeneration.

In one embodiment 20610, the at least one image includes at least oneCAD drawing. In one embodiment 20620, the at least one image includes atleast one characteristic of the at least one frozen piercing implementof the device or the frozen piercing implement device. In one embodiment20630, the at least one characteristic of the one or more frozenpiercing implement device includes one or more of number of frozenpiercing implements, number of total piercing implements, size of atleast one frozen piercing implement, constitution of at least one frozenpiercing implement, shape of at least one frozen piercing implement,shape of the device, configuration of the device, spacing of at leasttwo components of the device, spacing of at least two frozen piercingimplements of the device, or presence or absence of at least onemicroparticle, nanoparticle, lens, tunablelens, sensor, transducer,actuator, detector, heater, valve, gate, channel, detection material,pump, power source, injector, controller, receiver, transmitter, orcircuit.

In one embodiment 20640, the first input includes at least one parameterfor making the at least one frozen piercing implement device includesone or more of: constitution of the at least one frozen piercingimplement of the frozen piercing implement device, constitution of theat least one frozen piercing implement device, configuration of the atleast one frozen piercing implement or frozen piercing implement device,formulation of the at least one frozen piercing implement of the frozenpiercing implement device, formulation of the at least one frozenpiercing implement device, size of the at least one frozen piercingimplement of the frozen piercing implement device, size of the at leastone frozen piercing implement device, shape of the at least one frozenpiercing implement of the frozen piercing implement device, shape of theat least one frozen piercing implement device, physical structure of theat least one frozen piercing implement of the frozen piercing implementdevice, physical structure of the at least one frozen piercing implementdevice, physical or chemical integrity of the at least one frozenpiercing implement of the frozen piercing implement device, physical orchemical integrity of the at least one frozen piercing implement device,or presence or absence of at least one microparticle, nanoparticle,lens, tunablelens, sensor, transducer, actuator, detector, heater,valve, gate, channel, detection material, pump, power source, injector,controller, receiver, transmitter, or circuit, in the at least onefrozen piercing implement or frozen piercing implement device.

In one embodiment 20710, the second input includes at least oneparameter for administering the at least one frozen piercing implementdevice includes one or more of: substrate type; substrate function;substrate size; substrate constitution; substrate architecture;substrate durability; substrate temperature; temperature ofadministration conditions; depth of administration of the at least onefrozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement; substratesource; one or more temporal coordinates; one or more spatialcoordinates; presence or absence of at least one agent; presence orabsence of at least one microparticle, nanoparticle, lens, tunablelens,sensor, transducer, actuator, detector, heater, valve, gate, channel,detection material, pump, power source, injector, controller, receiver,transmitter, or circuit; angle of administration of the at least onefrozen piercing implement device; force of administration of the atleast one frozen piercing implement device; velocity of administrationof the at least one frozen piercing implement device; quantity of frozenpiercing implements of the device; quantity of frozen piercing implementdevices administered; rate of administration of more than one frozenpiercing implement devices; method of administration of at least onefrozen piercing implement device; timing of administration of at leastone frozen piercing implement; or rate of delivery of at least one agentof the device.

In one embodiment 20720, the system further comprises circuitry fortransmitting one or more signals that include information related to theprocessing the first input and the second input. In one embodiment20730, the system further comprises circuitry for evaluating the atleast one substrate for one or more indicators relating to one or moreof: quantitative delivery of at least one agent, depth of piercing theat least one substrate, spatial location of delivery of at least oneagent, or temporal location of delivery of at least one agent. In oneembodiment 20740, the at least one agent includes at least onetherapeutic agent, reinforcement agent, abrasive, explosive material,adhesive agent, or biological remodeling agent. In one embodiment 20750,the output includes one or more instructions for making the at least onefrozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement. In oneembodiment 20760, the output includes at least one graphical descriptionof the at least one frozen particle composition or frozen piercingimplement.

In one embodiment 20810, the user includes at least one entity. In oneembodiment 20820, the entity includes at least one person, or computer.In one embodiment 20830, the user readable display includes a humanreadable display. In one embodiment 20840, the user readable displayincludes one or more active displays. In one embodiment 20850, the userreadable display includes one or more passive displays. In oneembodiment 20860, the user readable display includes one or more of anumeric format, graphical format, or audio format. In one embodiment20870, the user readable display includes one or more of a display ofone or more differences in the comparison of at least one value relatedto the first input and at least one value related to at least oneproperty of the at least one frozen particle composition or frozenpiercing implement. In one embodiment 20880, the user readable displayincludes one or more of a display of one or more differences in thecomparison of at least one value related to the second input and atleast one value related to at least one parameter for administration ofthe at least one frozen particle composition or frozen piercingimplement.

As illustrated in FIGS. 209-211, a computer program product 20900comprises: 20910 a recordable medium bearing one or more instructionsfor accepting a first input associated with at least one parameter formaking at least one frozen piercing implement device; 20920 one or moreinstructions for accepting a second input associated with at least oneparameter for administering the at least one frozen piercing implementdevice to at least one substrate; 20930 one or more instructions forprocessing the first input and the second input; and 20940 one or moreinstructions for generating an output to a user readable display.

In one embodiment 20950 the recordable medium includes acomputer-readable medium. In one embodiment 20960 the recordable mediumincludes a communications medium. In one embodiment 20970 the computerprogram product further comprises one or more instructions fordisplaying results of the processing. In one embodiment 20980 thecomputer program product further comprises one or more instructions fortransmitting one or more signals that include information related to theprocessing the first input and the second input. In one embodiment 20990the first input includes at least one parameter for making the at leastone frozen piercing implement device includes one or more of:constitution of the at least one frozen piercing implement of the frozenpiercing implement device, constitution of the at least one frozenpiercing implement device, configuration of the at least one frozenpiercing implement or frozen piercing implement device, formulation ofthe at least one frozen piercing implement of the frozen piercingimplement device, formulation of the at least one frozen piercingimplement device, size of the at least one frozen piercing implement ofthe frozen piercing implement device, size of the at least one frozenpiercing implement device, shape of the at least one frozen piercingimplement of the frozen piercing implement device, shape of the at leastone frozen piercing implement device, physical structure of the at leastone frozen piercing implement of the frozen piercing implement device,physical structure of the at least one frozen piercing implement device,physical or chemical integrity of the at least one frozen piercingimplement of the frozen piercing implement device, physical or chemicalintegrity of the at least one frozen piercing implement device, orpresence or absence of at least one microparticle, nanoparticle, lens,tunablelens, sensor, transducer, actuator, detector, heater, valve,gate, channel, detection material, pump, power source, injector,controller, receiver, transmitter, or circuit, in the at least onefrozen piercing implement or frozen piercing implement device.

In one embodiment 21010, the at least one parameter for administering atleast one frozen piercing implement device to at least one substrateincludes one or more of: substrate type; substrate function; substratesize; substrate constitution; substrate architecture; substratedurability; substrate temperature; temperature of administrationconditions; depth of administration of the at least one frozen particlecomposition or frozen piercing implement; substrate source; one or moretemporal coordinates; one or more spatial coordinates; presence orabsence of at least one agent; presence or absence of at least onemicroparticle, nanoparticle, lens, tunablelens, sensor, transducer,actuator, detector, heater, valve, gate, channel, detection material,pump, power source, injector, controller, receiver, transmitter, orcircuit; angle of administration of the at least one frozen piercingimplement device; force of administration of the at least one frozenpiercing implement device; velocity of administration of the at leastone frozen piercing implement device; quantity of frozen piercingimplements of the device; quantity of frozen piercing implement devicesadministered; rate of administration of more than one frozen piercingimplement devices; method of administration of at least one frozenpiercing implement device; timing of administration of at least onefrozen piercing implement; or rate of delivery of at least one agent ofthe device.

In one embodiment 21020, the computer program product further comprisesone or more instructions for evaluating the at least one substrate forone or more indicators relating to one or more of: quantitative deliveryof at least one agent, depth of piercing the at least one substrate,spatial location of delivery of at least one agent, or temporal locationof delivery of at least one agent. In one embodiment 21030, the at leastone agent includes at least one therapeutic agent, reinforcement agent,abrasive, explosive material, adhesive agent, or biological remodelingagent. In one embodiment 21040, the at least one frozen piercingimplement device includes at least one frozen piercing implement arraydevice, frozen piercing implement fluidic device, or frozen piercingimplement injection device. In one embodiment 21050, the frozen piercingimplement injection device includes a frozen piercing implementauto-injection device. In one embodiment 21060, the output includes oneor more instructions for making the at least one frozen particlecomposition or frozen piercing implement.

In one embodiment 21110, the output includes at least one graphicaldescription of the at least one frozen particle composition or frozenpiercing implement. In one embodiment 21120, the user includes at leastone entity. In one embodiment 21130, the entity includes at least oneperson, or computer. In one embodiment 21140, the user readable displayincludes a human readable display. In one embodiment 21150, the userreadable display includes one or more active displays. In one embodiment21160, the user readable display includes one or more passive displays.In one embodiment 21170, the user readable display includes one or moreof a numeric format, graphical format, or audio format. In oneembodiment 21180, the user readable display includes one or more of adisplay of one or more differences in the comparison of at least onevalue related to the first input and at least one value related to atleast one property of the at least one frozen particle composition orfrozen piercing implement. In one embodiment 21190, the user readabledisplay includes one or more of a display of one or more differences inthe comparison of at least one value related to the second input and atleast one value related to at least one parameter for administration ofthe at least one frozen particle composition or frozen piercingimplement.

As illustrated in FIGS. 212-214, a system 21200 comprises: 21210 arecordable medium bearing one or more instructions for accepting a firstinput associated with at least one parameter for making at least onefrozen piercing implement device; 21220 one or more instructions foraccepting a second input associated with at least one parameter foradministering at least one frozen piercing implement device; 21230 oneor more instructions for processing the first input and the secondinput; and 21240 one or more instructions for generating an output to auser readable display. In one embodiment 21250, the at least one frozenpiercing implement device includes at least one frozen piercingimplement array device, frozen piercing implement fluidic device, orfrozen piercing implement injection device. In one embodiment 21260, thefrozen piercing implement injection device includes a frozen piercingimplement auto-injection device.

In one embodiment 21270, the recordable medium includes acomputer-readable medium. In one embodiment 21280, the recordable mediumincludes a communications medium. In one embodiment 21290, the systemfurther comprises one or more instructions for transmitting one or moresignals that include information related to the processing the firstinput and the second input. In one embodiment 21310, the first inputincludes at least one parameter for making the at least one frozenpiercing implement device includes one or more of: constitution of theat least one frozen piercing implement of the frozen piercing implementdevice, constitution of the at least one frozen piercing implementdevice, configuration of the at least one frozen piercing implement orfrozen piercing implement device, formulation of the at least one frozenpiercing implement of the frozen piercing implement device, formulationof the at least one frozen piercing implement device, size of the atleast one frozen piercing implement of the frozen piercing implementdevice, size of the at least one frozen piercing implement device, shapeof the at least one frozen piercing implement of the frozen piercingimplement device, shape of the at least one frozen piercing implementdevice, physical structure of the at least one frozen piercing implementof the frozen piercing implement device, physical structure of the atleast one frozen piercing implement device, physical or chemicalintegrity of the at least one frozen piercing implement of the frozenpiercing implement device, physical or chemical integrity of the atleast one frozen piercing implement device, or presence or absence of atleast one microparticle, nanoparticle, lens, tunablelens, sensor,transducer, actuator, detector, heater, valve, gate, channel, detectionmaterial, pump, power source, injector, controller, receiver,transmitter, or circuit, in the at least one frozen piercing implementor frozen piercing implement device.

In one embodiment 21320, the second input includes at least oneparameter for administering the at least one frozen piercing implementdevice includes one or more of: substrate type; substrate function;substrate size; substrate constitution; substrate architecture;substrate durability; substrate temperature; temperature ofadministration conditions; depth of administration of the at least onefrozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement; substratesource; one or more temporal coordinates; one or more spatialcoordinates; presence or absence of at least one agent; presence orabsence of at least one microparticle, nanoparticle, lens, tunablelens,sensor, transducer, actuator, detector, heater, valve, gate, channel,detection material, pump, power source, injector, controller, receiver,transmitter, or circuit; angle of administration of the at least onefrozen piercing implement device; force of administration of the atleast one frozen piercing implement device; velocity of administrationof the at least one frozen piercing implement device; quantity of frozenpiercing implements of the device; quantity of frozen piercing implementdevices administered; rate of administration of more than one frozenpiercing implement devices; method of administration of at least onefrozen piercing implement device; timing of administration of at leastone frozen piercing implement; or rate of delivery of at least one agentof the device.

In one embodiment 21410, the system further comprises one or moreinstructions for evaluating the at least one substrate for one or moreindicators relating to one or more of: quantitative delivery of at leastone agent, depth of piercing the at least one substrate, spatiallocation of delivery of at least one agent, or temporal location ofdelivery of at least one agent. In one embodiment 21420, the at leastone agent includes at least one therapeutic agent, reinforcement agent,abrasive, explosive material, adhesive agent, or biological remodelingagent. In one embodiment 21430, the output includes one or moreinstructions for making the at least one frozen particle composition orfrozen piercing implement. In one embodiment 21440, the output includesat least one graphical description of the at least one frozen particlecomposition or frozen piercing implement.

In one embodiment 21450, the user includes at least one entity. In oneembodiment 21460, the entity includes at least one person, or computer.In one embodiment 21470, the user readable display includes a humanreadable display. In one embodiment 21480, the user readable displayincludes one or more active displays. In one embodiment 21485, the userreadable display includes one or more passive displays.

In one embodiment 21490, the user readable display includes one or moreof a numeric format, graphical format, or audio format. In oneembodiment 21495, the user readable display includes one or more of adisplay of one or more differences in the comparison of at least onevalue related to the first input and at least one value related to atleast one property of the at least one frozen particle composition orfrozen piercing implement. In one embodiment 21498, the user readabledisplay includes one or more of a display of one or more differences inthe comparison of at least one value related to the second input and atleast one value related to at least one parameter for administration ofthe at least one frozen particle composition or frozen piercingimplement.

As illustrated in FIGS. 215-218, a system 21500 comprises: 21510 atleast one computer program, configured with a computer-readable medium,for use with at least one computer system and wherein the computerprogram includes a plurality of instructions including but not limitedto: one or more instructions for accepting a first input associated withat least one parameter for making at least one frozen piercing implementdevice; one or more instructions for accepting a second input associatedwith at least one parameter for administering at least one frozenpiercing implement device; one or more instructions for processing thefirst input and the second input; and one or more instructions forgenerating an output to a user readable display. In one embodiment21520, the system further comprises one or more instructions fortransmitting one or more signals that include information related to theprocessing the first input and the second input. In one embodiment21530, the system further comprises one or more instructions forevaluating the at least one biological tissue for one or more indicatorsrelating to one or more of: quantitative delivery of at least one agent,depth of piercing the at least one substrate, spatial location ofdelivery of at least one agent, or temporal location of delivery of atleast one agent.

In one embodiment 21540, the at least one agent includes at least onetherapeutic agent, reinforcement agent, abrasive, explosive material,adhesive agent, or biological remodeling agent. In one embodiment 21650,the system further comprises at least one computing device. In oneembodiment 21660, the at least one computing device is configured tocommunicate with at least one printing device, at least one imagingdevice, or at least one input device. In one embodiment 21670, the atleast one frozen piercing implement device includes at least one frozenpiercing implement array device, frozen piercing implement fluidicdevice, or frozen piercing implement injection device. In one embodiment21680, the frozen piercing implement injection device includes a frozenpiercing implement auto-injection device.

In one embodiment 21710, the output includes one or more instructionsfor making the at least one frozen particle composition or frozenpiercing implement. In one embodiment 21720, the output includes atleast one graphical description of the at least one frozen particlecomposition or frozen piercing implement. In one embodiment 21730, theuser includes at least one entity. In one embodiment 21740, the entityincludes at least one person, or computer. In one embodiment 21750, theuser readable display includes a human readable display. In oneembodiment 21760, the user readable display includes one or more activedisplays. In one embodiment 21770, the user readable display includesone or more passive displays. In one embodiment 21780, the user readabledisplay includes one or more of a numeric format, graphical format, oraudio format. In one embodiment 21790, the user readable displayincludes one or more of a display of one or more differences in thecomparison of at least one value related to the first input and at leastone value related to at least one property of the at least one frozenparticle composition or frozen piercing implement. In one embodiment21795, the user readable display includes one or more of a display ofone or more differences in the comparison of at least one value relatedto the second input and at least one value related to at least oneparameter for administration of the at least one frozen particlecomposition or frozen piercing implement.

In one embodiment 21810, the first input includes at least one parameterfor making the at least one frozen piercing implement device includesone or more of: constitution of the at least one frozen piercingimplement of the frozen piercing implement device, constitution of theat least one frozen piercing implement device, configuration of the atleast one frozen piercing implement or frozen piercing implement device,formulation of the at least one frozen piercing implement of the frozenpiercing implement device, formulation of the at least one frozenpiercing implement device, size of the at least one frozen piercingimplement of the frozen piercing implement device, size of the at leastone frozen piercing implement device, shape of the at least one frozenpiercing implement of the frozen piercing implement device, shape of theat least one frozen piercing implement device, physical structure of theat least one frozen piercing implement of the frozen piercing implementdevice, physical structure of the at least one frozen piercing implementdevice, physical or chemical integrity of the at least one frozenpiercing implement of the frozen piercing implement device, physical orchemical integrity of the at least one frozen piercing implement device,or presence or absence of at least one microparticle, nanoparticle,lens, tunablelens, sensor, transducer, actuator, detector, heater,valve, gate, channel, detection material, pump, power source, injector,controller, receiver, transmitter, or circuit, in the at least onefrozen piercing implement or frozen piercing implement device.

In one embodiment 21820, the second input includes at least oneparameter for administering the at least one frozen piercing implementdevice includes one or more of: substrate type; substrate function;substrate size; substrate constitution; substrate architecture;substrate durability; substrate temperature; temperature ofadministration conditions; depth of administration of the at least onefrozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement; substratesource; one or more temporal coordinates; one or more spatialcoordinates; presence or absence of at least one agent; presence orabsence of at least one microparticle, nanoparticle, lens, tunablelens,sensor, transducer, actuator, detector, heater, valve, gate, channel,detection material, pump, power source, injector, controller, receiver,transmitter, or circuit; angle of administration of the at least onefrozen piercing implement device; force of administration of the atleast one frozen piercing implement device; velocity of administrationof the at least one frozen piercing implement device; quantity of frozenpiercing implements of the device; quantity of frozen piercing implementdevices administered; rate of administration of more than one frozenpiercing implement devices; method of administration of at least onefrozen piercing implement device; timing of administration of at leastone frozen piercing implement; or rate of delivery of at least one agentof the device.

The foregoing detailed description has set forth various embodiments ofthe devices and/or processes via the use of block diagrams, flowcharts,and/or examples. Insofar as such block diagrams, flowcharts, and/orexamples contain one or more functions and/or operations, it will beunderstood by those within the art that each function and/or operationwithin such block diagrams, flowcharts, or examples can be implemented,individually and/or collectively, by a wide range of hardware, software,firmware, or virtually any combination thereof. In one embodiment,several portions of the subject matter described herein can beimplemented via Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), FieldProgrammable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), digital signal processors (DSPs), orother integrated formats. However, those skilled in the art willrecognize that some aspects of the embodiments disclosed herein, inwhole or in part, can be equivalently implemented in integratedcircuits, as one or more computer programs running on one or morecomputers (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more computersystems), as one or more programs running on one or more processors(e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more microprocessors),as firmware, or as virtually any combination thereof, and that designingthe circuitry and/or writing the code for the software and or firmwarewould be well within the skill of one of skill in the art in light ofthis disclosure. In addition, those skilled in the art will appreciatethat the mechanisms of the subject matter described herein are capableof being distributed as a program product in a variety of forms, andthat an illustrative embodiment of the subject matter described hereinapplies regardless of the particular type of signal bearing medium usedto actually carry out the distribution. Examples of a signal bearingmedium include, but are not limited to, the following: a recordable typemedium such as a floppy disk, a hard disk drive, a Compact Disc (CD), aDigital Video Disk (DVD), a digital tape, a computer memory, etc.; and atransmission type medium such as a digital and/or an analogcommunication medium (e.g., a fiber optic cable, a waveguide, a wiredcommunications link, a wireless communication link (e.g., transmitter,receiver, transmission logic, reception logic, etc.), etc.).

For any of the various aspects and embodiments disclosed herein, one ormore kits can be developed with the components described herein. In oneembodiment, a kit includes one or more frozen particle compositions asdescribed herein. In one embodiment, a kit includes one or more frozenparticle compositions and at least one therapeutic agent as disclosedherein. In one embodiment, a kit includes one or more frozen particlecompositions and one or more reinforcement agents. In one embodiment, akit includes one or more frozen particle compositions and one or moreexplosive materials.

PROPHETIC EXAMPLES Example 1 Compositions and Methods of Making FrozenParticles

Frozen particle compositions suitable for various embodiments describedherein can be produced by controlling the pressure and temperature ofhydrogen oxide that is introduced as a liquid, gas or solid. Frozenparticle compositions, including frozen hydrogen oxide ice Ic, areproduced by cooling small hydrogen oxide droplets (˜6 μm diameter) belowapproximately −38° C. (See e.g., Murray, et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.vol. 8, pp. 186-192 (2006), which is incorporated herein by reference).Emulsions of 30-40% by weight of distilled and de-ionized hydrogen oxidein paraffin oil (Fisher Scientific) are agitated to produce hydrogenoxide droplets of mean diameters ranging from 5 to 35 μm as determinedby optical microscopy. The droplets are cooled to approximately −100° C.at a rate of approximately 10° C./min by using a cryostat cooled withliquid nitrogen and containing a heater and temperature controller.Freezing liquid droplets with a median diameter of approximately 5.6 μmor smaller can provide approximately 80% frozen ice Ic and approximately20% frozen ice 1h. Following the procedures of Murray et al, selectiveproduction of ice Ic in pellet form produces quantities suitable for usein various embodiments described herein.

Frozen particles generated in this manner are utilized for abrasion ofat least one biological tissue, including but not limited to skin. Thefrozen particle composition is administered to at least one biologicaltissue by, for example, accelerating, ejecting, or propelling the frozenparticles by way of a carrier gas under pressure (e.g., air, carbondioxide, nitrogen, neon, argon, etc.) through a tube, or other devicedirected toward at least one biological tissue, such as skin.Microdermabrasion, microscissuining, or other surface abrasiontechniques are carried out in a similar fashion.

Example 2 Compositions and Methods of Making Frozen Particles

Frozen particles, including frozen hydrogen oxide ice Ic, are producedby depositing hydrogen oxide vapor onto a copper plate held at lowtemperatures in vacuo. Purified (deionized) hydrogen oxide is added to avessel at approximately 25° C. and the hydrogen oxide vapor is condensedonto a metal plate held at approximately −196° C. in vacuo. Thedeposited amorphous ice is heated (at 10° C./min) to approximately −93°C. and is converted to crystalline cubic ice (ice Ic). Ice Ic is stablewhen stored under liquid nitrogen (See e.g., Johari, et al., J. Phys.Chem., vol. 94, pp. 1212-1214 (1990), which is incorporated herein byreference). An example of an apparatus that is used to produce frozenhydrogen oxide ice Ic is described in Hallbrucker et al (J. Phys. Chem.,vol. 93, pp. 4986-4990 (1989), which is incorporated herein byreference).

Example 3 Compositions and Methods of Making Frozen Particles

Frozen hydrogen oxide ice Ic particles are produced from small hydrogenoxide droplets in an example of a “pelletizer” apparatus similar tothose described by, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,617,064; or U.S. Pat.No. 6,306,119, each of which is incorporated herein by reference. Frozenhydrogen oxide ice Ic particles are formed by spraying hydrogen oxidedroplets of the desired size into a compartment filled with a cold inertgas maintained at the desired temperature, for example, nitrogen gasmaintained at approximately −100° C. to promote formation of ice Ic.Spray droplet size is maintained by variation of nozzle/aperture sizeand hydrogen oxide pressure to yield droplet diameters ranging fromnanometers to centimeters. Frozen hydrogen oxide ice Ic, ice Ih,amorphous low density ice, amorphous high density ice, and other formsare produced by controlling the temperature and pressure of thecompartment. Cubic hydrogen oxide ice Ic particles are formed in astep-wise process, by maintaining the chamber at a very low temperature(approximately −196° C.) with increased pressure, which first promotesformation of amorphous hydrogen oxide ice. Next, the chamber is heatedto approximately −93° C., which results in transformation to cubichydrogen oxide ice (ice Ic) particles.

The hydrogen oxide ice particles are propelled into a delivery system(such as tubing and nozzle) by nitrogen gas under pressure. The deliverysystem is maintained at the appropriate temperature for preservation ofthe hydrogen oxide particle structure, (e.g., approximately −93° C. forice Ic structure).

Example 4 Compositions and Methods of Making Frozen Carbon DioxideParticles

Carbon dioxide frozen particles are produced from small carbon dioxidedroplets in a “pelletizer” similar to those described by, for example,U.S. Pat. No. 4,617,064; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,306,119; each of which isincorporated herein by reference. Carbon dioxide frozen particles areformed by spraying liquid carbon dioxide droplets into a compartmentmaintained at low temperatures (e.g., approximately −100° C.). Dropletsize is regulated by varying nozzle or aperture size, and pressure.Carbon dioxide droplet diameters range, for example, from nanometers tocentimeters. The frozen carbon dioxide particles are propelled into adelivery system (e.g., tubing and nozzle) by carrier gas, (e.g., air ornitrogen) under pressure. The carbon dioxide particles are maintainedwhile in the delivery system at the appropriate temperature, (e.g.,approximately −100° C.). Frozen carbon dioxide particles sublimate, ortransition to a gas phase, at approximately −78.5° C. and 1 atmpressure.

Example 5 Compositions and Methods of Making Frozen DMSO Particles

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) frozen particles are produced from DMSOdroplets. for example, in a “pelletizer” apparatus similar to thosedescribed by, for example. U.S. Pat. No. 4,617,064; U.S. Pat. No.6,306,119, each of which is incorporated herein by reference. DMSOfrozen particles are formed from spraying liquid DMSO droplets of thedesired size into a compartment that is maintained at low temperature,for example, less than approximately 18.5° C. Droplet size is regulatedby varying nozzle or aperture size, and DMSO pressure, with compressedair as a carrier gas. DMSO droplet diameters range, for example, fromnanometers to centimeters. The DMSO frozen particles are propelled by acarrier gas (e.g., air or nitrogen) under pressure to enter a deliverysystem (e.g., tubing and nozzle). In order to preserve DMSO particlestructure, the delivery system is maintained at low temperature (e.g.,less than approximately 18.5° C.).

Example 6 Methods of Assessment or Selection of Frozen Particles

According to various embodiments described herein, at least one frozenparticle is made by lowering the temperature of liquid droplets of aselected material. Droplet and particle sizes are measured by imaging aspray or particle stream upon a background screen. The background screenis illuminated with a short pulse of light, for example, from aninfrared laser beam (at approximately 805 nm), which is capable ofpulsing at frequencies of approximately 1000 Hz.

A digital camera captures high resolution images of the droplets orparticles. High-speed, real-time particle sizing software analyses theimages to assess the diameter distribution for the particles and todetermine the shape. The diameter of each droplet is determinedautomatically by referencing the number of dark pixels in the dropletimage to the pixel area of a calibration circle. Droplet diametersbetween approximately 100 μm (±3.2%) and approximately 2000 μm (±0.03%)were measured with 95% confidence (See e.g., Ireland et al., 6thASME-JSME Thermal Engineering Joint Conference (2003), which isincorporated herein by reference). Instruments, computer programs andprotocols for measuring particle and droplet size are available, forexample, from Oxford Lasers, Shirley, Mass. (e.g., world wide web atoxfordlasers.com, which is incorporated herein by reference).

Example 7 Methods of Assessment or Selection of Frozen Particles

According to various embodiments described herein, at least one frozenparticle is made by lowering the temperature of liquid droplets of aselected material. Droplet and particle sizes are measured by laserdiffraction. Laser diffraction based particle size analysis relies onparticles passing through a laser beam and scattering light at an anglethat is directly related to their size. As particle size decreases, theobserved scattering angle increases logarithmically. Scatteringintensity is also dependent on particle size, and decreases withdecreasing particle volume. Thus, large particles scatter light atnarrow angles with high intensity whereas small particles scatter atwider angles but with low intensity. Laser diffraction is used for thenon-destructive analysis of wet or dry samples, to measure particles inthe size range 0.02 to 2000 micrometers (e.g., world wide web atchemie.de/articles/e/61205/, which is incorporated herein by reference).A laser diffraction instrument, protocols and analysis software areavailable, for example, from Malvern Instruments Ltd. (Malvern,Worcestershire, WR14 1XZ United Kingdom).

Example 8 Compositions and Methods of Making Frozen Particles Includinga Reinforcement Agent

One or more reinforcement agents are added to the frozen particlesduring the formation process. Among other things, reinforcement agentscan increase the strength of frozen particles (e.g., increase themodulus of rupture of ice) and decrease the deformation of frozenparticles (e.g., decrease the beam deflection of ice). As indicated inTable A below, glass fibers present at 9% (wt./vol.), for example,increase the modulus of rupture of ice by approximately 7-fold relativeto ice derived from unreinforced hydrogen oxide ice (See e.g., Kingery,Science, vol. 134, pp. 164-168 (1960), which is incorporated herein byreference).

TABLE A Strength of fresh ice with sawdust and Fiberglass, respectively,added. Modulus of rupture (kg/cm²) Addition (%) Sawdust (−17° C.)Fiberglass (−20° C.) 0 22.5 24.1 0.8 22.7 24.0 2.5 35 65.4 9.0 60 16114.0 66.7 N/A Additions were % wt./vol. (Kingery, Ibid).

As indicated in FIG. 5, the beam deflection is less than 0.005 inchesfor hydrogen oxide ice that is reinforced with approximately 9.0% glassfibers and increases over time for hydrogen oxide ice that is reinforcedwith approximately 0.8% glass fibers (Kingery, Ibid). Furthermore,hydrogen oxide ice with approximately 9% (w/v) of glass fibers is notdeformed over 23 hours under an applied force of approximately 24.5in.lbs. As described in Kingery, et al, and as indicated in FIG. 5, beamdeflection of hydrogen oxide ice with approximately 0.8% glass fibers isapproximately 0.16 inches after 23 hours under 25.3 in·lbs. of force.Likewise, as indicated in FIG. 5, and according to Kingery et al,hydrogen oxide ice without reinforcement agents is deformedapproximately 0.05 inches after 4 hours under approximately 26.6 in·lbs.of force. Additionally, aluminum and silica carbonate particles can bemixed at various volume fractions and co-milled under an argonatmosphere to produce nanocrystalline composites as reinforcement agentsfor frozen particle compositions. (See e.g., Kamrani, et al., PowderMet. vol. 50, pp. 276-282(7) (2007), which is incorporated herein byreference).

Example 9 Compositions and Methods of Making Frozen Particles

Frozen particles (e.g., carbon dioxide, DMSO, gelatin) are reinforced byincorporating one or more reinforcement agents, including but notlimited to silica beads, fiberglass, polyethylene glycol, kaolin, orwood fibers.

Silica beads approximately 1 micrometer in diameter are mixed withhydrogen oxide at approximately 0° C. to make volume fractions includingthe approximate ranges, but not limited to, 0, 0.004, 0.04, 0.15, 0.29,0.49 and 0.63 volume fraction. The volume fractions, or one or moreparticular volume fraction, are frozen in, for example, a cylindricalmold, at low temperatures (e.g., approximately −10° C.). Unconfinedcoaxial compression tests are used to determine the maximum stress (alsoknown as the failure point) of the one or more frozen particles atdefined temperatures and strain rates (See e.g., Yasui et al, Geophys.Res. Lett., vol. 35, L12206, (2008), which is incorporated herein byreference).

As indicated in FIG. 6, maximum stress. values (MPa) increase formixtures with an increased volume fraction of silica beads relative tothe maximum stress for unreinforced hydrogen oxide ice. (See e.g., Yasuiet al, Ibid.) φ=silica volume fraction

The strength of specific frozen particles is altered by varying thecomposition of frozen particle mixtures containing one or morereinforcement agents. For example, Table B indicates the frozen particlestrength of frozen particles including hydrogen oxide, DMSO, carbondioxide, and gelatin, which contain at least one reinforcement agent. Asindicated, the reinforced frozen particles exhibited increased strengthcompared to their unreinforced counterparts. As indicated in Table B,frozen particles containing at least one reinforcement agent at thevolume fractions shown in the table displayed maximal strength incompression tests. (See also, FIGS. 5 and 6, as well as Table A hereinfor hydrogen oxide frozen particle strength).

TABLE B Frozen particles and reinforcement agents leading to increasedparticle strength Particle Base Fiber Glass Saw Dust Silica Beads PEGKaolin Ice 0.15* 0.14 0.63 ND 0.15 DMSO 0.15 0.14 0.63 ND 0.15 carbon0.15 0.14 0.63 ND 0.15 dioxide gelatin 0.15 0.14 0.63 ND 0.15 Volumefraction for reinforcement agents in frozen particle base materials isgiven. ND = Not Determined. (Yasui, et al.)

Example 10 Vaccine Compositions and Methods of Making Frozen Particles

As described herein, immunization of a subject with a vaccine isaccomplished by way of introduction of the vaccine through, for example,subcutaneous, transcutaneous or intramuscular administration. (See e.g.,Berzofsky et al, Nat. Rev. Immunol. vol. 1, pp. 209-219, (2001), whichis incorporated herein by reference). Non-limiting examples of frozenparticle vaccines are described herein, and include one or moreimmunogens. The immunogen therapeutic compositions are made, forexample, in solution or as a solid in suspension or as a colloid createdfrom, for example, buffered solutions (e.g., phosphate, citrate,lactate, pyruvate or an organic acid buffer) that optimize the stabilityand immunogenicity of the vaccine.

Storage stability of vaccines depends upon many factors, includingvaccine formulation and storage temperature. For example, an influenzasubunit vaccine formulated with trehalose, and Hepes buffered saline, isstable at room temperature for approximately 26 weeks (See e.g., Amorijet al, Pharm. Res. vol. 25, pp. 1256-1273 (2008), which is incorporatedherein by reference).

Vaccines with adjuvants such as: N-acetylmuramyl-1-alanyl-d-isoglutamine, also called muramyl dipeptide (MDP) ormonophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) elicit enhanced cellular and humoralimmunity (See e.g., Aguilar et al Vaccine vol. 25, pp. 3752-62 (2007),which is incorporated herein by reference).

Furthermore, stable genetic transformation and vaccination of intactplant cells has been achievable by particle bombardment processes (Seee.g., Klein et al PNAS vol. 85, pp. 8502-8505 (1988), and Klein et alBioTech vol. 24, pp. 384-386 (1992); each of which is incorporatedherein by reference).

One or more hydrogen oxide frozen particle vaccine compositions,including, for example, one or more buffers, one or more immunogens(e.g., viral protein subunits) and one or more adjuvants, as a solutionor suspension, are made by spraying the compositions through an apertureor nozzle. Each vaccine composition is propelled by a pressurized gas(e.g., compressed air) into a compartment maintained at, for example,approximately −40° C.

The vaccine composition is delivered to at least one biological tissueof a subject, for example, by propelling the particles via a carrier gasunder pressure (e.g., air, carbon dioxide, nitrogen) through a tubedirected toward at least one biological tissue (including but notlimited to plant callus, plant leaves, plant roots, plant stems,vasculature, lymphatic, lymph node, epidermis, subcutaneous,intramuscular, oral, nasal, pulmonary, intraperitoneal or rectaltissue).

Alternatively, the vaccine composition is delivered to at least onebiological tissue of a subject, for example, by first forming the frozenparticle vaccine compositions through spraying composition droplets intoa cryogen bath (e.g., liquid nitrogen). The frozen particle compositionsare subsequently delivered to at least one biological tissue by flashboiling liquid nitrogen, and propelling the frozen particle compositionsthrough a tube or barrel, for example, to at least one biological tissueof a subject.

Frozen particle vaccine compositions containing one or morereinforcement agents (e.g., silica beads) and of the appropriate sizeand shape (e.g., bullet, spheroid, high aspect ratio shape) penetratethe at least one biological tissue when propelled to high velocity by acarrier gas. In one non-limiting example, a vaccine compositionapproximately 20-70 μm in size penetrates the epidermis when thecomposition is accelerated to high speed with a powder jet injector(PowerJect, PowerJect Pharmaceuticals) (Amorij et al, Ibid.).

Similarly, one group found that using the Bio-Rad HELIOS Gene Gun® andmicroparticle-delivery of pCMV-S DNA vaccination in mice resulted ingreater numbers of animals achieving immunity than those receivingintramuscular injection. (See, e.g., Conn et al, Bio-Rad Tech Note 2726,available on the worldwide web atbio-rad.com/LifeScience/pdf/Bulletin_(—)2726.pdf, accessed Feb. 12,2009, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference.)

For plant leaves, a high rate of infection with a Potyviridae virus wasobtained by another group using the Bio-Rad HELIOS Gene Gun® andmicroparticle-delivery of the virus. (See, e.g., Kekarainen andValkonen, Bio-Rad Tech Note 2531, available on the worldwide web atbio-rad.com/LifeScience/pdf/Bulletin_(—)2531.pdf, accessed Feb. 12,2009, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference.) Theauthors found optimal infection rates in plant leaves under a heliumpressure of 150 psi or 200 psi, at a distance of 0 cm from the deliverydevice to the tissue. (Id. at page 2).

Example 11 Vaccine Compositions and Methods of Making Frozen Particles

Frozen particle vaccine compositions containing multiple immunogens, forexample, toxoids (chemically modified toxins) from bacteria such asClostridium tetani, Cornybacterium diphtheriae or Bordetella pertussis,stimulate immunity to multiple bacteria or toxins in a single vaccinecomposition.

Alternatively, multiple distinct immunogens, proteins, or peptides thatare derived from a single pathogen are combined in a single frozenparticle vaccine composition that immunizes a subject against apathogenic virus or bacteria that mutates frequently. For example,multiple hemagglutinin or neuraminidase proteins, (e.g., H1N1, H3N2)from different viral strains (e.g., A/New Calcdonia/H1N1, orA/Wellington/H3N2) or viral species of influenza (e.g., influenza A orinfluenza B) are combined in a single frozen particle vaccinecomposition and provides immunity to multiple strains or species. (Seee.g., Kamps et al, Influenza Report, pp. 127-149 (2006); world wide webat influenzareport.com/ir/vaccines; each of which is incorporated hereinby reference).

Alternatively, frozen particle vaccine compositions including one ormore immunogens, antigens or proteins (e.g., influenza A/NewCalcdonia/(H1N1)) are combined with one or more frozen particle vaccinecompositions containing one or more different antigens (e.g., influenzaB/Shanghai or influenza A/Wellington/(H3N2)). Such a frozen particlevaccine composition combination provides immunity against seasonalvariants of viral pathogens.

In one non-limiting example, combinations of frozen particle vaccinecompositions including specific antigens from selected influenzavariants or strains target a seasonal flu epidemic. (Kamps et al, Ibid.)Combination of frozen particle compositions are made containing one ormore different antigens or epitopes, wherein the one or more differentantigens or epitopes are derived from mutant or variant HW proteins thatevolve during HIV infection (See e.g., Berzofsky et al, J. Clin. Inv.vol. 114, pp. 450-462 (2004)). Such combination compositions immunize asubject against existing HIV mutants and anticipate the emergence of newHIV mutants or variants.

Alternatively, one or more frozen particle vaccine compositions aredelivered to one or more mucosal tissues (e.g., nasal, oral, rectal,pulmonary) via propulsion using a “pellet gun,” via inhalation, oringestion by a subject. For example, an influenza vaccine lyophilizedand delivered nasally as spherical particles, approximately 26.9 μm(mean diameter), induces mucosal (e.g., nasal IgA response) and systemicimmunity (e.g., serum antibody response) to influenza virus (See e.g.,Garmise et al, AAPS PharmSciTech. vol. 8:E81 (2007); Huang et al,Vaccine. vol. 23(6), pp. 794-801 (2004); each of which is incorporatedherein by reference).

Alternatively, the one or more frozen particle vaccine compositions aredelivered to one or more pulmonary surfaces of the subject viapropulsion by way of a “pellet gun,” by using flash boiled liquidnitrogen as a propellant, or by inhalation. Frozen particle influenzavaccine compositions administered to one or more pulmonary surfaces of asubject elicit mucosal and systemic humoral, as well as cell-mediatedimmune responses to influenza (See e.g., Amorij et al Vaccine. vol. 25,pp. 8707-8717 (2007), which is incorporated herein by reference).

Example 12 Compositions and Methods of Making Frozen Particles

Frozen particle compositions of the appropriate size and shape,including botulinum toxin, an optimal buffer (e.g., Hepes buffer), oneor more stabilizing agents, and one or more reinforcement agents areadministered through the skin of a subject to neuromuscular junctions.Botulinum toxin inhibits acetylcholine release, which blocks synapseformation, and temporarily paralyzes the corresponding musculature.

Frozen particle compositions containing a recommended dose of botulinumtoxin (See e.g., Borodic, U.S. Pat. No. 5,183,462, which is incorporatedherein by reference), and at least one reinforcement agent (e.g.,polymer) are administered to skeletal muscles using a delivery systemderived from inkjet printer technology that sprays picoliter quantitiesof the frozen particle compositions at high velocity (e.g., 50 msec)toward the skin of the subject. Botulinum toxin is typicallyadministered by subcutaneous injection (generally with a 26 gaugehypodermic needle). Botulinum toxin is approved by the FDA for therapyof strabismus (crossed-eyes), blepharospasm (uncontrolled blinking), andother facial nerve disorders including hemifacial spasm. It is alsoapproved for treatment of cervical dystonia and glabellar (frown) lines(See e.g., Jankovic, J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry vol. 75, pp.951-957 (2004), which is incorporated herein by reference).

In addition, botulinum toxin is included in the treatment of focal orsegmental dystonia (e.g., oromandibular-facial-lingual dystonia,laryngeal dystonia, limb dystonia). Dystonias are neurological disorderswith repetitive and patterned contractions of muscles that causeabnormal movements and postures. For example, cervical dystonia subjectsare injected with, for example, approximately 100 I.U of botulinumtoxin, distributed over 3-5 injection sites, spaced 5-15 mm apart,across the length of the sternomastoid muscle. (Borodic, Ibid.)

Frozen particle compositions containing botulinum toxin are administeredto facial muscles that underlie frown lines, wrinkles, and “crow'sfeet.” For example, botulinum toxin is targeted to: 1) the corrugatorand procerus muscles to treat vertical glabellar eyebrow furrows; 2) tomultiple sites in the frontalis muscle to eliminate horizontal lines inthe forehead; or 3) to the lateral orbicularis oculi to treat crow'sfeet.

Frozen particle compositions containing an optimal dose of botulinumtoxin (e.g., 0.2-0.4 I.U./kg) are administered over the length of aspecific facial muscle (e.g., orbicularis oculi) by use of a deliverysystem with an inkjet nozzle. As described herein, picoliter volumes ofone or more frozen particle compositions are sprayed at a velocity thatachieves a desired or predetermined depth (for example, 5-8 mm; Borodic,Ibid.). The velocity is also altered according to the size, shape, andconstituents of the frozen particle composition.

Example 13 Methods of Administering Frozen Particle TherapeuticCompositions

Frozen hydrogen oxide particles of ice Ic form and at least onetherapeutic agent or at least one diagnostic agent are formulated fortreatment of hematological cancers (e.g., leukemia or lymphoma) or solidtumors (e.g., carcinoma, sarcoma). For example, at least one ofneo-adjuvant therapy, adjuvant therapy, chemotherapy, antibody therapy,or immunotherapy are employed.

In one non-limiting embodiment, frozen particle compositions are usedfor adjuvant therapy of cancers treated with surgery such as coloncancer, lung cancer, and breast cancer. At least one frozen particlehydrogen oxide therapeutic composition containing one or morereinforcement agents (e.g., silica beads, Kevlar®), one or more buffers,one or more stabilizing agents (e.g., one or more saccharides), and oneor more cancer therapeutic agents (such as one or more chemotherapydrugs, antibodies, biological agents (e.g., antibodies, cytokines orpeptides), or one or more chemotherapeutic agents) are administered toan area proximal to a region of at least one biological tissue where atumor is present or believed to be present. Optionally, resection of atleast a part of a tumor can be performed, with or without additionaladministration of the at least one frozen particle therapeuticcomposition.

The at least one frozen particle therapeutic composition is administeredin such a manner as described herein, that allows for desired depth ofpenetration of the at least one biological tissue. In one embodiment,the at least one frozen particle therapeutic composition is administeredto a depth that allows for at least one of intracellular orintercellular delivery. For example, the at least one frozen particletherapeutic composition is administered to a depth that allows fordelivery to at least one of epithelium, endothelium, vasculature,lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes or mucosa.

Specifically, if metastasis is present or believed to be present in thesubject, administration of the at least one frozen particle therapeuticcomposition is delivered to such region of metastases ormicro-metastases are believed to be present.

Frozen particle hydrogen oxide therapeutic compositions provided as anadjuvant therapy are administered by spraying at least one compositionunder pressure with a carrier gas through a nozzle designed to uniformlydistribute particles over at least one biological tissue at sufficientvelocity to penetrate the tissue exposed during tumor resection.

Advanced colon cancer (e.g., stage II, III) is treated surgically byremoval of sections of colon containing tumor with margins of “normal”colon tissue and often includes removal of associated lymph nodes andmesentery (colectomy). Standard adjuvant therapy following surgery issystemic administration of a combination of chemotherapy drugs (e.g.,5-fluorouracil, leucovorin or oxaliplatin (FOLFOX)), (See e.g., Wolpinet al, CA Cancer J. Clin. vol. 57, pp. 168-185 (2007)). Systemic FOLFOXadjuvant therapy is associated with significant toxicities includinggastrointestinal toxicity, neutropenia and neurotoxicity (Wolpin et al,Ibid.). Localized in situ delivery of FOLFOX by administration of frozenparticle therapeutic compositions permits delivery of a lower dose.

Administration of at least one frozen particle hydrogen oxidetherapeutic composition containing at least one therapeutic antibodyincludes, for example, bevacizumab (an anti-vascular endothelial growthfactor) or cetuximab (an anti-epidermal growth factor receptor).Bevacizumab and cetuximab both target the tumor-associated vasculatureand tumor cells in the remaining colon sections and the surroundingtissues, mesentery and lymph nodes. Localized administration oftherapeutic antibodies provides sustained protection from recurrence ofcolon tumors at the site of tumor resection and in the surroundingtissues. (Wolpin et al, Ibid.). Following surgery and adjuvant therapywith one or more frozen particle hydrogen oxide therapeuticcompositions, including at least one of one or more chemotherapy drugs,or one or more antibodies, the remaining colon sections are splicedtogether (i.e. anastomosis) or an artificial orifice (i.e. stoma) isinserted to restore a functional colon.

Example 14 Methods of Administering Frozen Particle TherapeuticCompositions

Frozen particle hydrogen oxide therapeutic compositions including one ormore cancer therapeutics or one or more cancer diagnostics are used totreat cancers in distal locations from the primary tumor or initialtumor site treated with surgery or radiation. For example, colon cancercells often metastasize to the liver ((Wolpin et al, Ibid.). At the timeof surgical resection of colon cancer tumors, one or more frozenparticle hydrogen oxide therapeutic compositions including at least onecancer therapeutic, such as one or more cytotoxic drugs (e.g.,fluouracil), antibodies (e.g., cetuximab), radioisotopes conjugated toantibodies (e.g., ¹³¹I-cetuximab), or one or more mixtures of at leastone cytotoxic drug and at least one biological-based therapeutic agentare administered to the liver and surrounding tissues.

Administration of the at least one frozen particle hydrogen oxidetherapeutic composition is accomplished by traditional surgery orlaparoscopic surgery that allows access to the liver (or other organs tobe treated). Administration of at least one frozen particle hydrogenoxide therapeutic composition directly to the liver and the surroundingvasculature allows for intracellular or intercellular penetration andrelease of at least one anti-cancer therapeutic for treatment of anyexisting or suspected colon cancer mestastases or micro-metastases.

As described herein, the at least one frozen particle hydrogen oxidetherapeutic composition including one or more cancer therapeutics areadministered by way of a spraying device. Such a spraying deviceincludes an insulated tube and nozzle, as well as a valve that controlsthe flow of particles. In the case of traditional surgery for tumor ortissue resection, the at least one frozen particle hydrogen oxidetherapeutic composition is sprayed directly onto the target tissue ortissues. Whereas in the case of laparoscopic surgery for tumor or tissueresection, the at least one frozen particle hydrogen oxide therapeuticcomposition is sprayed through a trocar (a hollow tube approximately 10millimeters in diameter).

In certain spraying devices, the at least one frozen particle hydrogenoxide therapeutic composition is administered by way of a carrier gas.The depth of penetration by the at least one therapeutic composition iscontrolled by regulating the carrier gas pressure as well as theconsequent particle velocity. The at least one therapeutic compositionoptionally includes one or more tracer agents or is deliveredsimultaneously with one or more tracer agents. Some non-limitingexamples of tracer agents include dyes, stains or fluorescent compoundsthat mark the tissue area sprayed. The one or more tracer agents canoptionally monitor or provide feedback as to the quantity or quality (inthe case of multiple therapeutic compositions administeredsimultaneously or over time) of the at least one therapeutic compositionadministered to a specific site.

In one embodiment, the at least one frozen particle hydrogen oxidetherapeutic composition including at least one cancer therapeuticfurther includes hematoxylin and eosin stains mixed at a known ratio(e.g., 1:10). Alternatively, a batch of the at least one frozen particlehydrogen oxide therapeutic composition is administered in a mixture orin separate applications frozen particles including hematoxylin andeosin stains. Staining of tissues is visualized by inspection with a lowpower microscope (e.g., dissection microscope) or with a laparoscope,which allows for assessment of the relative quantity or quality of theat least one therapeutic composition administered to the tissue.Staining of the tissues further provides a guide as to the region thatreceived the at least one therapeutic composition.

Example 15 Methods of Administering Frozen Particle TherapeuticCompositions

Frozen particle hydrogen oxide therapeutic compositions including carbondioxide and at least one cancer therapeutic are administered to at leastone tumor or tissue suspected of being cancerous. Upon administration,the frozen particle hydrogen oxide therapeutic compositions penetrateone or more tumor cells, warm to ambient temperature, and undergo rapidsublimation and gaseous expansion of the carbon dioxide. This rapidreaction produces a small explosion that destroys at least one tumorcell as well as one or more adjacent cells. In addition, administrationof the frozen particle therapeutic compositions at low temperatures(e.g., lower than approximately −78.5° C., which is the approximatesublimation temperature for carbon dioxide at 1 atm pressure), freezescells and tissues, causing tumor cell death (See e.g., Vergnon et al,Eur. Respir. J. vol. 28 pp. 200-218 (2006); incorporated herein byreference).

Alternatively, carbon dioxide gas is entrapped in frozen particles byplacing the liquid phase (e.g., hydrogen oxide) under high pressure inthe presence of carbon dioxide gas. (See e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,289,794;4,289,790; 4,262,029; 5,439,698, each of which is incorporated herein byreference). Administration of the at least one therapeutic compositionis conducted as described herein. In one embodiment, the use of a tubeand nozzle is used that sprays the frozen particle therapeuticcompositions under pressure in a carrier gas (e.g., carbon dioxide,nitrogen). Administration of the at least one therapeutic composition iscarried out as an adjuvant therapy in conjunction with tumor resection,or as an alternative when tumor resection is not favored. For examplelung cancer tumors are generally inoperable when such tumors areadjacent to airways, or infiltrate central airways including thetrachea, main stem bronchi or multiple lung lobes. Additionally,subjects with compromised respiration (e.g., those with lung disease,heart disease or advanced age) are generally not candidates for surgery(See e.g., Spiro et al, Amer. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., vol. 172, pp.523-529 (2005); which is incorporated herein by reference).

Carbon dioxide frozen particle therapeutic compositions including one ormore chemotherapeutic drugs (e.g., cisplatin, docetaxel, vinorelbine),targeted drugs (e.g., gefitnib, erlotnib), or biological-based agents(e.g., cetuximab, panitumumab, bevacizumab) are administered directlyonto lung cancer tumors. Administration is conducted via endoluminalbronchoscopy or by video-assisted thoracoscopy by means of an insulatedtube and nozzle integral to the endoscopic device. Frozen particlecomposition velocities and spray rate are controlled by a valve betweenthe spray head and the compartment of the “pelletizer.” (See e.g., U.S.Pat. No. 6,306,119, or 6,764,493, each of which is incorporated hereinby reference). Precise localization and administration of the frozenparticle therapeutic compositions are accomplished by bronchoscopy andendoscopy with fluoroscopy used to mark the field(s) of interest.

Methods for endoscopic targeting of tumors are described, for example,in Huber et al (Chest vol. 107, pp. 463-470 (1995); which isincorporated herein by reference). Moreover, computed tomography,magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography or othertechniques are used to locate lung cancer tumors.

Frozen particle therapeutic composition administration by usingendoscopic procedures or as an adjuvant therapy in conjunction withtraditional surgery is used for various regions of existing or potentialcarcinogenesis, including mediastinal lymph nodes, vasculature, chestwall and other thoracic sites.

Alternatively, frozen particle therapeutic compositions are deliveredduring traditional surgery for lung cancer and used to treat inoperabletumors remaining following lobectomy, wedge resection, andpneumonectomy, as well as to treat margins of lobe, wedge or lungexcisions to reduce recurrence of lung cancer (See e.g., theworldwideweb at en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancer#Surgery; which isincorporated herein by reference). Without wishing to be bound by anyparticular theory, frozen particle carbon dioxide therapeuticcompositions maintained at approximately −80° C. while administered totumors rapidly freeze the tumor cells leading to formation of icecrystals in tumor cells that destroy cell organelles (e.g.,mitochondria) leading to death of the tumor cells. (Vergnon et al,Ibid.)

Similarly, frozen particle therapeutic compositions containing at leastone radioactive element deliver radiation to lung cancer tumor cells.One non-limiting example utilizes frozen particle therapeuticcompositions including ¹⁹²Iridium for irradiating lung tumors thatobstruct major airways. Administration of the frozen particletherapeutic compositions is conducted using an endoscope and a wire toplace the radioactive compositions in at least one lung tumor. Withoutwishing to be bound to any theory, tumor cell irradiation results insingle-stranded DNA breaks that induce apoptosis and reduce rates ofcell division (Vergnon et, Ibid.).

Example 16 Compartmentalized Frozen Particle Therapeutic Compositions

Frozen particles formed in a bullet-shaped mold with hollow cores orcavities that can be filled with therapeutics are useful for deliveringat least one therapeutic agent to a variety of specific tissues, cellsand organ or body locations. Hollow bullet-shaped frozen particles canbe filled with a therapeutic agent such as one or more of an antibody,cytokine, DNA, small interfering RNA, microRNA, aptamer, cytotoxic agent(e.g. a xenobiotic, synthetic, or radioactive agent) that are in aqueoussolution (e.g. sodium phosphate buffer) or form a suspension.Alternatively, hollow frozen bullets can be filled with one or moreliquid or solid polymers or nanoparticles that contain at least onetherapeutic agent (e.g. at least one prodrug) that requires activation.

In one particular embodiment, at least one therapeutic agent is frozenin carbon dioxide. The frozen carbon dioxide/therapeutic agent mixtureor solution is used to fill pre-formed hollow bullet-shaped frozenparticles. In certain embodiments, the hollow bullet-shaped frozenparticles are formed and filled simultaneously. The temperature andpressure of the frozen particles are adjusted according to theparticular constituents and specific parameters of the desired frozenparticle.

Administration of at least one compartmentalized therapeutic frozenparticle composition with a spraying device allows for localizeddelivery of at least one therapeutic agent to specific cells or tissues,such as one or more tumors. In certain embodiments, administration of atleast one compartmentalized therapeutic frozen particle composition isdirected to one or more adjacent, metastatic, or affected tissuesincluding lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, blood vessels, and organs(e.g. liver, lung, and kidney).

The size, shape or delivery velocity of the at least onecompartmentalized frozen particle composition can be controlled in orderto deliver the at least one particle composition to a desired locationor penetration depth. In certain embodiments, the compartmentalizedfrozen particle composition includes at least one therapeutic agent(e.g. a cytotoxic agent) that is delivered intracellularly,intercellularly, or into the lumen of vasculature, lymphatics, alveoli,bladder, intestine, lungs or into a specific tissue (e.g. endoderm,smooth muscle, skeletal muscle, prostate).

In one example, hollow bullet-shaped frozen particle compositionscontaining a prodrug, such as capecitabine, can be deliveredintracellularly to tumor cells (e.g. colon carcinoma) where capecitabineis metabolized to 5-fluorouracil, an active cytotoxic agent.Administration of at least one frozen particle composition includingcapecitabine specifically to tumor cells and optionally to proximaltissues allows for the potential to increase the therapeutic dose totumor cells, while reducing systemic exposure (which can lead totoxicity and side effects, including angina and myocardial infarction,diarrhea, nausea, neutropenia, anemia and thrombocytopenia).

Alternatively, in one embodiment, intracellular delivery of at least onefrozen particle composition including capecitabine that is encapsulatedin biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles, releases capecitabine in apH-dependent manner. (See for example, Shenoy et al, Pharm. Res. vol.22, pp. 2107-2114 (2005), which is incorporated herein by reference).Since tumor cells generally have a lower pH than non-tumor cells, thecapecitabine is released in higher amounts in the tumor environment.

Alternatively, in one embodiment, at least one frozen particle includescapecitabine and one or more polymeric nanoparticles composed of atleast poly(ε-caplactone) (PCL), a non-pH sensitive polymer that is ableto release capecitabine as the frozen particle melts or sublimates.(See, for example, Shenoy et al, Ibid.).

Example 17 Compartmentalized Frozen Particle Therapeutic CompositionsIncluding Reinforcement Agents for Transdermal Administration

Frozen particle compositions that include at least one therapeutic agentin one or more distinct regions of the particles are useful fortransdermal administration of at least one therapeutic to various layersof the skin or to underlying tissues, organs and structures. Forexample, treatment of certain skin disorders, such as psoriasis, iscurrently limited to topical administration of a therapeutic agent (e.g.coal tar, corticosteroids, vitamin D₃ analogs, or retinoids), systemictreatments (e.g. methotrexate, cyclosporin and retinoids), or UVirradiation (e.g. phototherapy) (See, for example,en.wikipedia/wiki/psoriasis2008, which is incorporated herein byreference). None of these current treatments are fully effective.

In one embodiment, at least one frozen particle composition includingone or more psoriasis therapeutic agents located in one or moregradation layers of concentration, or as a coating on the particle isadministered to the epidermis, dermis or hypodermis layer by controllingspecific parameters, such as particle hardness, size, shape,reinforcement agent, or velocity. For example, frozen particlecompositions including reinforced hydrogen oxide are propelled toward atleast one biological tissue by “flash-boiling” liquid nitrogen to createnitrogen gas and propel the particle compositions by explosive force.The frozen particle compositions are reinforced with plant matter (suchas silk fibers, or collagen fibers), or spun metallic fibers (such astungsten, iron, manganese, carbon, titanium, or steel). The one or morefrozen particle compositions are directed with a hose and nozzle deviceonto psoriatic skin. In addition, the frozen therapeutic particlecompositions can be delivered to the dermis to further impact anypathogenic T cells or cytokines associated with the condition.

In one embodiment, hollow bullet-shaped frozen particle compositionscontaining one or more biological agent, for example etanercept (as ananti-TNF-α therapy), are administered to the dermal layer underlyingareas of psoriatic skin. One or more other therapeutic agents can becombined with the one or more biological agent on the same frozenparticle, or on different frozen particles for administration. Forexample, cytotoxic or cytostatic agents are administered to cellsassociated with psoriasis, including T1 cells, T_(H)17 cells, dendriticcells, neutrophils or keratinocytes. (See, for example, Sabat et al,Exp. Derm. vol. 16, pp. 779-798 (2007), which is incorporated herein byreference). For example, therapeutic agents such as anti-CD3,anti-IL-23, anti-IL-17 or cyclosporin are included in one or more frozenparticles to further treat psoriasis in the dermis or epidermis.

Example 18 Compartmentalized Frozen Particle Therapeutic CompositionsIncluding Explosive Materials

Hollow frozen particle compositions including one or more reinforcementagents and hydrogen oxide are filled with solid carbon dioxide. Thehollow frozen particle compositions are useful for destroying,debriding, ablating, or eliminating unwanted cells or tissues such asfat, bone or tumor cells. In one embodiment, the hollow frozen particlecompositions containing a solid carbon dioxide core produces anexplosive force as the particle sublimates or melts duringadministration of the frozen particle compositions. The explosive forcefragments, abrades, or destroys cells or tissues.

At least one sub-group of the frozen particle composition treatmentcourse includes one or more of an antibiotic or other anti-microbialagent; one or more anti-inflammatory drugs; one or more anesthetics oranalgesics; or one or more vasoconstrictors. Targeted delivery of hollowfrozen particle compositions to unwanted cells or tissues is regulatedby controlling, for example, frozen particle hardness, size, shape,reinforcement agents or explosive agents, and velocity. One or morefrozen particle compositions are administered to at least one biologicaltissue by external (e.g. transdermal) methods, or internal (e.g.laparoscopic) methods. In one embodiment, a device (e.g. tube and spraynozzle) is integrated for administration of the one or more frozenparticle compositions.

Compartmentalizd frozen particle compositions are useful for destroyingadipocytes or fatty tissue. Present treatments include liposuction,which is performed with a cannula attached to an aspirator that isinserted through small incisions proximal to unwanted fat and thecannula are drawn over the fat to dislodge it and aspirate it (See, forexample, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liposuction2008, which is incorporatedherein by reference).

In one embodiment, a tube and spray nozzle is integrated with thecannula for administration of frozen particles containing a solid carbondioxide core and optionally, one or more therapeutic agents. Forexample, the operator sprays frozen particle compositions containingcarbon dioxide toward the adipocytes or fatty tissue in order to removeor destroy the tissue. Next, the treated tissue is aspirated with thecannula.

In one embodiment, a laparoscope can be used with the delivery device toallow visualization of the fatty tissue as well as precise delivery ofthe one or more frozen particle compositions. In certain embodiments,the frozen particle compositions also include lidocaine or ibuprofen inorder to minimize pain and inflammation often associated withliposuction. In certain embodiments, at least one vasoconstrictor, suchas epinephrine, is included in the one or more frozen particles in orderto minimize bleeding. In certain embodiments, antibiotics, such aspenicillin or sulfonamide, are included to reduce infection.

Alternatively, frozen particle compositions including a solid carbondioxide core, one or more antibiotics, analgesics, anti-inflammatorydrugs or vasoconstrictors are delivered transdermally to adipose tissueby spraying the particle compositions as described herein, at theappropriate velocity to penetrate the epidermis, dermis or hypodermis.Following treatment of adipocytes or fatty tissue with the one or morefrozen particles, liposuction is performed to remove the treated cellsor tissues. In one embodiment, adipocytes are selectively treated withminimal effect on the underlying muscle cells, which reduces bruising orbleeding.

Example 19 Compositions and Methods of Administering Frozen ParticlesIncluding One or More Adhesive Agents and One or More BiologicalRemodeling Agents

Frozen particles including hydrogen oxide, carbon dioxide,dimethylsulfoxide or a buffer (e.g. HEPES, Ringer's solution, sodiumcitrate, sodium phosphate, etc.) are formulated with at least oneadhesive agent such as cyanoacrylate, polyethylene glycol polymers oralbumin plus glutaraldehyde.

Frozen particle compositions including at least one adhesive agent areutilized in conjunction with standard methods to achieve hemostasis inpatients undergoing surgery, for example, to repair large blood vesselssuch as the aorta, femoral or carotid arteries. Frozen particlecompositions including bovine albumin and glutaraldehyde (BIOGLUE®,CryoLife, Inc., Kennesaw, Ga.) are utilized, for example, in repair ofan aortic dissection or other blood vessel repair.

Frozen particle compositions including hydrogen oxide, glutaraldehyde,and bovine albumin are produced as described herein at other sections.In an embodiment, various different subsets of frozen particlecompositions are produced, for example, one subset includes frozenhydrogen oxide particles including glutaraldehyde, while another subsetis produced that includes frozen hydrogen oxide particles includingbovine albumin.

In an embodiment, a single set of frozen particle compositions areproduced, for example, including frozen hydrogen oxide particlesincluding both glutaraldehyde and bovine albumin.

In an embodiment, a set of frozen particle compositions are produced,for example, that includes compartmentalized particles wherein bothglutaraldehyde and bovine albumin are present on a particular particle,but each is partially or wholly sequestered in a separate compartment ofthe particular particle. Some examples of compartmentalized frozenparticles are described herein at other sections.

In an embodiment, frozen particles include bovine albumin in a massratio of weight per volume of approximately 5%, approximately 10%,approximately 15%, approximately 20%, approximately 25%, approximately30%, approximately 35%, approximately 40%, approximately 45%,approximately 50%, approximately 55%, approximately 60%, approximately65%, approximately 70%, approximately 75%, or any value therebetween.

In an embodiment, frozen particles include glutaraldehyde in a massratio of weight per volume of approximately 1%, approximately 2%,approximately 3%, approximately 4%, approximately 5%, approximately 6%,approximately 7%, approximately 8%, approximately 9%, approximately 10%,approximately 11%, approximately 12%, approximately 15%, approximately16%, approximately 17%, approximately 18%, approximately 19%,approximately 20%, or any value therebetween.

One or more sets of frozen particle compositions including hydrogenoxide, glutaraldehyde, and/or bovine albumin, as described herein, areadministered to the false lumen of the dissected aorta or other bloodvessel in need of repair, at the distal and proximal anastomotic sites.

In an embodiment, a set of frozen particle compositions including bovinealbumin and glutaraldehyde is administered alone or in conjunction with(sequentially or simultaneously with) other frozen particle compositionsthat optionally include, for example, one or more of at least onetherapeutic agent, at least one reinforcement agent, at least oneexplosive material.

In an embodiment, multiple sets of frozen particle compositions,including bovine albumin and glutaraldehyde on separate particles areadministered simultaneously or sequentially to the biological tissue.These multiple sets of frozen particle compositions are optionallyadministered simultaneously or sequentially with other frozen particlecompositions that include, for example, one or more of at least onetherapeutic agent, at least one reinforcement agent, or at least oneexplosive material.

Depending on the thickness of the blood vessel to be repaired, as wellas other factors, an adhesive layer is administered with a thickness ofapproximately 0.1 mm, approximately 0.2 mm, approximately 0.3 mm,approximately 0.4 mm, approximately 0.5 mm, approximately 0.6 mm,approximately 0.7 mm, approximately 0.8 mm, approximately 0.9 mm,approximately 1.0 mm, approximately 1.5 mm, approximately 2.0 mm,approximately 2.5 mm, approximately 3.0 mm, approximately 3.5 mm,approximately 4.0 mm, approximately 4.5 mm, approximately 5.0 mm,approximately 6.0 mm.

Optionally, subsequent to repair of the distal and proximal ends of theblood vessel, one or more support structural materials are inserted toreplace damaged blood vessel sections. Some examples of structuralmaterial that can be utilized are described herein at other sections.For example, some non-limiting examples of structural material includeone or more of tubing (such as plastic or rubber tubing, e.g.polyethylene terephthalate or polytetrafluoroethylene), a stent(optionally including one or more therapeutic agents), a matrix (such asextracellular matrix components, or an artificial or synthetic matrix),a rod or other physical support.

Following insertion of the optional support structure, one or more setsof frozen particle compositions are administered to the repaired bloodvessel to secure the structure or assist in modulating hemostasis. Oneor more sets of frozen particle compositions are also optionallyadministered to the junctions between the support structure and thevasculature.

Example 20 Compositions and Methods of Administering Frozen ParticlesIncluding One or More Adhesive Agents and One or More BiologicalRemodeling Agents

Surgical incisions, burns, and other traumatic injuries result in damageto the dermis or hypodermis skin layers. Frozen particles including atleast one adhesive agent, and optionally one or more of a growth factor,an anesthetic, or an antibiotic are administered to the biologicaltissue to secure would closure, including securing skin grafts. Thefrozen particles are administered alone or in conjunction with surgicalstaples or sutures.

In an embodiment, one or more frozen particles including thrombin (e.g.,activated thrombin) or fibrinogen are administered. As described inother sections herein, thrombin and fibrinogen can be included as partof a single frozen particle (including, for example, provided incompartments of a single frozen particle), a single set of frozenparticles, or separately as part of different frozen particles ordifferent sets of frozen particles. As described herein, if multiplesets of frozen particles are administered, the sets can be administeredsimultaneously or sequentially.

In an embodiment, one or more frozen particles including at least oneadhesive agent include a biodegradable polymer that encapsulates atleast one therapeutic agent (such as a growth factor, antibiotic,anesthetic or other agent). For example, poly(6-caprolactone) (PCL)allows for controlled or sustained release of a therapeutic agent for aspecific location (See, for example, Shenoy et al, Ibid., which isincorporated herein by reference).

In an embodiment, one or more frozen particles include activatedthrombin at a concentration of approximately 0.5 IU/mL, approximately1.0 IU/mL, approximately 1.5 IU/mL, approximately 2.0 IU/mL,approximately 2.5 IU/mL, approximately 3.0 IU/mL, approximately 3.5IU/mL, approximately 4.0 IU/mL, approximately 4.5 IU/mL, approximately5.0 IU/mL, approximately 5.5 IU/mL, approximately 6.0 IU/mL,approximately 6.5 IU/mL, approximately 7.0 IU/mL, approximately 7.5IU/mL, approximately 8.0 IU/mL, approximately 8.5 IU/mL, approximately9.0 IU/mL, or any value therebetween.

In an embodiment, one or more frozen particles include fibrinogen at aconcentration of approximately 20 mg/mL, 30 mg/mL, 40 mg/mL, 50 mg/mL,60 mg/mL, 70 mg/mL, 80 mg/mL, 90 mg/mL, 100 mg/mL, 110 mg/mL, 115 mg/mL,120 mg/mL, 130 mg/mL, 140 mg/mL, 150 mg/mL, or any value therebetween.

Since activated thrombin reacts with fibrinogen by way of proteolysis toform a fibrin adhesive, the concentration of either fibrinogen orthrombin can be increased or decreased, depending on the desired goal ofwound closure. (See, e.g., Spotnitz et al. Transfusion, vol. 48, pp.1502-1516 (2008); Evans et al., Braz. J. Urol. vol. 32, pp. 131-141(2006), each of which is incorporated herein by reference.) For example,if a skin graft is involved in the wound repair and a slow rate ofadherence is desired in order to accurately place the graft on thewound, the concentration of either thrombin or fibrinogen can bereduced. Alternatively, separate sets of one or more frozen particlescan be administered, wherein the concentration of at least one adhesiveagent varies within a set or between the separate sets of frozenparticles. Optionally, one or more frozen particles can include at leastone proteolytic inhibitor, such as aprotinin, in order to prolong thefibrin adhesive effect. (See, e.g., Spotnitz et al, Ibid., which isherein incorporated by reference).

Optionally, one or more of the frozen particles includes at least onedetection material (e.g., a non-reactive, biodegradable dye or non-toxiccontrast agent) that allows for visual detection of application of theone or more frozen particles. In an embodiment, the one or more frozenparticles including at least one detection material also include atleast one other agent (e.g., at least one adhesive agent, or at leastone therapeutic agent). (See, e.g., worldwide web atkolorjectchemicals.com/natural-food-color.html, visited on Nov. 25,2008, which is incorporated herein by reference.)

Optionally, frozen particles are administered that include one or moregrowth factor (e.g., keratinocyte growth factor, vascular endothelialgrowth factor A, epidermal growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, orhepatocyte growth factor) to promote engraftment. (See, for example,Nolte et al, Cells Tissue Organs, vol. 187, pp. 165-176 (2008); Boatenget al., J. Pharm. Sci. vol. 97, pp. 2892-2923 (2008), each of which isincorporated herein by reference). In addition or instead of thesegrowth factors, one or more frozen particles include one or more ofcollagen, hyaluronic acid, glycosaminoglycans, or other extracellularmatrix components, at least one of which is encapsulated in a PCLpolymer. (See, for example, Boateng et al., Ibid, which is incorporatedherein by reference.)

In an embodiment, compartmentalized frozen particles including one ormore of activated thrombin, fibrinogen, antibiotic (e.g., minocycline,gentamycin, oxoflacin, or tetracycline), or PCL-encapsulatedextracellular matrix or growth factor are administered to a wound.

In an embodiment, one or more frozen particles include one or more cells(e.g., pluripotent stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, fibroblasts,keratinocytes, dermal progenitor cells) to assist in wound repair,including skin engraftment. For example, dermal fibroblasts suspended incryogenic media (e.g., containing 10% dimethylsulfoxide) are included inone or more frozen particles. In the same or different frozen particle,one or more of at least one growth factor, at least one extracellularmatrix component, or at least one adhesive agent are included.Optionally, one or more of the agents included in the frozen particlesare encapsulated by PCL or another polymer. The frozen particles can beadministered simultaneously or sequentially.

In an embodiment, several different sets of frozen particles areadministered in order to establish layers of, for example, extracellularmatrix, fibroblasts, fibrin sealant, and keratinocytes can beadministered in multiple layers with or without an additional skingraft. In an embodiment, the skin graft itself has been derivedartificially or synthetically, at least in part, by administration offrozen particles including various skin components to at least onebiological tissue or a synthetic matrix (e.g., biodegradable sponge orpolymer matrix).

Optionally, as in the case of burns or other wounds in which necrotictissue is present, frozen particles are administered to debride tissueprior to would closure or skin engraftment. Frozen particles includingone or more of at least one antibiotic (e.g., neomycin, polymixin B, orgramicidin), or at least one anesthetic (e.g., lidocaine). As describedherein at other sections, debridement of cells or tissue is regulated byseveral factors, including characteristics of the one or more frozenparticles (e.g., size, shape, or constitution of any particular frozenparticle), as well as characteristics of administration of the one ormore frozen particles (e.g., velocity of delivery, angle of delivery,quantity of particles delivered, or rate of delivery).

In an embodiment in which tissue is debrided, a device is utilized toadminister the one or more frozen particles, as described herein atother sections. In an embodiment, a tube and nozzle is utilized toadminister the one or more frozen particles, with an optional aspiratortube to remove liquid and tissue as debridement occurs.

Example 21 Compositions and Methods of Administering Frozen ParticlesIncluding One or More Biological Remodeling Agents, One or MoreTherapeutic Agents, One or More Adhesive Agents, and One or MoreReinforcement Agents for Tissue Reconstruction

Frozen particle compositions including one or more of a reinforcementagent, antibiotic, therapeutic agent, polymer, adhesive, stem cell, orprogenitor cell are utilized for debriding damaged or necrotic tissue,such as bone and cartilage. Subsequently, one or more frozen particlecompositions as described are utilized for reconstructing the tissue, inaddition to or instead of one or more frozen particle compositionsincluding one or more of a growth factor, progenitor cell or stem cell.

For example, joint restructuring or replacement is a common surgicalprocedure for joints such as knee or hip joints. Knee replacementsurgery is performed as a partial or total knee joint replacement.Standard knee replacement generally includes replacing or supplementingdiseased or damaged joint surfaces with bone grafts (e.g., autologous orcadaveric bone grafts) or synthetic materials (e.g., metal, plastic, orrubber substrates).

Optionally, computer systems are used to model the bone defect, based onimaging studies (e.g., x-ray, computed tomography (CT), or otherimaging). Among other things, imaging the bone or other tissue (e.g.,cartilage), allows for assessment of the defect, or analysis of thepresent joint structure, allows for assistance in designing repair orreplacement of the joint, and provides guidance for delivery of thefrozen particle compositions. In certain instances, the frozen particlecompositions are delivered by way of a piezoelectric or inkjet printerdevice that is directly or indirectly under the control of a computersystem.

In an embodiment, a CT scan is used to develop a three-dimensional imageof the joint to be reconstructed. For a knee joint, for example, regionsfrom the distal femur and proximal tibia, including synovial andcartilage, can be imaged for assessment. Computer systems and methodsfor designing and repairing the joint(s) can also be used for comparingthe present state of the subject's joint with that of a healthyindividual. Thus, the repair may include reconstructing or restructuringthe joint according to healthy or undamaged joints.

Optionally, a computer system also controls a robotic arm or otherautomated instrument containing a piezoelectric or inkjet printerdevice, or sprayer for administration of one or more frozen particlecompositions in the reconstruction of the joint. In certain instances,the subject's damaged or diseased joint is ablated or debrided with oneor more frozen particle compositions in addition to or instead ofreconstructing the joint. In certain instances, one or more frozenparticles are delivered to a substrate (e.g., natural, artificial, orsynthetic materials) used in reconstructing the subject's knee joint. Incertain instances, the substrate includes an artificial knee joint or acadaveric knee joint.

In the case where the subject's joint is ablated or debrided, one ormore frozen particle compositions are administered to the subject'sjoint (optionally with assistance of a computer system). The ablation ordebridement may be performed before, during, or subsequent to theadministration of one or more frozen particle compositions related tostabilizing the joint or reconstructing the joint. For example, frozenparticle compositions including reinforcement agents (e.g., silicabeads, fiberglass, polyethylene glycol) are propelled toward thesubject's knee joint at or to a predetermined velocity that allows fordelivery of the compositions into the various layers of the joint (i.e.,skin, subcutaneous layers, synovial membrane, etc.).

In an embodiment, an arthroscopic device is utilized for delivery of oneor more frozen particle compositions to the knee joint. A computersystem can assist a surgeon in ablating or debriding the cartilageand/or bone to the proper depth by delivering the frozen particlecompositions at a predetermined or preselected set of parameters. Thepredetermined or preselected parameters include, but are not limited to,size of frozen particle compositions, shape of frozen particlecompositions, constitution of frozen particle compositions, velocity atwhich frozen particle compositions are delivered, angle at which frozenparticle compositions are delivered, timing for delivery of specificfrozen particle compositions, or programs for cycling any one or moreparameters. In an embodiment, ablation is performed on a knee joint withguidance provided by a computer system or imaging apparatus. During orsubsequent to ablation, frozen particle compositions containingtherapeutic agents (such as at least one antibiotic or anti-inflammatoryagent) are administered to the joint.

In an embodiment, the joint is reconstructed by utilizing a computersystem for imagine or modeling the joint. Optionally, the computersystem is directly or indirectly linked to a sprayer or piezoelectric orinkjet printer device capable of administering one or more frozenparticle compositions. In certain instances, the frozen particlecompositions administered to reconstruct the joint include scaffoldingmaterials of natural, artificial, or synthetic origin (examples ofspecific agents include, but are not limited to, antibodies; growthfactors; e.g., bone morphogenic protein; polymers; e.g., polylacticacid, polylactic acid-co-glycolic acid; or adhesives; e.g.,polyethylmethacrylate/tetrahydrofurfuryl methacrylate, hydroxyapatite,etc.), or an amphiphilic polymer. In one embodiment, the delivery of oneor more adhesive agents or at least one biological remodeling agents,includes at least one temporally-regulated method. (See, e.g., Davies,et al. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, vol. 60, pp. 373-387 (2008); orKanczler et al. Biomaterials, vol. 29, pp. 1892-1900 (2008), each ofwhich is incorporated herein by reference.)

In an embodiment, scaffolding materials solidify in situ atphysiological temperature and pH, and may include, but not be limitedto, calcium phosphate cement with a biocompatible gelling agent andscaffold materials for cartilage regeneration (e.g., oligopoly-ethyleneglycol fumarate, polyN-isopropylacrylamideco-acrylic acid,polyN-isopropylacrylamide-grafted gelatin, polyethylene oxide, alginate,fibrin, PLGA-g-PEG, pluronics, calcium phosphate/hyaluronic acidcomposites, hyaluronic acid gel and chitosan. See, e.g., Hou et al., J.Mat. Chem. vol. 14, pp. 1915-1923 (2004), which is incorporated byreference herein.

Optionally, one or more frozen particle compositions includingscaffolding materials that promote adhesion of cell types that producebone or cartilage are administered to assist in reconstructing thesubject's joint. For example, integrin peptides with thearginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) sequence can be covalently coupledwith other scaffolding materials administered to the joint. Integrinsare capable of promoting adhesion of cells, including osteoblasts, viatheir integrin receptors. See, e.g., Hou, et al., Ibid.

Optionally, one or more frozen particle compositions includingantibodies or antibody fragments are chemically coupled with scaffoldpolymers that among other things, promote binding and retention ofspecific cell types within the scaffold, are administered to thesubject's knee or a substrate used in reconstructing the knee. Forexample, anti-integrin α_(V)β₃ antibodies recognize endothelial cells,and anti-integrin α₅ antibodies recognize chondrocytes, both of whichcell types can assist in reconstructing the joint. See, e.g., Hou et al,Ibid.

Optionally, one or more frozen particle compositions including one ormore growth factors that are capable, for example, of promoting cellgrowth and/or cell differentiation are administered in reconstructingthe knee joint. For example, bone morphogenic proteins, fibroblastgrowth factors, vascular endothelial growth factors, or other factorsare encapsulated in polymer particles (e.g., vesicles) that form atleast part of a scaffold to support reconstruction of the joint. See,e.g., Davies et al., Ibid. In an embodiment, one or more growth factorssupport the infiltration or growth of osteocytes, chondrocytes, orvascular cells.

In an embodiment, one or more frozen particle compositions including oneor more of a progenitor cell, stem cell, osteoblast, chondrocyte, orendothelial cell are administered. In an embodiment, one or more subsetsof frozen particle compositions include, but are not limited tocompositions containing one or more of a scaffolding material, adhesiveagent, or growth factor. In an embodiment, one or more subsets of frozenparticle compositions are administered to the subject's jointsimultaneously, sequentially, or cyclically.

In an embodiment, reconstruction of the joint is conducted byadministering one or more subsets of frozen particle compositionsthrough interaction or consultation with a computer system. In anembodiment, administration of one or more frozen particle compositionsor one or more subsets of frozen particle compositions occurs in astepwise fashion according to one or more parameters including, but notlimited to, size of frozen particle compositions, shape of frozenparticle compositions, constitution of frozen particle compositions,velocity at which frozen particle compositions are delivered, angle atwhich frozen particle compositions are delivered, timing for delivery ofspecific frozen particle compositions, or programs for cycling any oneor more parameters.

In an embodiment, the joint is debrided, and the surface is prepared forreconstruction. Additionally, one or more frozen particle compositionsor one or more subsets of frozen particle compositions are administeredcontaining one or more of a scaffolding material, an adhesive agent, atherapeutic agent, a reinforcement agent, or an explosive agent. Forexample, calcium phosphate cement with a biocompatible gelling agent areincluded with one or more frozen particle compositions. In the same ordifferent frozen particle compositions, growth factors (such as vascularendothelial growth factors or bone morphogenic factors) are included. Inaddition, in the same or different frozen particle compositions,osteoblast cells or osteoblast precursor cells are administered to thesubject's joint or a substrate used for reconstructing the joint. In thesame or different frozen particle compositions, at least one scaffoldmaterial, such as a polymer, is administered to the joint or a substrateused for reconstructing the joint. For example, oligopoly-ethyleneglycol fumarate optionally with a chondrocyte growth factor (e.g.,fibroblast growth factor) are included in one or more frozen particlecompositions. In the same or different frozen particle compositions,frozen particle compositions including chondrocytes or condrocyteprogenitor cells (e.g., mesenchymal stem cells) are administered to thejoint.

In an embodiment, one or more steps of assessing the joint, preparingthe joint, debriding or abrading the joint, or reconstructing the jointare aided by use of a computer system, including but not limited to CTimaging, computer-aided design (CAD), or computer-aided surgery (CAS).See, e.g., Bradley et al., Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. Vol. 34,pp. 1080-1084 (2008), which is incorporated by reference herein.

Example 22 Compositions and Methods of Administering Frozen ParticlesIncluding One or More Biological Adhesive Agents and One or MoreBiological Remodeling Agents

Frozen particles containing one or more biological adhesive agents (forexample, bispecific antibodies or bispecific proteins), are used to bindcells or tissues specifically to therapeutic targets, such asendothelial cells, leukocytes, epithelial cells, cancer cells,extracellular matrices, vasculature, lymphatics, tumors, and othertissues. For example, one or more frozen particles containing at leastone bispecific receptor, antibody, ligand, or fusion proteins of one ormore of receptors, antibodies, or ligands are used to selectively bindor adhere leukocytes, such as macrophages, monocytes, T cells, naturalkiller cells (NK cells), granulocytes, or other cells to target tissues,extracellular matrices, or other cell types (e.g., cancer cells,endothelial cells, or epithelial cells).

Moreover, one or more frozen particles optionally contain at least onebiological adhesive agent and at least one leukocyte in separatesectors. In one embodiment, the sector includes a compartment.

In one embodiment, one or more biological adhesive agent is bound to aleukocyte (or other cell) in vitro prior to incorporation of the cellplus biological adhesive into the one or more frozen particlecompositions. Optionally, one or more frozen particle compositionsincluding at least one biological adhesive or at least one cell aredelivered sequentially to a target tissue, matrix, or cell type.

Examples of one or more biological adhesive agents are disclosed hereinat other sections, and include but are not limited to mammalian cellsurface proteins, and glycoproteins. For example, adhesion moleculesinclude CD44, immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily members, integrins,cadherins, and selectins. These or other factors that are included inthe disclosure specifically bind to protein or macromolecule ligands(e.g., intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM), vascular cell adhesionmolecule (VCAM), fibronectin, and hyaluronate), MADCAM, LFA-1, andothers. Other cell surface receptors are included as biological adhesiveagents, including but not limited to immunoglobulin Fc receptors (FcR),complement receptors (CR), and surface immunoglobulin (sIg).

Example 23 Compositions and Methods of Administering Frozen ParticlesIncluding One or More Biological Adhesive Agents for Administration toTumor Tissue

Frozen particles containing one or more biological-based adhesive agentsare used to deliver and bind immune effector cells to primary ormetastatic tumor cells, as well as tumor-associated stroma orextracellular matrices. Macrophages or monocytes that have the potentialto kill tumor cells, and present tumor-associated antigens arerecognized by antibodies that bind integrin receptors, such as VLA-4,β-1, β-2, Fcγ receptor I (CD64) or by cell adhesion peptides (e.g.,YRGDS, YEILDV). (See, for example, Martin-Manso et al., Cancer Res.,vol. 68, pp. 7090-7099 (2008); Wagner et al., Biomat., vol. 25, pp.2247-2263 (2006); each of which is incorporated herein by reference). Inaddition, lymphocytes (such as T cells or B cells), as well as naturalkiller cells are capable of directed killing of tumor cells, and areincluded in specific embodiments disclosed herein.

Biological adhesive agents, including a bispecific antibody, such asanti-CD64 binding domain (e.g., single chain Fv (SCFv)) is fused to asecond binding domain that recognizes a tumor-associated antigen (e.g.,CA-125 (mucin 16), or melanoma-associated antigen (MAGE)). Mucin 16binds macrophages to ovarian cancer cells, while MAGE binds macrophagesto melanoma cancer cells. Generation, including design, construction,and production, of bispecific antibodies is generally known in the art.(See, for example, USPTO Application Publication No. 20080305105; Kuferet al., Trends in Biotech., vol. 22, pp. 238-244 (2004); each of whichis incorporated herein by reference.)

Macrophage or monocyte cells are obtained from the peripheral blood ofcancer patients or subjects. Monocytes are purified from peripheralblood leukocytes (standard reagents and protocols are available from,for example, StemCell Tech., Inc., Vancouver, B.C., Canada). Monocytesare activated by treatment in vitro with cytokines, such asinterferon-γ. (See, for example, Kufer et al., Ibid.) Production ofmacrophage cells that are cytotoxic for tumor cells is described, forexample, in Martin-Manso et al., Ibid. Cytotoxic macrophage cells arebound in vitro to a bispecific antibody (e.g., antibody that recognizesCD64 or MAGE), prior to incorporation into one or more frozen particlecompositions for administration to a melanoma tumor.

Briefly, bispecific antibodies at 10-100 micrograms/mL in RPMI 1640media, pH 7.4 (Invitrogen Corp., Carlsbad, Calif.), are incubated withmonocyte cells for 1-4 hours at 5°-37° C. Monocyte cells with boundbispecific antibodies are washed by centrifugation and incorporated intoone or more frozen particle compositions containing dimethylsulfoxide(10% vol/vol), RPMI 1640 media, and human serum (20% vol/vol).

One or more frozen particle compositions containing one or more monocytecells, one or more biological adhesive agents, and media are delivereddirectly to tumor tissue by a device (for example, a spray device).Depending on various factors, including but not limited to, size oftumor, presence of metastatic tumor tissue, extent of any metastatictissue, type of tissue of origin for the tumor, location of tumor,condition of the subject, or other factors, the depth of frozen particlepenetration can be predicted or determined through design or alterationof frozen particle composition velocity, size, shape, and constituencyof the one or more frozen particles.

Example 24 Compositions and Methods of Administering Frozen ParticlesIncluding One or More Biological Adhesive Agents for Administration toTumor Tissue

Immune effector cells (including monocytes, macrophages, natural killercells, or lymphocytes) plus bound bispecific antibodies are delivered totumor tissue, for example, at a site or organ (e.g. lung, liver) using adevice (such as an endoscope, incluindg a laparascope or thoracoscope).In one embodiment, a particle spraying device is introduced through atrocar and guided by way of an endoscope, delivers the frozen particlecompositions including at least one immune effector cell with at leastone biological adhesive to the target site. In one embodiment, thetarget site includes tumor tissue. In at least on embodiment, the targetsite includes tissue surrounding a tumor. In one embodiment, the targetsite includes tissue suspected of being cancerous. In one embodiment,the target site includes primary tumor tissue. In one embodiment, thetarget site includes metastatic cancer tissue.

In one embodiment, frozen particle compositions including at least onebiological adhesive and at least one immune effector cell areadministered as an adjunct therapy following surgery to resect diseasedtissue, chemotherapy, radiation treatment, or other therapy. Forexample, frozen particle compositions including at least one biologicaladhesive that recognizes monocytes (e.g., anti-CD64) and MAGE areadministered to tissue surrounding the surgical site, including lymphnodes or sites of suspected or anticipated metastasis.

Example 25 Compositions and Methods of Administering Frozen ParticlesIncluding One or More Biological Adhesive Agents to Melanoma Cells andTumor-Associated Endothelial Cells

At least one biological adhesive recognizing one or more integrinpresent on melanoma cells or tumor endothelial cells is used to bindimmune effector cells to melanoma cells or tumor-associated endothelialcells. For example, one or more antibodies specific for the integrinα_(v)β₃ and CD3 (a signaling part of the T cell antigen receptor) can beused in conjunction with cytotoxic T cells derived from melanomasubjects. See, for example, Berger et al., J. Clin. Invest. vol. 118,pp. 294-305 (2008), which is incorporated herein by reference.

One or more frozen particle compositions containing anti-α_(v)β₃,anti-CD3, or cytotoxic T cells bind to melanoma cells directly orindirectly following binding to tumor neovasculature endothelium andextravasation. See, for example, Mahabeleshwar et al., Ibid. In oneembodiment, the one or more frozen particle compositions areadministered in multiple dimensions (e.g., x, y, z coordinates) tomelanoma cells, neovasculature, and adjacent tissues (which may or maynot be malignant). In one embodiment, primary tumor cells, metastatictumor cells, neovasculature, and adjacent lymphatic ducts and lymphnodes are targeted. One or more frozen particle compositions deliveredto the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layers of a subject targetmelanoma cells in radial, vertical, and metastatic modes of growth. See,for example, Mahabeleshwar et al, Ibid.

In one embodiment, administration of the one or more frozen particlecompositions in three dimensions is conducted with a computer-guidedspraying device. The computer-guided device uses one or more computersystems, or one or more computer programs to derive or obtain data topredict or generate one or more frozen particle compositions based onspecific characteristics. For example, the one or more frozen particlecompositions are predicted or generated based on particle hardness,shape, size, constituency, or other factors. The one or more frozenparticle composition administration is predicted or generated based onnumber of frozen particle compositions administered for any particularround of delivery, the velocity of delivery, the angle of delivery, thenumber of rounds of delivery of the same or different frozen particlecompositions, the type of tissue receiving the frozen particlecompositions, the condition of the tissue receiving the frozen particlecompositions, and other factors. In this manner, the one or more frozenparticle compositions are administered to a particular target tissue,and to a particular desired depth or breadth.

Example 26 Compositions and Methods of Administering Frozen ParticlesIncluding One or More Biological Adhesive Agents to Melanoma Cells

One or more frozen particle compositions including one or morebiological adhesive agents capable of specifically binding melanomatumor cell surface receptors, including at least one receptor capable ofsignaling or initiating apoptosis are administered to melanoma cell's.For example, at least one biological adhesive agent including at leastone bispecific protein that recognizes melanoma tumor cell antigens(e.g., MAGE), as well as a pro-apoptotic cell surface receptor (e.g.,death receptor 5 (DR5)) is delivered to melanoma cells for induction ofapoptosis.

In one embodiment, binding of DR5 by an agonistic monoclonal antibody orapoptosis ligand 2/TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (e.g.,Apo2L/TRAIL) initiates signaling that leads to apoptotic death of thetumor cell. See, for example, Ashkenazi, Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., vol. 7,pp. 1001-1012 (2008). Some examples of agonistic antibodies that arecapable of inducing apoptosis on tumor cells include, but are notlimited to, mapatumumab and lexatumumab (Human Genome Sciences, Inc.,Rockville, Md.; HGS), Apomab (Genentech Inc., South San Francisco,Calif.), AMG655 (Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, Calif.), CS-1008 (DaiichiSankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo), and LBY-135 (Novartis Int'l AG, Basel).

In one embodiment, a bispecific protein including anti-MAGE bindingdomains (e.g., single chain Fv (SCFv)) and at least one agonisticanti-DR5 binding domain (e.g., SCFv from Apomab; Ashkenazi, Ibid) isadministered in one or more frozen particle compositions directly tomelanoma cells, or delivered to subcutaneous layers surround themelanoma cells.

In one embodiment, in addition to targeting primary tumor cells, tissueknown to be metastatic, or suspected to be metastatic due to theepidemiology of the disease, are targeted. For example, melanoma isknown to metastasize to the brain. In one embodiment, the brain receivesone or more frozen particles alone or in combination with surgery (e.g.,craniotomy), based on imaging studies done with computer-assistedtomography or magnetic resonance imaging. Frozen particle compositionsincluding pro-apoptotic agonists or anti-MAGE binding proteins are usedas adjuvant therapy following surgery (e.g., open surgery, stereotacticsurgery, or stereotactic radiosurgery to remove or destroy melanomametastatic cells.

In one embodiment, minimally invasive computer assisted surgery is usedto remove tumor cells and tumor tissue, followed by administration ofone or more frozen particle compositions as adjuvant therapy. Forexample, computer-aided surgery (CAS) is used with stereotactic surgerysystems to target tumor cells that have infiltrated essential and/orhighly vascularized brain tissues that are considered inaccessible orinoperable by standard methods.

Example 27 Frozen Piercing Implements Utilized for Transdermal Delivery

In one embodiment, frozen hydrogen oxide piercing implements, includingmicroneedles, are utilized for transdermal delivery of at least oneagent.

In one embodiment, frozen microneedles with dimensions ranging fromapproximately nanometers (nm) to approximately millimeters (mm) can bemade from hydrogen oxide ice Ic, and optionally include one or morereinforcement agents. Frozen microneedles can contain at least onetherapeutic agent, including but not limited to at least one antigen,vaccine, antibiotic, analgesic, or other agent. The use of microneedleshas been reported to induce minor skin irritation. See, for example,Wermeling, et al., Ibid. Such minor irritation may be desirable incertain instances (i.e. for vaccination).

In one embodiment, microneedles made of frozen hydrogen oxide, andoptionally reinforced with at least one of polylactic acid (L-PLA fromBPI at Birmingham, Ala.) or polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), are cast in afirst micromold fabricated using standard photolithography and moldingprocesses. For example, a frozen microneedle mastermold is created inSU-8 photoresist (SU-8 2025, Microchem, Newton, Mass.) by UV exposure tomold, for example, pyramidal (square cross-section) piercing implementstapering from a base measuring approximately 4 μm to approximately 300μm in width to a tip of approximately 0.33 μm to approximately 25 μm inwidth over a length of approximately 10 μm to approximately 2.0 mm. Nexta frozen piercing implement second mold is made, for example, frompolydimethylsiloxane (PDMS, Sylgard 184, Dow Corning, Midland, Mich.) byusing the first micromold. Multiple replicate molds can be produced bylayering PDMS on the second mold. (See Lee et al, Biomaterials, vol. 29,pp. 2113-2124 (2008) which is incorporated herein by reference.)Finally, frozen piercing implements are made, for example, by contactingliquid hydrogen oxide optionally containing L-PLA and at least onetherapeutic or other agent in the molds, and freezing at −20° C. to−250° C. to form frozen hydrogen oxide piercing implements, such asmicroneedles.

In one embodiment, the frozen hydrogen oxide piercing implements, suchas microneedles, are in one or more phases including at least one of:amorphous solid water, low density amorphous ice, high density amorphousice, very high density amorphous ice, clathrate ice, hyperquenchedglassy water, ice Ic, ice II, ice III, ice IV, ice V, ice VI, ice VII,ice VIII, ice IX, ice X, ice XI, ice XII, ice XIII, ice XIV, or ice XV.

In one embodiment, multiple micromolds contain one or more arrays ofmultiple piercing implements, including one or more microneedles. Forexample, in one embodiment, an array containing 120 microneedles in rowsis made in a 9×9 mm configuration. See, for example, Park et al, J.Control. Rel., vol. 104, pp. 51-66 (2005) which is incorporated hereinby reference.

In one embodiment, frozen piercing implement arrays, includingmicroneedle arrays, are made by contacting, for example, hydrogen oxide,one or more polymers, and at least one therapeutic agent. For example,frozen piercing implement arrays, including microneedle arrays, are madeby utilizing at least one support structure fabricated by patterningSU-8 epoxy photoresist onto glass substrates and defining piercingimplement shapes by lithography. In one embodiment, at least one frozenpiercing implement includes at least one side-opening hollow implement.In one embodiment, piercing implement tips are sharpened by reactive ionetching. See, for example, Martanto et al, “Side-Opening HollowMicroneedles for Transdermal Drug Delivery,” 32nd Annual Meeting of theControlled Release Society, Florida, June, 2005 on the worldwide web at:mems.mirc.gatech.edu/msmawebsite_(—)2006/publications/publication_list.html#c05,the content of which is incorporated herein by reference.

In one embodiment, hydrogen oxide frozen piercing implements, such asmicroneedles, include an optional reinforcement agent, such as L-PLA, aswell as at least one therapeutic or other agent (including but notlimited to bovine serum albumin (BSA) or lysozyme). For example,reinforced hydrogen oxide solutions with approximately 20% (weight %)bovine serum albumin (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.) are frozen at approximately0° C. to approximately −250° C. or lower in the micromolds to form atleast one array of frozen piercing implements, such as microneedles.

In one embodiment, an array with 100 piercing implements, includingmicroneedles, delivers about 2000 μg of BSA transdermally. See, forexample, Lee et al, Ibid. In one embodiment, at least one piercingimplement of the array includes a frozen piercing implement. In oneembodiment, all of the piercing implements of the array include frozenpiercing implements.

In one embodiment, frozen piercing implement arrays, such as microneedlearrays, including BSA are inserted by hand into the skin, then taped inplace and left for time sufficient to deliver at least part of the atleast one agent (e.g., BSA). In one embodiment, the array is allowed tostay in contact with the substrate for at least approximately 1 second,approximately 5 seconds, approximately 10 seconds, approximately 20seconds, approximately 30 seconds, approximately 45 seconds,approximately 1 minute, approximately 2 minutes, approximately 5minutes, approximately 10 minutes, approximately 30 minutes,approximately 1 hour, approximately 2 hours, approximately 5 hours,approximately 24 hours, or any value therebetween or greater.

In one embodiment, frozen piercing implements, such as microneedles, areinserted and ejected or released into the skin by at least one mechanismincluding, but not limited to, breaking, applying shear force, forexample with a blade, or applying axial force, for example, withplungers or pressure through the base of the array.

In one embodiment, frozen piercing implements, including microneedles,in an array define at last one cavity including at least one therapeuticor other agent (e.g. a protein, nucleic acid, cell, viral vector, orpharmaceutical). In one embodiment, both the support structure and atleast one frozen piercing implement, such as a microneedle, define atleast one cavity including at least one therapeutic or other agent. Inone embodiment, the support structure includes at least one reservoir influid communication with at least one frozen piercing implement, orother piercing implement of the array that includes at least one frozenpiercing implement. In one embodiment, at least one frozen piercingimplement is hollow and is in fluid communication with at least oneexternal reservoir.

Cavitized or hollow frozen microneedles can be created by laser drillingholes extending the length of the microneedles projecting away from thesupport structure. See, for example, Martanto et al, Ibid.

In one embodiment, the one or more frozen piercing implements areutilized for delivery of at least one therapeutic agent or other agent,diagnostic or detection materials or devices, or sensing, or collectingone or more materials from the substrate (e.g. blood, interstitialfluid, one or more cells or biological materials). In one embodiment, atleast one pump, syringe, or other material transfer device is includedin the frozen piercing implement array. In one embodiment, a frozenpiercing implement array, such as a microneedle array, includes amanifold for connection to a pump. See, for example, Martanto et al,Ibid.

In one embodiment, hollow frozen piercing implements, such asmicroneedles, are utilized to deliver at least one therapeutic or otheragent in vivo. For example, McAllister et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.USA, vol. 100, pp. 13755-13760 (2003), which is incorporated herein byreference. As reported, hollow microneedles interfaced with a pumpproviding 10-14 pounds/square inch of pressure to deliver 32 μl ofinsulin solution (100 units/ml Humulin-R, Eli Lilly Co., Indianapolis,Ind.) to diabetic rats. As reported, microneedle delivery of insulin iseffective, as indicated by the reduction in blood glucose levels indiabetic rats following treatment. Id. As reported, microneedleinjection delivery of insulin is comparable in efficacy to subcutaneousinjection of insulin with a conventional hypodermic syringe (McAllisteret al, Ibid.).

Further, as reported, solid microneedles with tapered and beveled tipsand feature sizes from 1 to 1,000 μm provide increased skin permeabilityby orders of magnitude for macromolecules and particles up to 50 nm inradius. Id.

In one embodiment, frozen hydrogen oxide microneedles are coated with atleast one therapeutic or other agent configured for rapid releasesubsequent to piercing a substrate, such as skin. For example, frozenpiercing implements, such as microneedles, and the corresponding arrays,are dip-coated by immersing them in stable aqueous solutions of at leastone therapeutic, adhesive, biological remodeling, or other agent. Forexample, an agent such as sulforhodamine (Invitrogen-Molecular Probes,Eugene, Oreg.), FITC-labeled BSA ((Invitrogen-Molecular Probes, Eugene,Oreg.), YOYO-3-labeled plasmid DNA (Invitrogen-Molecular Probes, Eugene,Oreg.), sodium fluorescein (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.), orpilocarpine hydrochloride (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.) are dip-coatedonto microneedles or other piercing implements. See, for example, Jianget al, Invest. Opthal. Vis. Sci., vol. 48, pp. 4038-4043 (2007), whichis incorporated herein by reference.

In one embodiment, aqueous coating solutions containing approximately10% (wt/vol) polyvinylpyrrolidone (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.) andone or more therapeutic agents at concentrations ranging fromapproximately 0.05% (wt/vol) to approximately 10% (wt/vol) are coated onone or more frozen piercing implements, such as microneedles. Id. Asreported, microneedles coated with approximately 280 ng of fluoresceinor approximately 1.1 μg of pilocarpine, with dimensions of approximately500 μm in length, approximately 100 μm in width, and approximately 50 μmin thickness, are effective at delivering at least some of each agent tothe eye. Id.

In one embodiment, the strength of one or more frozen piercingimplements, such as microneedles, is measured by subjecting the one ormore frozen piercing implements to an axial force (i.e. force parallelto the long dimension of the microneedle (e.g., approximately 600 μm) byusing a displacement force test station (Model 921 A, Tricor Systems,Elgin, IL). For example, a stress versus strain curve is generated bymeasuring displacement while the test station presses an array ofmicroneedles or other piercing implements against a rigid metal surfaceat a rate of approximately 1.1 mm/sec.

As shown in FIG. 122, strength of microneedle or other piercingimplements is indicated by a sudden drop in force at the point offailure. See, for example, Park et al., Ibid. The maximum force justprior to the sudden drop defines the force of the piercing implementfailure. Piercing implements, including microneedles, with failureforces greater than the force required for penetration of the stratuscorneum are suitable for transdermal delivery. According to publishedstudies, microneedles containing polylactic acid with a height ofapproximately 800 μm and a base diameter of approximately 200 μm displaya failure force of approximately 0.50 Newtons/needle, which isapproximately three times greater than the force needed for insertioninto skin. See, for example, Park et al, J. Contr. Rel., vol. 104, pp.51-66 (2005), which is incorporated herein by reference.

In one embodiment, experimental data and theoretical models are utilizedto predict the failure force, or fracture force, of piercing implements,including microneedles, which depends in part on the implement geometry.See, for example, Davis et al, J. Biomech., vol. 37, pp. 1155-1163(2004) which is incorporated herein by reference. For example,experiments to measure microneedle fracture force can be done using anaxial load test station (Scope Test 1, EnduraTEC, Minnetonka, Minn.) todrive microneedles against a flat block of aluminum at a rate ofapproximately 0.01 mm/sec until a preset displacement of approximately500 μm is reached. Id. Based on this test, force and displacement dataare used to determine the fracture force. Id.

For example, microneedles or other piercing implements approximately 500μm in length with: 1) variable tip radii and constant wall thickness ofapproximately 12 μm, and wall angle of 78.5°; or 2) variable wallthickness and constant tip radius of approximately 43 μm and wall angleof 78.5°; or 3) variable wall angle and constant tip radius ofapproximately 30 μm and wall thickness of approximately 10 μm can beused to measure fracture force variation with piercing implementgeometry. Id. As reported, the fracture force does not necessarilydepend on microneedle tip radius, but tends to increase with increasingwall thickness and wall angle. Id. The geometry of any particularpiercing implement can be imaged by scanning electron microscopy, forexample, in order to determine at least the base radius, tip radius, andwall thickness. Id. The interfacial area (i.e. the effective area ofcontact between the needle and the skin) can be calculated in at leasttwo ways: (i) annular surface area, Aa, of the piercing implement tipcan be represented as Aa=π(r_(t)t−t²/4) where r_(t)=outer tip radius,and t=wall thickness, or (ii) the full cross-sectional area, Af, at theneedle tip Af=πr² _(t), while needle wall angle α, can be calculated asα=tan⁻¹[(r_(b)−r_(t))/h], where r_(t)=outer tip radius, r_(b)=outerradius at the needle base, t is the wall thickness, and h is the height.Id.

Moreover, analytical models or finite element models can be developedusing standard techniques, and are capable of predicting the fractureforce of a microneedle, or other piercing implement, with a givengeometry. Id. As reported, both systems predict an increase in fractureforce with increase in wall thickness or wall angle. Id. Accordingly,analytic or finite element models can be developed for a particularfrozen piercing implement, including a microneedle, in such a way thatthe fracture force exceeds the force required for administration to atleast one substrate.

In one embodiment, the penetration of dermal layers or the location ofdelivery of at least one agent is visualized by using fluorescentmolecules as tracers, followed by fluorescence microscopy and brightfield microscopy. For example, according to published studies, deliveryof sulforhodamine B (Molecular Probes, Eugene, Oreg.) with microneedlearrays into pig cadaver skin is assessed qualitatively by histologicalanalysis, which includes fluorescence microscopy, to establish thedistribution of sulforhodamine in the epidermis and dermis. See, forexample, Lee et al., Ibid.

In one embodiment, epidermis from cadaver skin sections are placed in adiffusion chamber (Permegear, Hellertown, Pa.) and the amount ofsulforhodamine passing through the epidermis following delivery withmicroneedle arrays is measured by spectrofluorimetry (Lee et al, Ibid.).For example, in vivo delivery of agents, such as therapeutic agents,adhesive agents, biological remodeling agents, reinforcement agents, orother agents, by microneedle arrays can be measured by evaluating localconcentrations of the agent, or plasma concentrations of the agent, i.e.pharmacokinetic analysis.

In one embodiment, at least one agent is administered as a component ofthe frozen piercing implement (or array). In one embodiment, at leastone agent is administered in conjunction with the frozen piercingimplement (or array), including sequentially, serially, continuously, orother mode.

For example, delivery of naltrexone by a frozen piercing implementarray, such as a microneedle array, can be monitored by analyzing plasmasamples obtained at various time points following administration. In oneembodiment, plasma naltrexone concentrations are determined by an assay,for example, employing high pressure liquid chromatography and massspectrometry.

For example, pharmacokinetic parameters for naltrexone (NTX) (and itsprimary metabolite naltrexol (NTXOL)), following permeation with amicroneedle array and NTX delivery with a transdermal patch are shown inTable C, adapted from Wermeling et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, vol.105, pp. 2058-2063 (2008), which is incorporated herein by reference.For example, pharmacokinetic analysis includes calculation of partuclarvalues, such as the steady state concentration (Css), the area under thecurve (AUC), and the time to reach steady state concentration (Tlag),some of which can be done with computer programs. See, for example,WinNonlin Professional, version 4.0; Pharsight, the subject matter ofwhich is incorporated herein by reference.

Additionally, the pharmacokinetic parameters obtained followingmicroneedle-enhanced transdermal delivery of NTX are comparable to thepharmacokinetics obtained following oral administration of NTX. See, forexample, Wermeling et al, Ibid.

TABLE C NTX and NTXOL exposure after microneedle-enhanced transdermaldelivery Parameters NTX NTXOL Css, ng/ml 2.5 (1.0) 0.6 (0.5) Tlag, h 1.8(1.1) 1.4 (1.4) Cmax, ng/ml 4.5 (2.4) 1.9 (1.3) Tmax, h 8.8 (7.6) 37.5(31.3) AUC, ng h/ml 142.9 (43.9)  39.7 (25.9) Clast, ng/ml 1.8 (1.0) 0.4(0.6) Results are expressed as means ± SD (in parentheses) for sixMN-treated subjects. C_(ss) = concentration at steady-state condition;T_(lag) = time to reach steady-state condition; C_(max) = maximumconcentration achieved; T_(max) = time to achieve maximum concentration;AUC_(0-t) = area under the concentration-time curve from time 0 to 72 h;C_(last) = concentration at time of patch removal after 72 h ofapplication.

As reported, pretreatment with microneedle arrays, removal of themicroneedles, and application of transdermal patches containing NTXresults in efficient delivery of NTX and achievement ofpharmacologically active blood concentrations of NTX (2.5 ng/ml) withintwo hours after applying the patch. Id. The Css is maintained for 48hours. Id. Without microneedle pretreatment NTX is not detected in theplasma following application of transdermal patches. Id. Furthermorepretreatment of cadaver epidermis samples with microneedle arraysfollowed by application of test drugs such as calcein (Sigma ChemicalCo., St. Louis, Mo.), or fluorescent BSA (Texas Red conjugated-BSA,Molecular Probes, Eugene, Oreg.) increases the skin permeability by morethan 100-fold relative to untreated epidermis. See, for example, Park etal, Ibid.

In one embodiment, frozen piercing implement arrays, or microneedlearrays, are fabricated to include a support structure that acts as areservoir for sustained agent release. For example, sustained release ofat least one agent can occur even after removal, sublimation, or meltingof the frozen piercing implements, and be delivered via microchannelscreated by the piercing implement administration. For example, aspublished in Lee et al, Ibid., an array of microneedles has a supportstructure that contains a test drug, such as sulforhodamine. In oneembodiment, the frozen piercing implements, such as microneedles,include sulforhodamine and an optional reinforcement agent, such as PLA.In one embodiment, the base of the piercing implement contains frozensulforhodamine, buffers and water. Accordingly, frozen piercingimplements can be made that include channels, cavities, layers or otherareas.

In one embodiment, the tip of the frozen piercing implement includes atleast one constituent in common with the base of the implement. In oneembodiment, the tip of the frozen piercing implement is different thanthe base of the implement. In one embodiment, the support structure ofthe microarray is also frozen. In one embodiment, the frozen piercingimplement includes at least one component that is not frozen. In oneembodiment, the frozen piercing implement array includes at least oneimplement that is not frozen. In one embodiment, the frozen piercingimplement array includes at least one implement that is frozen.

In one embodiment, a large surface area is utilized for the base of thepiercing implement. For example, a piercing implement with a base ofapproximately 81 mm² and approximately 300 μm thick, can accommodatemilligram quantities of drug. See, for example, Lee et al., Ibid. Arelatively small piercing implement array, such as a microneedle array,(for example, 7×7 implements) with a base composed of approximately 30%(wt %) solution of sulforhodamine contains approximately 3 mg ofsulforhodamine. Administration of a piercing implement array withamylopectin needles and base, and containing sulforhodamine, results insustained delivery of sulforhodamine across the epidermis for about 12hours. See, for example, Lee et al, Ibid.

Example 28 Frozen Piercing Implements Utilized for Transdermal Delivery

In one embodiment, frozen piercing implements, such as microneedles,include at least one non-aqueous constituent, including but not limitedto dimethyl sulfoxide, ethanol, isopropanol, dimethyl formamide, orformaldehyde, as well as at least one therapeutic agent. For example,using the methods described in Lee et al, Ibid. micromolds can beconstructed to allow casting arrays of piercing implements derived fromsolutions or suspensions of at least one agent in a non-aqueous solvent.For example, in one embodiment, a therapeutic agent, such as a smallmolecule (e.g. sulforhodamine (Molecular Probes, Eugene, Oreg.)), aprotein (e.g. bovine serum albumin (BSA) conjugated to Texas Red(Molecular Probes, Eugene, Oreg.)), a nucleic acid (e.g. gWiz™luciferaseplasmid DNA (6732 base pairs, Aldevron, Fargo, ND, USA)), a viralparticle (e.g. modified vaccinia virus—Ankara (Emory University VaccineCenter, Atlanta, Ga., USA)) is suspended or dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) (freezing temperature is approximately 18.5° C. See,for example, Gill et al, J. Control. Release, vol. 117, pp. 227-237(2007), which is incorporated herein by reference herein. In oneembodiment, the suspension or solution is cast in a piercing implementarray mold by using centrifugation. See, for example, Lee et al, Ibid.In one embodiment, the piercing implements are frozen prior to, during,or subsequent to centrifugation. Optionally, multiple layers can befabricated in the frozen piercing implements by repeating the process ofcentrifuging/freezing and layering, then centrifuging/freezing again.

In one embodiment, frozen piercing implement arrays, such as microneedlearrays, with at least one frozen piercing implement including, forexample, DMSO and at least one agent, optionally includes at least onereinforcement agent (e.g., a polymer, ceramic particle (e.g. silica,alumina, hydroxyapatite), metal or fiber) to increase the fracturestrength of the frozen piercing implements.

One example of a freezing method for a composite piercing implement withincreased fracture strength is described in Deville et al, Science, vol.311, pp. 515-518 (2006), which is incorporated herein by reference. Inone embodiment, frozen piercing implements, including frozenmicroneedles, wherein at least one frozen piercing implement includesDMSO, at least one reinforcement agent, such as PLA, and at least onetherapeutic agent, such as BSA. In one embodiment, DMSO assists todisrupt the lipid bilayer of the stratum corneum. Id. In one embodiment,other solvents or chemical enhancers of skin permeability are utilizedto increase efficiency of administration of the at least one agent. See,for example, Prausnitz et al, Nature Biotech., vol. 26, pp. 1261-1268(2008), which is incorporated herein by reference.

In one embodiment, frozen piercing implements, such as frozenmicroneedles, include at least one frozen piercing implement includingDMSO, are utilized for delivery of viable mammalian cells, with DMSOproviding a cryoprotectant. For example, other cryopreservatives formammalian cells are available from Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.

In one embodiment, frozen piercing implement arrays, or frozenmicroneedle arrays, including at least one frozen piercing implementthat includes DMSO, is used for localized subcutaneous or intradermaldelivery of cytotoxic T cells to skin tumors for treatment of metastaticmelanoma or other skin disorders. See, for example, Morgan et al,Science vol. 314, pp. 126-130 (2006), which is incorporated herein byreference.

In one embodiment, frozen piercing implements, including frozenmicroneedles, optionally include at least one abrasive or explosivematerial. In one embodiment, the at least one abrasive or explosivematerial provides additional capability for debriding bone or othertissue, or abrading or ablating skin or other tissue. In one embodiment,the at least one abrasive or explosive material promotes transdermaldelivery of at least one agent. For example, frozen piercing implementarrays, such as frozen microneedle arrays, include at least one frozenpiercing implement including carbon dioxide (CO₂). In one embodiment,liquid CO₂ can be cast in microneedle molds maintained at approximately−100° C., the freezing temperature of CO₂.

Some non-limiting examples of methods for measuring the insertion forceof microneedle arrays into human skin are described by Davis et al,Ibid. In one embodiment, frozen piercing implements including CO₂sublimate upon administration to the at least one substrate. In oneembodiment, the at least one substrate includes skin.

In one embodiment, transdermal patches, including at least one agent, isadministered in conjunction with the frozen piercing implement array,including the frozen microneedle array. In one embodiment, pores ormicrochannels are created by frozen piercing implements, which isamplified, for example, if the frozen piercing implement includes atleast one explosive material, such as carbon dioxide. For example, therapid sublimation of carbon dioxide during administration of the frozenpiercing implement array results in a small “explosion” near the atleast one substrate to which the frozen piercing implement array isadministered, which can assist in delivery of at least one agent. Forexample, as reported, transdermal delivery of naltrexone (askin-impermeant hydrophilic molecule) by transdermal patch remainsundetected, unless administered following administration ofmicroneedles, when pharmacologically active steady state levels ofnaltrexone are detected. See, for example, Wermeling et al, Ibid.

Example 29 Frozen Piercing Implements, including Surgical Blades, BladeHandles, and Scalpels

In one embodiment, at least one of a macroneedle (e.g., hypodermicneedle), surgical blade, blade handle, scalpel, scalpel blade, or otherfrozen cutting instrument (including detachable blade and/or detachableblade handle) is fashioned by utilizing at least one frozen composition(e.g., sterile hydrogen oxide, a frozen solution including at least onefluid and at least one agent, at least one frozen gas, or other frozencomposition). In one embodiment, the at least one fluid composition isfrozen according to methods described herein. In one embodiment, atleast one cutting instrument changes shape as it is used with at leastone substrate. In one embodiment, at least one cutting instrumentdeposits at least one agent (such as a therapeutic agent, biologicalremoding agent, adhesive agent, abrasive, explosive material, orreinforcement agent) as it is used with at least one substrate.

In one embodiment, the frozen composition includes sterile hydrogenoxide including at least one agent, and is frozen at approximately −196°C., then raised to a temperature of approximately −93° C. to favorformation of ice Ic. See, for example, Halbrucker et al, Ibid. In oneembodiment, macroneedles, surgical blades, or scalpels made from atleast one frozen composition, includes at least one reinforcement agentsto increase hardness and fracture strength. For example, glass fibers,silica beads, alumina, calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate can beadded to hydrogen oxide to increase the hardness, modulus of rupture andfracture force of frozen hydrogen oxide. See, for example, Kingery etal, Ibid.; Kamrani et al, Ibid.; and Delville et al, Science vol. 311,pp. 515-518 (2006), each of which is incorporated herein by reference.In one embodiment, frozen cutting instruments are coated with or includeat least one therapeutic agent. In one embodiment, the at least onetherapeutic agent is released into the substrate during use of thefrozen cutting instrument. In one embodiment, the substrate includes asurgical site.

For example, in one embodiment, the frozen cutting instrument isutilized in a procedure to transplant skin on burn patients. In oneembodiment, frozen surgical blades, or other frozen cutting instruments,are coated with or otherwise include at least one antibiotic. Somenon-limiting examples include neomycin, polymixin B, or gramicidin. Inone embodiment, at least one other agent, such as an adhesive agent orbiological remodeling agent, is included in the frozen cuttinginstrument. In one embodiment, the at least one other agent includes atleast one biological remodeling agent, such as a growth factor, (e.g.keratinocyte growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor A,epidermal growth factor, fibroblast growth factors and hepatocyte growthfactor) to promote the growth, vascularization or engraftment of skingrafts, or avoid scarring or contraction of the graft(s). See, forexample, Nolte et al, Cells Tissue Organs, vol. 187, pp. 165-176 (2008);and Colwell et al, Plast. Reconstr. Surg., vol. 115, pp. 204-212 (2005),each of which is incorporated herein by reference. Non-limiting examplesof methods for coating frozen cutting instruments are reported in Jianget al, Ibid.

In one embodiment, frozen surgical blades are made in lengths rangingfrom approximately 1-10 mm to approximately 10-50 mm. In one embodiment,the frozen surgical blades have at least one surgical knife handle thatincludes at least one frozen composition, such as hydrogen oxide, and anoptional reinforcement agent, such as metal filings or polymer fibersapproximately 5 cm to 13 cm long. Methods for casting handles ofsurgical knives using two part molds are described in U.S. Pat. No.4,846,250, which is incorporated herein by reference.

In one embodiment, frozen surgical blades, or other frozen cuttinginstruments, are made such that they terminate in at least one of apoint, rounded tip, jagged edge, serated edge, or other configuration.In one embodiment, at least part of the length of the entire cuttinginstrument includes a jagged or serated edge. In one embodiment, atleast one configuration includes one or more of a single sharp edge,multiple sharp edges, or a continuous sharp edge. In one embodiment, thefrozen cutting instrument, such as a frozen blade, includes at least oneof a beveled edge, symmetric or asymmetric double beveled edges, orcurvilinear cutting edges. In one embodiment, a smaller cutting edgeradius is utilized, and forms a sharper instrument.

In one embodiment, at least one abrasive or explosive material isutilized in forming at least one surface of the cutting instrument, inorder to fabricate a rough surface.

In one embodiment, a surgical blade is made with cutting edge radii thatare approximately 5 nm to approximately 1000 nm. See, for example, U.S.Pat. No. 6,386,952, which is incorporated herein by reference. In oneembodiment, the edges of a frozen cutting instrument is sharpened by,for example, grinding, mechanical abrasion, or lapping. Id. For example,various blade or other cutting instrument profiles can be made,including but not limited to single edge chisel, three edge chisel,slit, two edges sharp, four edges sharp, stab, one edge sharp, keratome,one edge sharp or crescent, curvilinear sharp edge, as well as others.See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,396,484, which is incorporated hereinby reference.

In one embodiment, frozen surgical blades or other cutting instrumentsare made for specific purposes, such as opthalmic surgery, arthroscopic,endoscopic, laparoscopic, diagnostic, orthopedic, or plastic surgeries.See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,547,802, which is incorporated hereinby reference.

In one embodiment, frozen cutting instruments, such as frozen surgicalblades, are manufactured using methods that include at least one of:machining trenches (or V-grooves) in wafers or slabs of frozencompositions, or etching the trenches to produce sharp cutting edges.For example, a frozen composition slab or section can be secured on amounting assembly and one or more trenches (e.g. V-groove) can bemachined with a router to create a groove with any desired angle.

In one embodiment, trenches are made, for example, with a dicing sawblade, laser system, ultrasonic machining tool, or a hot forgingprocess. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,396,484, Ibid. In oneembodiment, the machined frozen slab is etched with a laser etchingsystem to sublimate away layers of molecules from the V-groove and tocreate a sharp cutting edge of uniform radius.

In one embodiment, etching is done with a laser etching system thatincludes at least one of: a laser for producing a laser beam (e.g. CO₂laser and an Er:YAG laser); a laser aiming system adapted to aim anddirect a laser beam onto the frozen slabs (optionally including a lensto focus the laser beam and mirrors coupled to drive devices such asservo-galvanometers); and has an optional controller operatively coupledto the laser and laser aiming system. See, for example, U.S. PatentAppl. Publ. No. 20080290065, which is incorporated herein by reference.In one embodiment, the system includes a user interface such as a USBport, a wireless network device, a CD-ROM drive or any combinationthereof, which is optionally coupled to the controller and allows inputof programmed designs or lines for etching the frozen composition slabs.Id.

In one embodiment, one or more fluids are allowed to flow over a cooled(including super cooled) surface (such as a metal plate), where thefluid freezes. Prior to, during, or subsequent to such freezing, thefrozen composition can be etched, for example, with a laser. As anoptional next step, at least one agent or other composition is allowedto flow over the frozen etched composition (which may be in the form offrozen piercing implements, for example), and optionally, the frozencomposition is etched again.

In one embodiment, one or more frozen surgical blades are made bycasting hydrogen oxide, or another fluid composition, optionally withone or more reinforcements or one or more therapeutic agents in a mold.As discussed herein at other sections, molds for casting surgical bladesare made by standard techniques, such as for example, photolithographyor molding processes. For example, a first surgical blade mastermold iscreated in SU-8 photoresist (SU-8 2025, Microchem, Newton, Mass.) by UVexposure to create a surgical blade with a sharp point and singlecutting edge. In one embodiment, sharp point surgical blades are formedwith approximately 10 mm to approximately 50 mm in length andapproximately 4.65 mm to approximately 7.65 mm in width. See, forexample, U.S. Pat. No. 7,396,484, Ibid. and the worldwide web atribbil.com/fitting-dimensions.html, the content of each of which isincorporated herein by reference.

In one embodiment, a second surgical blade master-structure is made, forexample, of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS, Sylgard 184, Dow Corning,Midland, Mich.) by using the first mastermold. Additionally, multiplereplicate molds are produced, for example, by layering PDMS on thesecond master-structure. See, for example, Lee et al, Biomaterials, vol.29, pp. 2113-2124 (2008) which is incorporated herein by reference.Finally, in one embodiment, fluid hydrogen oxide, or another fluidcomposition, including at least one reinforcement agent, such as silica,and including at least one therapeutic agent, such as neomycin, is addedto the molds and frozen to create frozen piercing implements, such asfrozen surgical blades. In one embodiment, the cutting edge of thefrozen surgical blade can be sharpened by etching or by grinding to formsmall edge radii, including approximately 5 nm to approximately 1000 nm.See, for example, U.S. Patent Appl. Publ. No. 20080290065, Ibid.; U.S.Pat. No. 6,386,952, Ibid.; and U.S. Pat. No. 7,396,484, Ibid., each ofwhich is incorporated herein by reference.

In one embodiment, frozen surgical blades are die-cut, coined orimprinted from slabs or sections of frozen hydrogen oxide, or otherfrozen composition. For example, in one embodiment, surgical blades arestamped from frozen hydrogen oxide, or other frozen composition, byutilizing dies or stamping devices configured to apply sufficientpressure to impress a negative image of the die into the frozencomposition. Some non-limiting examples of imprinting methods aredescribed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 7,105,103, which isincorporated herein by reference. Frozen surgical blades manufactured bydie-cutting or imprinting can be sharpened using grinding, lapping, oretching. See, for example, U.S. Patent Appl. Pub. No. 20080290065,Ibid.; U.S. Pat. No. 6,386,952, Ibid.; and U.S. Pat. No. 7,396,484,Ibid., each of which is incorporated herein by reference.

In one embodiment, the frozen cutting instrument (such as a blade) issharpened, for example, by using cylindrical abrasive wheels interlockedto form a nip. In one embodiment, the cutting instrument is sharpened,for example, by utilizing grinding assemblies mounted for rotation aboutparallel axes. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,386,952, Ibid.

Example 30A Method of Making Frozen Particle Compositions or FrozenPiercing Implements

Frozen particle compositions, including at least one frozen or depositedfluid, are produced from small droplets in a nonlinear channel includingat least one super hydrophobic surface. For example, at least one fluidis sprayed as droplets, a mist, etc. into a nonlinear channel maintainedat low temperature (e.g., approximately −100° C.), or high pressure(e.g., approximately 2000 bar). For example, at 2100 bar, hydrogen oxideis 1500 times more viscous than at atmospheric pressure, which reducesthe nucleation and crystal growth rate. See, for example, product guidefor HPM 010 High Pressure Freezing Machine, available at the worldwideweb at: rmcproducts.com, the subject matter of which is incorporatedherein by reference. Droplet size is regulated by varying nozzle oraperture size, and pressure. Fluid droplet diameters range, for example,from nanometers to centimeters. In one embodiment, the fluid dropletsfreeze or deposit along the nonlinear channel, forming frozen particlecompositions.

In one embodiment, the frozen fluid particle compositions aretranslocated to at least one compartment that contains at least onecooling fluid with a triple point lower than the triple point of thefrozen fluid particle compositions, such that the frozen fluidcompositions are retained in solid form. In one embodiment, the fluiddroplets are translocated along the nonlinear channel, where at leastone other fluid or at least one agent is added by way of at least oneinlet. In one embodiment, the fluid compositions are translocated to atleast one compartment, wherein they combine to form frozen particlecompositions.

In one embodiment, the fluid compositions are cycled through multiplestages of freezing or deposition, in order to layer multiple fluids oragents, or in order to attain a particular state (e.g., crystallinestate). In one embodiment, fluid compositions are subjected toconditions in the nonlinear channel that favor crystalline states,thereby forming at least one frozen piercing implement.

In one embodiment, the cooling fluid includes at least one refrigerantor cryogenic fluid. In one embodiment, the cooling fluid includes atleast one fluid included in the frozen particle composition or frozenpiercing implement.

Example 30B Method of Propelling or Administering Frozen ParticleCompositions or Frozen Piercing Implements

At least one frozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement isreceived or retained in at least one compartment containing one or morecooling fluids. In one embodiment, the at least one frozen particlecomposition or frozen piercing implement is formed prior to beingreceived in the at least one compartment. In one embodiment, the atleast one frozen particle composition or frozen piercing implement isformed by way of extrudation, embossing, cutting, splintering, etching,molding, electrospinning, electrospraying, gel-casting, spin-casting, orother method, and subsequently translocated to at least one compartment.

In one embodiment, the at least one frozen particle composition orfrozen piercing implement is formed while residing in the at least onecompartment.

In one embodiment, the cooling fluid includes at least one refrigerantor cryogenic fluid. In one embodiment, the cooling fluid includes atleast one fluid included in the frozen particle composition or frozenpiercing implement.

In one embodiment, the cooling fluid includes at least one coolingliquid. In one embodiment, the frozen particle compositions or frozenpiercing implements are propelled out of the compartment (e.g., by wayof at least one outlet) by inducing at least one explosion in thecooling fluid. In one embodiment, the explosion includes flash-boilingthe at least one cooling liquid. In one embodiment, the explosionincludes a boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE) of the atleast one cooling liquid.

The BLEVE of the cooling liquid can be calculated according to standardtechniques. For example, in FIG. 119, a diagram of the relationshipbetween the pressure for a substance in various phases of liquid andgas, and the volume occupied by that substance. See, for example, theworldwide web at: criticalprocesses.com/BLEVE.htm, the subject matter ofwhich is incorporated herein by reference. The line from point A to Bindicates the substance is in liquid form and as the volume thesubstance occupies expands, the pressure falls until it reaches thevapor pressure of the liquid (B) for a particular temperature. Id. Theliquid then evaporates to become a liquid-gas mixture, and the pressurestays constant at the vapor pressure. Eventually the substance reachespoint C, where the liquid has been converted to gas phase, and thepressure drops with further expansion. Id. If the pressure fallssuddenly, the substance can become unstable liquid along the line frompoint B to point S. Id. S is known as a spinodal point, and the slope ofthe line at this point is zero

( i . e . ( ∂ p ∂ V ) = 0 ) .

Id. The dotted line connects spinodal points at different temperatures,forming the spinodal curve, and ending at the critical point. Id. Duringa BLEVE, density variations develop spontaneously and homogenously intoliquid and gas regions. Id. The rise in pressure on the vapor pressureline from point B to C occurs rapidly, and a BLEVE results. Id. Asillustrated in FIG. 120, for carbon dioxide, conditions for inducing aBLEVE can be calculated for a particular substance since the entropy ofthe system remains constant. Id. Thus, conditions that induce a BLEVEfor any particular substance are found along the spinodal curve for thatsubstance, between 1 bar and the critical point where the curve ends.Id.

In one embodiment, the cooling fluid is flash boiled. In one embodiment,the cooling fluid is a liquid. As with all liquids, vapor pressureincreases with temperature approximately exponentially. For example, theboiling point of nitrogen at 1 bar is approximately 77 K (−196° C.),whereas the boiling point of nitrogen at 10 bar is approximately 103.8 K(−169.2° C.). Accordingly, pressure can be used to control reactiontemperature, and controlling pressure above a cryogenic bath, forexample, via regulators and pumps can maintain accurate temperaturecontrol. See, for example, Downie, Industrial Gases, pp. 445-446,Blackie Academic and Prof. (1996).

In one embodiment, the size of the outlet assists in dispersion byaltering spray cone angles, altering particle size, alteringdepressurization rates, and altering mass flow rates. See, for example,Nutter, J. Energy Res. Technol. vol. 119, no. 3 (1997), which isincorporated herein by reference.

In one embodiment, the frozen particle compositions or frozen piercingimplements are directionally propelled for administration to at leastone substrate. For example, a handheld device, or a hose and nozzlesystem can be used, with or without a carrier gas, (e.g., air ornitrogen) under pressure, to administer the frozen particle compositionsor frozen piercing implements to at least one substrate.

In one embodiment, the substrate includes at least one cell, tissue,organ, structure, or device. In one embodiment, the substrate includesat least one food product (e.g., fruit juice, cereals, grains, sugar,soda, meat, vegetables, canned goods, baked goods, fruits, etc.). In oneembodiment, the substrate includes at least part of a subject.

While particular aspects of the present subject matter described hereinhave been shown and described, it will be apparent to those skilled inthe art that, based upon the teachings herein, changes and modificationscan be made without departing from the subject matter described hereinand its broader aspects and, therefore, the appended claims are toencompass within their scope all such changes and modifications as arewithin the true spirit and scope of the subject matter described herein.It will be understood by those within the art that, in general, termsused herein, and especially in the appended claims (e.g., bodies of theappended claims) are generally intended as “open” terms (e.g., the term“including” should be interpreted as “including but not limited to,” theterm “having” should be interpreted as “having at least,” the term“includes” should be interpreted as “includes but is not limited to,”etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that if aspecific number of an introduced claim recitation is intended, such anintent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and in the absence ofsuch recitation no such intent is present. For example, as an aid tounderstanding, the following appended claims may contain usage of theintroductory phrases “at least one” and “one or more” to introduce claimrecitations. However, the use of such phrases should not be construed toimply that the introduction of a claim recitation by the indefinitearticles “a” or “an” limits any particular claim containing suchintroduced claim recitation to claims containing only one suchrecitation, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases“one or more” or “at least one” and indefinite articles such as “a” or“an” (e.g., “a” and/or “an” should typically be interpreted to mean “atleast one” or “one or more”); the same holds true for the use ofdefinite articles used to introduce claim recitations. In addition, evenif a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is explicitlyrecited, those skilled in the art will recognize that such recitationshould typically be interpreted to mean at least the recited number(e.g., the bare recitation of “two recitations,” without othermodifiers, typically means at least two recitations, or two or morerecitations). Furthermore, in those instances where a conventionanalogous to “at least one of A, B, and C, etc.” is used, in generalsuch a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the artwould understand the convention (e.g., “a system having at least one ofA, B, and C” would include but not be limited to systems that have Aalone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and Ctogether, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). In those instances where aconvention analogous to “at least one of A, B, or C, etc.” is used, ingeneral such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill inthe art would understand the convention (e.g., “a system having at leastone of A, B, or C” would include but not be limited to systems that haveA alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and Ctogether, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). It will be furtherunderstood by those within the art that typically a disjunctive wordand/or phrase presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in thedescription, claims, or drawings, should be understood to contemplatethe possibilities of including one of the terms, either of the terms, orboth terms unless context dictates otherwise. For example, the phrase “Aor B” will be typically understood to include the possibilities of “A”or “B” or “A and B.”

With respect to the appended claims, those skilled in the art willappreciate that recited operations therein may generally be performed inany order. Also, although various operational flows are presented in asequence(s), it should be understood that the various operations can beperformed in other orders than those which are illustrated, or can beperformed concurrently. Examples of such alternate orderings may includeoverlapping, interleaved, interrupted, reordered, incremental,preparatory, supplemental, simultaneous, reverse, or other variantorderings, unless context dictates otherwise. Furthermore, terms like“responsive to,” “related to,” or other past-tense adjectives aregenerally not intended to exclude such variants, unless context dictatesotherwise.

All publications and patent applications cited in this specification areincorporated herein by reference to the extent not inconsistent with thedescription herein and for all purposes as if each individualpublication or patent application were specifically and individuallyindicated to be incorporated by reference for all purposes.

1. An array device, comprising: a support structure having a surface;and a plurality of sterile frozen piercing implements extendingsubstantially outward from the support structure.
 2. (canceled)
 3. Thearray device of claim 1, wherein the plurality of sterile frozenpiercing implements extends substantially perpendicular to the supportstructure. 4.-5. (canceled)
 6. The array device of claim 1, wherein thesupport structure includes at least one frozen composition.
 7. The arraydevice of claim 1, wherein the support structure includes at least onefrozen composition also included in at least one frozen piercingimplement.
 8. The array device of claim 1, wherein the support structureis at least partially frozen.
 9. The array device of claim 1, whereinthe support structure and at least one frozen piercing implement of theplurality of frozen piercing implements include at least one commonconstituent.
 10. The array device of claim 1, wherein the plurality offrozen piercing implements are positioned substantially parallel to eachother.
 11. The array device of claim 1, wherein the plurality of frozenpiercing implements are positioned substantially in a predeterminedspatial pattern.
 12. The array device of claim 11, wherein thepredetermined spatial pattern is at least partially periodic. 13.(canceled)
 14. The array device of claim 1, wherein the plurality offrozen piercing implements include approximately the same length. 15.The array device of claim 1, wherein the length of a frozen piercingimplement is associated with the position or location of the frozenpiercing implement in the array device.
 16. The array device of claim 1,wherein the length of a frozen piercing implement is actuatable.
 17. Thearray device of claim 1, wherein at least one frozen piercing implementis configured to be deactivated.
 18. The array device of claim 17,wherein the at least one frozen piercing implement is configured to bedeactivated by at least one component of the array device or the frozenpiercing implement.
 19. The array device of claim 18, wherein the atleast one frozen piercing implement is configured to be deactivated bythermal transfer to the at least one frozen piercing implement.
 20. Thearray device of claim 1, wherein the plurality of frozen piercingimplements is positioned as at least a portion of a fluidic or injectiondevice.
 21. The array device of claim 1, wherein the plurality of frozenpiercing implements is positioned in fluid communication with at leastone compartment configured to be mechanically regulated. 22.-23.(canceled)
 24. The array device of claim 1, wherein the at least onemajor dimension includes at least one of the radius, diameter, length,width, height, or perimeter.
 25. The array device of claim 1, wherein atleast one frozen piercing implement of the plurality further comprisesat least one agent.
 26. The array device of claim 25, wherein eachfrozen piercing implement of the plurality includes at least one agentdifferent than the agent of every other frozen piercing implement of theplurality.
 27. (canceled)
 28. The array device of claim 1, wherein thedevice includes at least two different agents. 29.-31. (canceled) 32.The array device of claim 1, wherein the frozen piercing implement isconfigured for delivering the at least one agent.
 33. The array deviceof claim 1, wherein the at least one agent includes at least one of anontoxic, biocompatible, bioresorbable, or biodegradable agent.
 34. Thearray device of claim 1, wherein at least two frozen piercing implementsof the plurality of frozen piercing implements have at least one agentin common.
 35. (canceled)
 36. The array device of claim 1, wherein eachfrozen piercing implement of the plurality of frozen piercing implementis different from every other piercing implement by varying one or moreof: size of implement, shape of implement, or constitution of implement.37. The array device of claim 1, wherein at least two frozen piercingimplements of the plurality of frozen piercing implement differ in oneor more of: size of implement, shape of implement, or constitution ofimplement. 38.-42. (canceled)
 43. The array device of claim 1, whereinthe plurality of frozen piercing implements are arranged in at least oneconfiguration including a regular or irregular shape.
 44. The arraydevice of claim 1, wherein the plurality of frozen piercing implementsare arranged in at least one configuration including at least one of arectangle, square, circle, triangle, or polygon.
 45. The array device ofclaim 1, wherein at least one frozen piercing implement of the pluralityof frozen piercing implements includes at least one functionalizedsurface.
 46. The array device of claim 45, wherein the at least onefunctionalized surface includes one or more functionalities includingone or more of charge functionality, hydrophobic functionality,hydrophilic functionality, chemically reactive functionality, organofunctionality, or wetability.
 47. The array device of claim 45, whereinthe at least one functionalized surface includes one or more functionalgroups including at least one of an agent, alcohol, hydroxyl, amine,aldehyde, dye, ketone, carbonyl, thiol, alkoxysilane, phosphate,carboxyl, carboxylic acid, carboxylate, nucleic acid, amino acid,polypeptide, protein, lipid, carbohydrate, metal, —NH₃ ⁺, —COOH, —COO—,—SO₃, CH₂N⁺(CH₃)₃, —(CH₂)_(x)CH₃, —C((CH₂)_(x)CF₃)₃, —CH₂N(C₂H₅)₂, —NH₂,—(CH₂)_(x)COOH, —(OCH₂CH₂)_(x)CH₃, —SiOH, or —OH.
 48. The array deviceof claim 45, wherein the at least one functionalized surface includes atleast part of an outer surface.
 49. The array device of claim 45,wherein the at least one functionalized surface includes at least partof an inner surface.
 50. The array device of claim 1, further comprisingat least one channel.
 51. (canceled)
 52. The array device of claim 1,wherein at least one frozen piercing implement of the plurality offrozen piercing implements includes at least one inlet port. 53.-55.(canceled)
 56. The array device of claim 1, wherein at least one frozenpiercing implement of the plurality of frozen piercing implementsincludes at least one outlet port. 57.-63. (canceled)
 64. The arraydevice of claim 1, wherein at least one implement of the plurality offrozen piercing implements includes at least one sensor.
 65. The arraydevice of claim 1, wherein at least one implement of the plurality offrozen piercing implements is configured for extracting at least onematerial from at least one substrate. 66.-71. (canceled)
 72. The arraydevice of claim 1, further comprising at least one attachment componentconfigured to secure the array device to at least one substrate.
 73. Thearray device of claim 72, wherein the at least one attachment componentincludes at least one adhesive material.
 74. The array device of claim1, wherein the device is configured to substantially form a patch. 75.The array device of claim 1, further comprising at least onecompartment.
 76. The array device of claim 75, wherein the at least onecompartment includes at least one syringe or at least one valve.
 77. Thearray device of claim 75, wherein the at least one compartment isconfigured to hold at least one material extracted from at least onesubstrate.
 78. The array device of claim 1, wherein the at least oneagent includes at least one of an adhesive agent, therapeutic agent,reinforcement agent, abrasive, biological remodeling agent, or explosivematerial.
 79. The array device of claim 1, further comprising at leastone compartment in fluid communication with at least one frozen piercingimplement of the plurality of frozen piercing implements.
 80. The arraydevice of claim 79, wherein the at least one compartment is configuredfor holding at least one agent.
 81. The array device of claim 79,wherein the at least one compartment is configured for holding at leastone cryogenic substance.
 82. The array device of claim 79, furthercomprising a plurality of compartments in fluid communication with atleast one frozen piercing implement of the plurality of frozen piercingimplements.
 83. The array device of claim 82, wherein the plurality ofcompartments includes at least one first compartment configured to holdat least one different substance from at least one second compartment.84. The array device of claim 82, wherein the plurality of compartmentsincludes at least one first compartment configured to hold at least onefirst agent, wherein the at least one first agent is different from atleast one other agent located in at least one second compartment. 85.The array device of claim 82, wherein the plurality of compartmentsincludes at least one first compartment configured to hold at least onefirst agent, and at least one second compartment configured to hold apharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. 86.-87. (canceled) 88.The array device of claim 1, wherein the array device is in electroniccommunication with at least one computing device. 89.-99. (canceled)